考虑场地动应力条件的饱和海洋粉细砂液化特性

确保地震荷载作用下海床场地的动力稳定性是海洋工程全寿命周期安全运行的重要保证,然而对复杂海域环境下饱和粉细砂的液化特性研究尚属少见。基于海域场地动应力计算方法,确定各试验工况的场地循环应力比CSR,并对试样施加与之对应的不排水循环荷载。试验结果表明：可液化的海洋粉细砂在考虑其场地动应力条件的循环荷载作用下出现不同的液化可能性;粉细砂呈循环破坏模式,将双幅轴向应变>5%作为循环破坏标准;海洋粉细砂的液化可能性与土体的埋深及动应力均不呈单一相关性,而是随着干密度的增大,液化振次逐渐增大,当干密度＞1.72 g/cm3时土体不再液化。该结果可为杭州湾区抗震区划及海洋工程结构抗震设计提供参考。     

复合支护结构在基坑支护中的应用

不同的地质及环境条件可采用不同的基坑支护型式.介绍了多种支护型式在同一工程中的应用以及针对基坑至周边管线、建(构)筑物距离较小情况下的新型支护结构的应用.     

水平环境荷载与地震动联合作用下的海上风机单桩基础动力响应模型试验

近海风机结构和基础长期承受着巨大的水平向环境荷载。在风机的服役周期中,地震荷载与水平环境荷载会有大概率同时空作用于风机基础上。研发了初始水平环境施加装置,设计了砂土地基中的近海风机单桩基础超重力动力模型试验,从物理模型尺度初步实现了考虑初始水平环境荷载与地震荷载联合作用的单桩基础动力试验。通过超重力振动台试验发现,联合工况下干砂地基和饱和砂地基中风机单桩基础的震后桩身弯矩值要大于初始弯矩值。在饱和地基中部分深度处的震后桩身弯矩是初始弯矩值的4倍。此外桩顶水平位移在施振过程中出现了震荡累加的现象,在饱和地基中震后桩顶水平位移是初始位移的1.3倍。初始水平环境荷载与地震荷载联合作用下风机单桩基础表现出的这种耦合效应对风机的安全服役产生了巨大的挑战,在风机基础设计中值得关注。     

强风化岩中挖孔基础抗拔试验及荷载位移曲线模型参数研究

挖孔基础是目前我国山区架空输电线路强风化岩地基中最常用的基础形式之一。以强风化岩地基中的直柱型、扩底型两种结构型式的挖孔基础为研究对象,通过开展16个全尺寸基础现场抗拔试验,获得各试验基础和地表不同位置处的荷载-位移曲线。试验结果表明:基础及地表的荷载-位移曲线整体变化特征相似,均可划分为初始直线段、中间曲线段和终了直线段3个特征段。采用M值表示相应阶段位移量占总位移的百分比,不同的特征段M值的大小不同,并且其值随着远离基础边缘而逐渐减小。分别对直柱型、扩底型两种结构型式的基础荷载-位移曲线进行归一化处理,采用双曲线模型获得无量纲荷载(Q/Q_(L2))与上拔位移s之间的关系曲线,通过对比分析同种结构型式挖孔基础在黄土、强风化岩两种地基中荷载-位移曲线的差异性,得出地基岩土体抗剪强度参数c、Φ值与双曲线模型参数b值呈负相关,与基础抗拔承载力呈正相关。采用推荐的模型及参数对挖孔基础的荷载位移曲线进行预测,预测值与试验值吻合较好,从而验证了该模型及参数对于强风化岩地基挖孔基础荷载-位移变化行为预测的适用性。     

土工结构地震滑动位移统计分析

土工结构在地震荷载下的滑动位移是评估结构安全性能的重要参数。采用一种新型的地震波选择方法,在强震数据库中选择修改地震波,以有效地在结构动力分析中引入不同特征地震波的影响。通过一个简单的土工结构地震滑移模型,系统地分析了结构基本周期和滑动面屈服系数对地震滑移概率及相应滑移距离的影响,并提出了滑动体在不同地震场景和基本周期条件下的滑移概率和累积滑动位移的统计模型,对基于性能的土工结构抗震设计具有重要的参考意义。     

铜陵地区几个铜矿床中磁黄铁矿的成因和演化

<正> 在复杂的Fe—S矿物系列中,磁黄铁矿是主要的矿物之一。它广泛分布在不同地质作用下形成的硫化物矿床中。本世纪四十年代前后,国外已开始了磁黄铁矿的矿物学研究;六十年代以来,有关资料大增。不少研究者通过对人工合成的磁黄铁矿进行热力学和相平衡的实验研究,获得了磁黄铁矿矿物学、结晶学等方面的丰富资料,指出磁黄铁矿存在着六方相和单斜相两种结构型式,它们之间除具有共同的基本结构型式外,在不同温度条件下,其成分和超结构等又显示出一系列差异。在对比中发现天然产出的磁黄铁矿同样存在这两个相,其成分范围、形成温度及超结构型式与人工合成磁黄铁矿极相近似。     

微型桩与帷幕的不同位置对复合土钉墙力学性状的影响分析

基坑工程中微型桩和止水帷幕的复合土钉墙是常用支护结构型式之一。在支护结构设计和施工时布置微型桩与帷幕的位置具有随意性,普遍忽视微型桩在帷幕内外不同位置对于支护结构力学性状的影响。依托济南某基坑工程,通过现场测试和数值模拟的对比分析,获得微型桩在帷幕内外两种位置条件下支护结构位移、土钉内力等变形及受力特征。分析结果表明,微型桩的位置不影响支护结构变形和内力的总体趋势;无坡顶荷载时,微型桩位置不同产生的差别不大;存在坡顶荷载时微型桩位于帷幕内侧时支护结构变形较小,土钉受力更合理,建议实际工程优先采用。     

基于Copula函数的基桩荷载-位移双曲线概率分析

提出了基于Copula函数的基桩荷载-位移双曲线概率分析方法。首先将基桩标准化荷载-位移双曲线模型不确定性转化为双曲线参数不确定性,然后在Copula理论框架下建立了双曲线参数的联合分布函数。最后以钻孔现浇灌注桩试验数据为例证明了所提方法的有效性,并进行了基桩正常使用极限状态可靠度分析。结果表明：Copula函数是构造基桩标准化荷载-位移双曲线参数联合分布函数一种有效的方法,它能够更加准确地实现基桩荷载-位移双曲线的随机模拟,从而得到更为合理的可靠度结果。钻孔现浇灌注桩双曲线模型中两个参数间具有较强的负相关关系,忽略了这种负相关性将会高估基桩的失效概率。此外,常用的Gaussian Copula函数并不是拟合双曲线模型中两个参数间相关结构最优的Copula函数,采用Gaussian Copula函数将会明显低估基桩的失效概率。     

地质条件不确定性下TBM管片结构失事概率计算

不良地质条件是影响TBM施工隧洞管片结构安全的重要因素。综合考虑围岩地质条件和衬砌结构的不确定性,提出了一种定量分析TBM管片结构失事概率的新方法。在基于Markov过程估计隧洞沿程地质岩性变化概率的基础上,建立了隧洞任意位置处管片选型不匹配的概率模型;考虑围岩和管片参数的不确定性,采用随机有限元方法计算某一类型管片在不同围岩下的失事概率;由此,采用全概率公式,可计算隧洞沿程任意位置处管片结构的失事概率。结合实际工程,针对施工期工况,确定了该隧洞管片沿程的失事概率、最大失事概率及其所对应的位置等,为管片选型、优化设计及TBM施工期的风险防范提供了依据。     

竖向力与水平向力同时作用下管桩的性状研究

用解析方法研究了管桩在轴向力和水平向力（倾斜力）联合作用下的受力及变形性状。在高层建筑、桥梁工程、海洋工程、新型海堤护岸等工程中桩基自由长度上作用土压力、风荷载、波浪荷载等荷载型式,基桩经常在竖向、水平向荷载同时作用下工作。国内外学者通过大量试验和理论研究得出了计算竖向、水平向荷载下基桩内力和挠度的半经验公式以及张氏法公式。为了分析竖向、水平向荷载同时作用下自由荷载的作用,在现行m法假设的基础上,从弹性桩的挠曲微分方程出发,导出了任意自由荷载作用下桩任意截面的水平变位、倾角、弯矩、剪力和地基反力计算表达式。桩的挠曲微分方程是分段函数,包括地上部分和地下部分桩,相应的内力和变位求解也分为两段。最后通过一个算例分析了桩顶竖向荷载、桩顶水平力和自由荷载对桩身的受力性状各参数的影响。计算结果表明, 桩顶水平力对桩身最大弯矩和桩顶水平变位的影响最大,而桩周内外摩阻力及桩身自重对桩身受力性状影响较小。     

Operational wave prediction of extreme storms in Northern Europe

The disastrous effects of numerous winter storms on the marine environment in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea during the last decade show that wind waves generated by strong winds actually represent natural hazards and require high quality wave forecast systems as warning tools to avoid losses due to the impact of rough seas. Hence, the operational wave forecast system running at the German Weather Service including a regional wave model for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea is checked extensively whether it provides reasonable wave forecasts, especially for periods of extraordinary high sea states during winter storms. For two selected extreme storm events that induced serious damage in the area of interest, comprehensive comparisons between wave measurements and wave model forecast data are accomplished. Spectral data as well as integrated parameters are considered, and the final outcome of the corresponding comparisons and statistical analysis is encouraging. Over and above the capability to provide good short-term forecast results, the regional wave model is able to predict extreme events as severe winter storms connected with extraordinary high waves already about 2 days in advance. Therefore, it represents an appropriate warning tool for offshore activities and coastal environment.     

Computer model of wind, waves, and longshore currents during a coastal storm

A mathematical model has been developed to forecast or hindcast wind, waves, and longshore currents during the passage of a coastal storm. Storm intensity is a function of the barometric pressure gradient which is modeled by rotating an inverted normal curve around the center of an ellipse. The length and orientation of the major and minor axes of the ellipse control the size and shape of the storm. The path of the storm is determined by a sequence of storm positions for the hindcast mode, and by interpolated positions assuming constant speed and direction for the forecast mode. The site location, shoreline orientation, and nearshore bottom slope provide input data for the shore position. The geostrophic wind speed and direction at the shore site are computed from the latitude and barometric pressure gradient. The geostrophic wind is converted into surface wind speed and direction by applying corrections for frictional effects over land and sea. The surface wind speed and direction, effective fetch, and wind duration are used to compute wave period, breaker height, and breaker angle at the shore site. The longshore current velocity is computed as a function of wave period, breaker height and angle, and nearshore slope. The model was tested by comparing observed data for several coastal locations with predicted values for wind speed, wave period and height, and longshore current velocity. Forecasts were made for actual storms and for hypothetical circular and elliptical storms.     

Sedimentation on a wave-dominated, open-coast tidal flat, south-western Korea: summer tidal flat – winter shoreface

Sedimentation on the open-coast tidal flats of south-western Korea is controlled by seasonal variation in the intensity of onshore-directed winds and waves. As a result, an environmental oscillation takes place between tide-dominated conditions in summer and wave-dominated conditions in winter. In summer, thick muddy deposits, including sporadic storm deposits, accumulate in response to low wave energy, weak currents, and intense solar insolation that promotes consolidation of the mud at low tide. Bioturbation is minimal because of rapid sedimentation and soft substrate. During the autumn, the summer mud deposits experience erosion due to increasingly strong onshore winds and waves, until only small mud patches and mud pebbles remain. The concentration of ebb runoff between the mud patches produces small, ephemeral tidal creeks. In winter, storm waves occur frequently (ca 10 days a month) and dominate sedimentation in the intertidal zone, producing extensive wave-generated parallel lamination and short-wavelength (0·3–2 m) hummocky cross-stratification. The prevalence of strong onshore winds decreases in spring, allowing longer and more frequent intervals of calm weather, during which time muddy sediments are deposited by tidal processes. Over the long term, winter storm waves dominate sedimentation and the preserved deposits consist of amalgamated storm beds that resemble those generally associated with shorefaces. This raises the question of how many ancient ‘shorefaces’ are, in fact, open-coast tidal flats.     

A modelling approach for estimating the frequency of sea level extremes and the impact of climate change in southeast Australia

An efficient approach for evaluating storm tide return levels along the southeastern coastline of Australia under present and future climate conditions is described. Storm surge height probabilities for the present climate are estimated using hydrodynamic model simulations of surges identified in recent tide gauge records. Tides are then accounted for using a joint probability method. Storm tide height return levels obtained in this way are similar to those obtained from the direct analysis of tide gauge records. The impact of climate change on extreme sea levels is explored by adding a variety of estimates of mean sea level rise and by forcing the model with modified wind data. It is shown that climate change has the potential to reduce average recurrence intervals of present climate 1 in 100 year storm tide levels along much of the northern Bass Strait coast to between 1 and 2 years by the year 2070.     

A Field Study of How Wind Waves and Currents May Contribute to the Deterioration of Saltmarsh Fringe

Deltaic landscapes, such as the Mississippi River Delta, are sites of extensive conversion of wetlands to open water, where increased fetch may contribute to erosion of marsh edges, increasing wetland loss. A field experiment conducted during a storm passage tested this process through the observations of wave orbital and current velocities in the fringe zone of a deteriorating saltmarsh in Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana. Incident waves seaward of the marsh edge and wave orbital and current velocities immediate landward of the marsh edge were measured. Through a dimensional analysis, it shows that the current and orbital velocities in the marsh fringe were controlled by the incident waves, inundation depth, submergence ratio, and vegetation density. Similarly, it is shown that the longshore currents in the inundated saltmarsh fringe depended on the local wave-induced momentum flux, vegetation submergence, and vegetation density in the fringe zone. The cross-shore current showed the presence of a return flow in the lower region of the velocity profile. A high correlation between the current direction and the local flow-wave energy ratio as well as the vegetation submergence and density is found, indicating the important role of surface waves in the fringe flow landward of an inundated wetland under storm conditions. The field observations shed light on the potential ecological consequences of increased wave activities in coastal saltmarsh wetlands owing to subsidence, sea level rise, limited sediment supply, increases in wind fetch, and storm intensity.     

An assessment of wind forcing impact on a spectral wave model for the Indian Ocean

The focus of the present study is the assessment of the impact of wind forcing on the spectral wave model MIKE 21 SW in the Indian Ocean region. Three different wind fields, namely the ECMWF analyzed winds, the ECMWF blended winds, and the NCEP blended winds have been used to drive the model. The wave model results have been compared with in-situ observations and satellite altimeter data. This study also evaluated the performance of the wind products during local phenomenon like sea breeze, since it has a significant impact on the wave prediction in the Indian coastal region. Hence we explored the possibility of studying the impact of diurnal variation of winds on coastal waves using different wind fields. An analysis of the model performance has also been made during high wind conditions with the inference that blended winds generate more realistic wave fields in the high wind conditions and are able to produce the growth and decay of waves more realistically.     

Characteristics of Extreme Meteorological Forcing and Water Levels in Mobile Bay, Alabama

The paper presents comprehensive statistical analyses of winds and water levels in Mobile Bay, Alabama, based on long-term meteorological and tidal observations at several locations. A procedure has been developed to select the most probable parent distribution function from a list of candidate distributions. The theoretical functions that fit the data best enable us to predict the extreme values of winds and water levels at different return periods. We have demonstrated the importance of dividing the winds into hurricane and nonhurricane seasons and separating astronomical tides from weather-driven water level changes. The statistical analysis suggests that the wind speed averaged over 8 min at Dauphin Island, Alabama, at the 100-year return period would be 48.9 m/s, which is equivalent to a sustained 1-min wind of 205 km/h, a very strong category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The probability distribution models predict that the 100-year maximum water level would be 3.23 m above the mean lower low water (MLLW) level at the bay entrance and 3.41 m above the MLLW level near the head of the bay, respectively. Extremely low water levels important to navigation are also found. Application of the predicted extreme winds and surges is illustrated through the development of a storm wave atlas in the estuary. It is expected that the methodology and results presented in this paper will benefit the management and preservation of the ecosystems and habitats in Mobile Bay.     

Coastal flooding: impacts of coupled wave–surge–tide models

Wind waves and elevated water levels together can cause flooding in low-lying coastal areas, where the water level may be a combination of mean sea level, tides and surges generated by storm events. In areas with a wide continental shelf a travelling external surge may combine with the locally generated surge and waves and there can be significant interaction between the propagation of the tide and surge. Wave height at the coast is controlled largely by water depth. So the effect of tides and surges on waves must also be considered, while waves contribute to the total water level by means of wave setup through radiation stress. These processes are well understood and accurately predicted by models, assuming good bathymetry and wind forcing is available. Other interactions between surges and waves include the processes of surface wind-stress and bottom friction as well as depth and current refraction of waves by surge water levels and currents, and some of the details of these processes are still not well understood. The recent coastal flooding in Myanmar (May 2008) in the Irrawaddy River Delta is an example of the severity of such events, with a surge of over 3 m exacerbated by heavy precipitation. Here, we review the existing capability for combined modelling of tides, surges and waves, their interactions and the development of coupled models.     

Quantification of the Attenuation of Storm Surge Components by a Coastal Wetland of the US Mid Atlantic

Coastal wetlands are receiving increased consideration as natural defenses for coastal communities from storm surge. However, there are gaps in storm surge measurements collected in marsh areas during extreme events as well as understanding of storm surge processes. The present study evaluates the importance and variation of different processes (i.e., wave, current, and water level dynamics with respect of the marsh topography and vegetation characteristics) involved in a storm surge over a marsh, assesses how these processes contribute to storm surge attenuation, and quantifies the storm surge attenuation in field conditions. During the Fall of 2015, morphology and vegetation surveys were conducted along a marsh transect in a coastal marsh located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, mainly composed of Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens. Hydrodynamic surveys were conducted during two storm events. Collected data included wave characteristics, current velocity and direction, and water levels. Data analysis focused on the understanding of the cross-shore evolution of waves, currents and water level, and their influence on the overall storm surge attenuation. Results indicate that the marsh area, despite its short length, attenuates waves and reduces current velocity and water level. Tides have a dominant influence on current direction and velocity, but the presence of vegetation and the marsh morphology contribute to a strong reduction of current velocity over the marsh platform relative to the currents at the marsh front. Wave attenuation varies across the tide cycle which implies a link between wave attenuation and water level and, consequently, storm surge height. Storm surge reduction, here assessed through high water level (HWL) attenuation, is linked to wave attenuation across the front edge of the marsh; this positive trend highlights the reduction of water level height induced by wave setup reduction during wave propagation across the marsh front edge. Water level attenuation rates observed here have a greater range than the rates observed or modeled by other authors, and our results suggest that this is linked to the strong influence of waves in storm surge attenuation over coastal areas.     

Dynamics of an outburst flood originating from a small and high-altitude glacier in the Arid Andes of Chile

The rise of total water levels at the coast is caused primarily by three factors that encompass storm surges, tides and wind waves. The accuracy of total water elevation (TWE) forecast depends not only on the cyclonic track and its intensity, but also on the spatial distribution of winds which include its speed and direction. In the present study, the cyclonic winds are validated using buoy winds for the recent cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal since 2010 using Jelesnianski wind scheme. It is found that the cyclonic winds computed from the scheme show an underestimate in the magnitude and also a mismatch in its direction. Hence, the wind scheme is suitably modified based on the buoy observations available at different locations using a power law which reduces the exponential decay of winds by about 30%. Moreover, the cyclonic wind direction is also corrected by suitably modifying its inflow angle. The significance of modified exponential factor and inflow angle in the computation cyclonic winds is highlighted using statistical analysis. A hydrodynamic finite element-based Advanced Circulation 2D depth integrated (ADCIRC-2DDI) model is used here to compute TWE as a response to combined effect of cyclonic winds and astronomical tides. As contribution of wave setup plays an important role near the coast, a coupled ADCIRC + SWAN is used to perceive the contribution of wind waves on the TWE. The experiments are performed to validate computed surge residuals with available tide gauge data. On comparison of observed surge residuals with the simulations using modified winds from the uncoupled and coupled models, it is found that the simulated surge residuals are better compared, especially with the inclusion of wave effect through the coupled model.