CFG桩复合地基压缩模量计算方法探讨

CFG桩法在高层及多层建筑的地基处理中已有许多成功实例,在变形计算中,《建筑地基处理技术规范》（JGJ 79-2002）推荐使用复合模量法,并提供了计算复合土层压缩模量的应力比法公式。这里通过复合地基载荷试验资料,提出一种改进的面积比法公式。应用该法计算的复合地基沉降值,与建筑物的沉降观测值有较好的吻合度。     

关于水泥土搅拌桩复合地基压缩模量的探讨

通过工程实例,介绍了水泥土搅拌桩复合地基压缩模量的理论计算,通过实际沉降观测数据推导出水泥土搅拌桩复合地基压缩模量的实际值,并与天然地基的压缩模量进行对比,提出了水泥土搅拌桩复合地基压缩模量计算公式修正系数的概念。     

复合地基复合模量的分析和应用

讨论了多桩型复合地基复合模量的基本概念，通过对具体工程的沉降计算和实测结果对比分析，对复合模量的正确分析和应用提出了一些建议。     

水泥土桩复合地基的沉降计算

本文讨论了采用“实体深基础法”计算水泥土桩复合地基沉降时，复合模量的取值、下卧层应力的计算、应力水平的影响等问题。并基于明德林应力解，提出了一种可考虑基础埋深及应力水平影响的复合地基沉降计算方法。     

碎石桩复合地基复合模量取值分析

复合模量是计算复合地基沉降的关键参数,但求解出完全符合实际的精确解较困难。为此采用弹性理论中最小势能原理推求出复合模量上限值计算公式。此外,对影响复合模量上限值的几个主要参数如桩土压缩模量、土体泊松比、置换率等进行了分析,获得了一些定性的结论：上限值随着土体模量和置换率的增大而增大,复合模量取值应乘以1.1～1.4扩大系数。     

基于多孔介质理论的地基土变形模量估算方法

土的变形模量是基础沉降弹性分析理论所必需的基本参数,而目前我国的岩土工程勘察报告一般并不提供土的变形模量。通过对前人研究结果的总结分析,基于多孔介质理论,并考虑土的泊松比、孔隙比及土体扰动等影响因素,笔者提出了一种根据土的压缩模量估算变形模量的方法,对于应用弹性理论计算基础沉降和充分利用已有研究资料都具有实际的意义。     

对深圳市地基沉降计算中压缩参数取值的商榷

尹红等先生的论文《深圳市某 32层高层建筑采用天然地基的探讨》[1] 中 ,基础中心点的地基最终沉降量 ,按国家标准《建筑地基基础设计规范》以压缩模量进行计算所得为 5 80ｍｍ ,按深圳规范或行业标准《高层建筑岩土工程勘察规程》以变形模量进行计算所得仅为 6 2ｍｍ ,二者相差 9 5倍。其计算方法及各项系数取值均有规范可循 ,计算结果按理说不应有如此悬殊的差异 ,只能从沉降计算中压缩参数 (压缩模量或变形模量 ,见表 1)的取值上找原因。表 1　构成地基压缩层的各地层的岩土工程特性指标地层编号与名称 层厚ｈ ｍ天然重度γ (ｋＮ·ｍ- 3…     

载荷试验计算两层土复合地基变形模量

两栋18层住宅楼建在天然地基中有淤泥的土层上,地基采用振冲法处理。通过对两栋楼地基的载荷试验与沉降观测曲线的比对．发现对筏板基础依据载荷试验曲线初段的压缩模量不能真实反映复合地基的压缩性,建筑物的总沉降量与载荷试验曲线的后半段相关。根据载荷试验曲线计算压板影响范围内两层复合地基土变形模量．据此参数计算建筑物的沉降量与根据实际沉降观测结果推算值较为接近．克服了现有的根据载荷试验只能获得一层土变形模量的缺陷。     

北京王四营地区土体旁压模量与压缩模量关系初探

城市化进程的加快,产生了人口密集、交通堵塞、资源短缺等诸多问题,城市空间需求增长与地面空间有限的矛盾日益突现,地下空间的开发利用越来越受到重视.北京交通网的建设已通过建设地铁线网、地下停车场和地下交通换乘枢纽形成地下交通系统,缓解了地面空间、环境资源对交通网的限制.以地下输送的高效率支持地下、地上各功能设施运转的高效率,局部地下空间利用已经超过50 m.为了使地下空间开发利用安全稳定,提供所需的岩土体物理力学参数(特别是50～100 m深度)具有重要的意义.北京王四营地区土体旁压试验,获取了0～100 m深度内黏性土及粉土力学性质,并在相同深度采取原状土样进行室内土工试验,分析了旁压模量和压缩模量随深度变化的相互关系,并用数理统计方法总结出二者的定量关系,为王四营地区100 m深度地下空间的利用提供可靠的力学参数.     

利用旁压试验参数确定地基土承载力和模量

本文通过对工程勘察工作中所做的一些旁压试验与载荷试验资料进行对比分析，总结出利用旁压试验参数来确定地基土承载力和模量的方法。     

论上海软土地基⑦⑧⑨层压缩模量Es的定值问题

上海地区深部土层⑦⑧⑨层埋深在30～70m。对其压缩模量Es的定值问题,现行《上海市地基基础设计规范》(DGJ08 11 1999)(后文中简称《规范》)长期以来确定室内试验E0 1～0 2值为沉降计算值,导致沉降计算值与建(构)筑物实际沉降量之间相差2～8倍。为符合规范的变形要求,设计人员不得不采取桩加粗、加长、加密的办法,从而造成桩基投资的极大浪费。为了正确认识深部土层的Es值,上海岩土工程界进行了多种形式的试验研究。近年来,笔者结合上海高、大、深、重建(构)筑物的工程实践,深入进行上海深部⑦⑧⑨层压缩模量Es的试验研究,获得许多新的认识,对其定值问题作了研究,提出⑦⑧⑨层的建议值,供同行参考研讨。     

考虑沉桩与群桩间相互影响的复合模量计算方法

总结了复合模量计算的研究现状；提出了考虑群桩间相互影响的复合地基模量计算公式，即由于邻桩对桩间土的加固作用而使复合模量比单桩模型的计算值有所增加，公式同时考虑了沉桩对桩间土模量的提高作用，最后通过算例验证了所提出的公式。     

模量对搅拌桩复合地基承载性能影响的数值研究

在现场试验的基础上,利用FLAC3D建立数值模拟模型,分别改变复合地基的褥垫层、持力层和桩体材料的模量,计算采用不同模量时复合地基的沉降以及桩土的应力,分析模量变化对复合地基承载力和沉降的影响规律。结果表明,褥垫层的材料和模量影响到桩间土承载力的发挥,褥垫层宜采用级配砂石,模量取值范围为20～50MPa。持力层模量增大可以提高复合地基承载力减小沉降,因此水泥土搅拌桩的桩端要进入到具有一定硬度的土层中,除软弱土外,其他土层做持力层其强度对复合地基承载力和沉降的影响不大。在一定范围内增大桩模量可以有效提高复合地基承载力减小沉降,采用水泥土搅拌桩加固软土地基时,桩的模量不要过大,建议取值范围为200～400MPa。     

高应力下砾质心墙料切线模量研究

使用高压大型三轴仪,对某300 m级土石坝的砾质土心墙料进行了最高围压5 MPa的三轴试验。试验结果表明砾质土的应力-应变关系符合双曲线关系,抗剪强度包络线呈非线性。根据参数的物理意义,初始模量Ei应在尽可能小的应变范围内取值,最大主应力差 应在大应变范围内取值,且实际工程的应变在1 %左右,建议在?a= 0 %～3 %下取Ei值,在?a = 5 %～15 %下取 值,数据拟合表明建议取值法比传统取值法拟合度高。由于试验的围压范围较大,提出把围压分0.2～1.0 MPa,1.5～3.0 MPa,3.5～5.0 MPa三段分别取切线模量,通过回归证明拟合较好。     

爆炸法处理软土地基的回弹模量研究

简要介绍了自洽方法和爆炸法处理软土地基的工作原理,并用自洽方法计算爆炸法处理的软土地基的回弹模量,计算结果和试验结果符合较好。试验证明了用自洽方法计算爆炸法处理软土地基的回弹模量是可行的。     

初始弹性模量的研究

切线模量是增量本构中很重要的一个力学参数,研究其规律性意义很大,本文将从初始弹性模量方面对其进行探讨研究,推导出初始切线模量与围压、超固结比、初始孔隙比之间的关系式,并对杭州某一区域的软土进行了三轴试验进行验证。     

基于P波模量的岩石单轴抗压强度预测

传统获取岩石单轴抗压强度参数需要钻进取样、加工制作等严格的试验步骤,需要建立一种参数易于获取且准确的岩石单轴抗压强度预测公式。基于岩石物理力学参数的内在联系,建立了岩石单轴抗压强度与岩石P波模量的关系式。根据英安斑岩和页岩两种岩石的干密度、P波速度及单轴抗压强度的测试数据,采用线性拟合的方法建立了岩石基于P波模量的单轴抗压强度预测公式,并采用统计检验的方法对上述预测公式与传统基于P波速度的预测公式进行了对比分析。结果表明,所建立的强度预测通式简单、精度高,模量容易获取,具有很强的实用性。     

Determination of unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus of porous materials by indentation tests

The formation of a compacted zone under the indenter seems to be the major factor controlling the indentation process in porous rocks. In the case of very porous materials, where the pore structure fails and deformation (by structural collapse) proceeds with almost no increase in the applied load and with very limited damage to the surrounding material, no chipping is observed. The extent of the compacted zone is controlled by the porosity of the material and by the strength of its porous structure. This paper presents an interpretation model developed by the authors to obtain the uniaxial compressive strength of porous materials from the results of indentation tests. It is based on the model proposed by Wilson et al. (Int. J. Mech. Sci., 17, 1975, 457) for the interpretation of indentation tests on compressible foams and on an estimation by the authors of the extent of the compacted zone under the indenter. The results of indentation tests can also be used to obtain the Young's modulus of the material with a model proposed by Gill et al. (Proceedings of the 13th Canadian Symposium on Rock Mechanics, 1980, 1103). Uniaxial compression and indentation tests have been performed on artificial porous materials showing porosities varying between 44 and 68%. The uniaxial compressive strength values obtained from both types of test show a very good agreement. For the Young's modulus, the values obtained from the two types of test are different but the variation of the moduli with porosity is the same. Finally, a parameter called permanent penetration modulus is proposed as a means of characterizing the uniaxial compressive strength of porous materials.     

Correlation of Schmidt hardness with unconfined compressive strength and Young''s modulus in gypsum from Sivas (Turkey)

This study aims to express the relationships between Schmidt rebound number (N) with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Young's modulus (E_t) of the gypsum by empirical equations. As known, the Schmidt hammer has been used worldwide as an index test for a quick rock strength and deformability characterisation due to its rapidity and easiness in execution, simplicity, portability, low cost and nondestructiveness. In this study, gypsum samples have been collected from various locations in the Miocene-aged gypsum of Sivas Basin and tested. The tests include the determination of Schmidt hammer rebound number (N), tangent Young's modulus (E_t) and unconfined compressive strength. Finally, obtained parameters were correlated and regression equations were established among Schmidt hammer rebound hardness, tangent Young's modulus and unconfined compressive strength, presenting high coefficients of correlation. It appears that there is a possibility of estimating unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus of gypsum, from their Schmidt hammer rebound number by using the proposed empirical relationships of UCS=exp(0.818+0.059N) and E_t=exp(1.146+0.054N). However, the equations must be used only for the gypsum with an acceptable accuracy, especially at the preliminary stage of designing a structure. Finally, by using the obtained Schmidt hammer rebound number from this study, unconfined compressive strength was calculated and compared with the calculated value from different empirical equations proposed by different authors. It can be said that it is impossible to obtain only one relation for all types of the rocks.     

Random field characterization of uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus for intact rocks

Rock properties exhibit spatial variabilities due to complex geological processes such as sedimentation,metamorphism, weathering, and tectogenesis. Although recognized as an important factor controlling the safety of geotechnical structures in rock engineering, the spatial variability of rock properties is rarely quantified. Hence, this study characterizes the autocorrelation structures and scales of fluctuation of two important parameters of intact rocks, i.e. uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) and elastic modulus(EM).UCS and EM data for sedimentary and igneous rocks are collected. The autocorrelation structures are selected using a Bayesian model class selection approach and the scales of fluctuation for these two parameters are estimated using a Bayesian updating method. The results show that the autocorrelation structures for UCS and EM could be best described by a single exponential autocorrelation function. The scales of fluctuation for UCS and EM respectively range from 0.3 m to 8.0 m and from 0.3 m to 8.4 m.These results serve as guidelines for selecting proper autocorrelation functions and autocorrelation distances for rock properties in reliability analyses and could also be used as prior information for quantifying the spatial variability of rock properties in a Bayesian framework.