0917号台风“芭玛”折向东南向移动原因分析

利用NCEP全球数据同化系统(GDAS)1°×1°分析资料,对0917号台风"芭玛"折向东南向移动原因进行了分析。结果表明,中高纬度环流调整是"芭玛"折向东南向移动的根本原因;0918号台风"茉莉"通过改变外围环境场的强度、形状对"芭玛"台风产生间接影响,而两台风之间逆时针互旋以及台风"茉莉"外围强大的环流对台风"芭玛"的直接作用是台风"芭玛"折向东南向移动的关键。对台风"芭玛"经纬向UV最大风速变化诊断分析表明,"芭玛"经纬向UV最大风速中心的转移对"芭玛"折向东南向移动有重要影响,经纬向UV最大风速差的变化对"芭玛"转向具有预示作用,经纬向最大风速差的合成风方向与台风中心未来移动方向有一定的关系。     

台风对珠江口风暴增水的影响分析

珠江口沿岸风暴潮灾害频发,且受台风影响显著。本研究对珠江口赤湾站近30 a(1990—2019)的极端增水进行了分析。结果显示:近年来该区域年平均增水没有显著变化,但极端风暴增水(99.9%分位数)强度显著增强(1.62cm·a^–1),意味着极端风暴潮灾害强度不断变大;在这30a里,有20a的年最大增水发生于台风期间(占66.7%),2018年超强台风“山竹”引起的增水峰值达254cm,为近30a最大的风暴潮灾害事件;增水对台风的最大响应距离约为500～800km。在台风影响范围内,增水强度与台风强度呈近似的线性关系,与距台风中心距离则呈指数关系。分别利用台风强度的不同指标(台风中心最低气压、最大风速和最大风速半径),结合观测站距台风中心的距离,对增水进行拟合,发现风速与距离组合对风暴增水的刻画效果最好[S_w=3.23e^–0.0036D×(Γ_w–3.90)+4.48,R²=0.78,RMSE=9.69cm]。这些研究结果可提升对珠江口风暴潮灾害的认识,为台风风暴潮模拟提供验证资...     

西太平洋8708号台风海面风、浪结构及其关系的遥感研究

本文以Geosat卫星高度计1987年8月11日在西太平洋海域上的-上升轨道测得的风、浪资料为基础,统计分析了8708号台风影响下的海面风速和海浪特征.结果显示,此次台风影响下的海面风速和海浪波高的空间分布具有相对台风中心近似对称的结构特征,但在台风内区,台风移动方向的右方风速较左方风速增加较快,同时在台风外围,右方风速较左方风速衰减也较快;有效波高没有明显的内、外区结构,且左、右方波高随距离变化也呈不同的衰减率;风速与有效波高的关系在台风中心左右也呈现明显的不同;本文给出了台风的风速及波高随相对台风中心距离变化的经验关系式,以及合风风速与波高的经验关系式等.     

0205号台风"威马逊"北上过程中强度减弱缓慢的原因分析

0205号台风“威马逊”于7月初沿海北上影响浙江舟山。影响浙江舟山时台风中心气压仍有940hPa,在历史同期是少见的。本文初步分析认为,台风在北上过程中强度保持不变的原因是由于台风本身结构规则、尺度大,强而大的台风环流提供了广泛的辐合流入。台风外围深厚的暖湿水汽输送带为台风强度的维持提供了水汽和能量,台风强度维持与低层辐合高层辐散有关,高层辐散同时加剧了低层辐合。涡度场的对称分布,使水汽和能量向台风中心旋转,旋转风动能得以维持。弱的垂直切变和暖洋面的存在也是台风强度维持的原因之一。     

0509"麦莎"台风浪特征分析

通过对0509号“麦莎”台风浪的分析,揭示影响台风浪成长、发展、消衰的物理因素。分析结果表明:台风浪的大小、台风浪的范围、台风浪区的对称性不仅和台风的强度、移动速度、外围大尺度天气系统有关,并且也受岛屿及海底地形等环境条件的影响:其中影响台风浪主要因素是风速、风时和风区,三者之间相互影响相互制约。     

"鸣蝉"台风结构和强度变化特点

2003年第14号台风"鸣蝉"朝西北方向移到24°N以北时,中心气压下降到920hPa,近中心最大风速达60m/s,在沿125°E北上时,强度减弱很缓慢.本文对该台风的移动路径和强度变化进行分析,发现台风主要是在副热带高压和高空槽的引导下移动,路径比较规则.来自热带辐合带的深厚水汽输送通道为台风强度的维持提供了丰沛的水汽和能量.200hPa高空槽前西南急流为台风提供强流出流场.涡度场的对称分布,使水汽和能量向台风中心旋转,低层辐合加强,涡动动能得以维持,有利于台风强度的加强.弱的水平风速垂直切变和暖洋面的加热作用,也是台风维持的原因.     

0216号台风风暴潮灾害调查分析

0216号台风是近五年来登陆浙江最强的台风。本文通过对0216号台风风暴期灾害的调查、分析，基本摸清了灾害情况。经过与近十年来登陆浙江的强台风造成的灾害对比，发现此次台风风暴潮灾害造成的直接经济损失要比往年小的多，并分析了其原因。最后指出工程措施和非工程措施在防御台风风暴潮灾害中起到同等重要的作用。     

“米娜”（1918）台风浪特征及其与“利奇马”（1909）的差异

利用浙江省自动气象站、舟山和温州浮标资料以及欧洲中期天气预报中心数值模式输出产品,分析了1918号台风"米娜"影响期间浙江沿海风和海浪时空变化特征,并与同样严重影响浙江的1909号台风"利奇马"进行对比。结果表明:两个台风表现出不同的波高与波周期联合概率分布特征,在浙江北部和南部沿海海浪波型也不同,波型的不同不仅与天文大潮相关,还与风速大小有关。在台风主要影响时段,有效波高和风速在空间分布上存在较好的对应关系,但最大有效波高不一定位于台风中心区域内。     

基于高低潮的风暴增水人工神经网络预报模型

针对只有高低潮数据的情况,利用人工神经网络建立起一种预报当前台风时刻后第一个高潮时增水的模型。该模型选取台风在当前时刻、前6 h、前12 h、前18 h的中心经度、纬度、最大风速、中心气压以及当前时刻前第一个高潮时刻的风暴增水为输入单元。台风当前时刻后第一个高潮时刻风暴增水为模型输出单元。利用历史资料形成的规范化后的模式对,对模型进行训练,训练成功后,结合台风因子预报模型,即可用于风暴增水的预报。经过长江口高桥站高低潮实测资料的检验,结果表明该模型提取到了风暴增水效应,说明该模型可用于风暴增水的预报。     

台风影响下广州近岸及珠江口水文气象特征响应

基于海洋自动观测站实测连续的水文气象数据,对1713号台风“天鸽”和1822号台风“山竹”影响期间广州近岸及珠江口水文气象特征进行了分析,并对海洋灾害影响动力因素进行了探讨。研究结果表明：(1)在台风影响期间,各观测站风速由平时的1～4级增至7～8级,风速均在受台风七级风圈影响6～7 h左右达到最大;潮位均超红色警戒潮位,最大增水2～3 m;波高由平时的1～2级增至3～4级;余流受风速影响先降后增,台风登陆当日余流值最低,台风使余流发生转向;海表温度下降1～2℃,海表盐度增大4～12。(2)对台风的响应由快至慢为：风速、余流、波浪、潮位、水温和盐度,波浪比风速晚1 h达到峰值,最高潮位出现在台风登陆1～2 h后,水温和盐度比风速对台风的响应晚5～6 h。(3)对波浪影响较大的因素主要为台风风圈半径、强台风持续时间、台风级别、移动速度等;对风暴增水影响较大的因素为台风强度和风圈半径,天文大潮、上游流量、地形等对潮位抬升也有一定影响,此外,波浪陡增对风暴增水具有较大影响,相关系数达0.7。(4)“山竹”登陆地点较“天鸽”远74 km且非天文大潮期,但引起的灾害较“天鸽”更严重,引起的最大增...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.