龙门山南段山前天全-乐山剖面磁组构研究及其对新生代构造变形的指示意义

四川盆地西南部西侧为龙门山冲断带,南面紧挨川西南褶皱带,其新生代构造变形特征对于认识青藏高原东南缘的变形机制具有一定的指示意义.磁组构是一种灵敏的应变指示计,在变形微弱的沉积岩地区尤为适用.本文在雅安-乐山剖面选取12个采样点进行磁组构分析,结合已有的天全-雅安飞仙关剖面的27个采样点数据,综合讨论川西南地区的构造变形特征.所有采样点的磁组构测试结果显示出3种弱变形的磁组构类型:沉积磁组构、初始变形磁组构和铅笔状磁组构.雅安-乐山剖面采样点的磁线理绝大部分为北东-南西走向,和龙门山南段的整体延伸方向一致,表明四川盆地西南缘新生代构造变形主要受控于龙门山的构造作用.飞仙关剖面的磁组构测试结果显示44%的采样点表现出磁线理和地层走向斜交的特征,由初始变形磁组构演变而来,并且所有异常磁组构仅局限在断层上盘,本文认为这是雅安地区新生代期间局部逆时针旋转引起变形叠加的结果.     

岩石磁组构可以揭示应变吗？——以华南地块早三叠世灰岩为例

一般认为磁组构能有效地反映岩石所经历的应变特征.为了研究不同类型的磁组构和不同期次应变之间的关系,对来自华南地块两个地区的早三叠世灰岩样品进行了岩石磁学、磁组构以及应变特征的对比分析.来自湖北通山县的样品经历了三期构造变形,这为解析磁组构和多期次应变提供了理想的机会.岩石磁学结果显示携磁矿物主要为磁铁矿.磁化率各向异性（AMS）和非磁滞剩磁各向异性（AAR）结果显示其最小轴与层面垂直,最大轴和中间轴分布于层面内,反映了沉积和压实作用产生的应变,而后期构造应变在磁组构中没有体现.来自广东连县的样品发育有渗透性压溶缝面理和方解石脉,说明经历了构造应变.AMS结果没有显示占优势的组构方向.AAR结果显示三轴组构,其最大轴分布于最大应力方位,与构造应变特征吻合,最初的压实组构被构造应变组构所代替.上述结果表明：（1）AAR可以很好地反映渗透性应变的特征,而AMS有时会失效;（2）应变的尺度要小于样品的尺度,磁组构才能有效地反映应变.     

秦岭造山带晚三叠世糜署岭岩体的岩石磁学及磁组构可靠性约束

近年来,针对秦岭造山带晚三叠世花岗岩体侵位机制的巨大争议,一些研究采用磁组构方法分析了岩体的内部组构特征及其与区域构造的关系,提出了具有重要意义的新认识.然而,目前这些研究均缺乏对岩体磁组构本质意义的分析,利用该方法约束岩体内部组构的可靠性并不十分清晰.针对这一问题,本文以秦岭造山带内具典型代表性意义的晚三叠世糜署岭花岗岩体为例,开展了该岩体的磁组构、岩石磁学、矿物形态组构和显微构造的综合研究.结果表明,糜署岭岩体的磁化率总体较低,属钛铁矿系列花岗岩.绝大部分样品的磁化率受控于顺磁性的黑云母等铁镁硅酸盐矿物,部分高磁化率样品包含了少量多畴磁铁矿等铁磁性组分的贡献,且随磁化率增大,铁磁性组分的贡献更为明显.样品的磁组构也主要是黑云母组构或由黑云母与磁铁矿的亚组构复合而成.由于样品中磁铁矿含量较低且与黑云母密切共生,磁组构与黑云母形态组构基本一致,因此,黑云母与磁铁矿的亚组构基本共轴.糜署岭岩体的磁组构本质上等同于黑云母组构,反映了黑云母等页硅酸盐矿物在岩体中的分布,可以有效的指示岩体的内部构造特征.宏观和显微构造观察还显示,糜署岭岩体的内部组构形成于岩浆侵位的晚期阶段,叠加了同岩浆期区域构造的关键信息,是从岩体构造角度开展区域构造演化的良好载体.     

细粒碎屑岩的常温和低温磁组构:以秦岭造山带白垩纪徽成盆地为例

盆地内细粒沉积物的磁组构特征可以记录盆地发育演化的关键构造信息.然而,反转盆地内细粒沉积物的磁组构有何特征,其与盆地发育和反转变形有何关系,目前仍需要深入探索.针对这一问题,本文以东、西秦岭分界处的白垩纪徽成盆地为例,在野外构造观察的基础上,对该盆地内的细粒沉积岩,特别是同沉积断层附近的细粒沉积岩(包括生长地层),开展了系统的岩石磁学、常温和低温磁组构研究.野外观察表明,徽成盆地白垩纪地层内发育了大量NNE走向的正断层,邻近断层的局部区域可见露头尺度的生长地层.盆地内细粒沉积物的磁化率值总体较低,岩石磁学实验表明,磁化率主要由顺磁性矿物控制,但也含有少量磁铁矿和赤铁矿等铁磁性矿物的贡献.常温和低温磁组构特征都表明,徽成盆地白垩纪地层内透入性的发育了NWW-SEE向的磁线理,与主要的(同沉积)正断层垂直或高角度相交,并显示出初始变形组构的特征,记录了盆地发育时以NWW-SEE向拉张为主的古应力信息.这一伸展应力场与控制徽成盆地发育的文县—太白断裂带呈锐夹角,表明断裂带在盆地发育时以左行走滑伸展为主.此外,与常温磁组构相比,低温磁组构显著提高了顺磁性组构的信号强度,突显了磁组构的优势方位,可以更为有效的反映岩石组构和应变信息.尽管徽成盆地白垩纪地层经历多期次构造变形,但其初始变形组构并未明显改造,为解析盆地构造属性提供了重要信息.     

磁组构（上）

地球科学领域岩石磁组构的研宄,对许多人来讲,还是一个陌生的课题。磁组构测量的是用磁化率量值椭球描述的岩石磁化率各向异性。由于它保留了成岩环境、动力变质的信息,可用于环境科学和应变分析。这期我们刊登科普文章《磁组构》,叙述这项技术的理论依据、测量及数据统计分析方法;介绍几项新成果,包括中国黄土、金伯利岩管及阜平县双重褶皱磁组构的研究,旨在向大家展示这一新的课题在地震地质、地球科学领域研究的可观前景。     

岩石磁组构在构造混杂岩带和韧性剪切带研究中的应用——以西天山地区为例

本文以西天山地区为例,讨论了岩石磁组构在构造混杂岩带和韧性剪切带中的作用和功能．指出岩石磁组构的某些参数能反映混杂岩带的变形类型,磁化率椭球体三个轴的方位在混杂岩基质中分布有规律,而在岩块中没有规律．在韧性剪切带中,磁组构的各向异性度Ｐ值绝大部分大于１．１,并有变化．磁面理的产化变化可用来求出韧性剪切带的位移量和变形路径．磁组构的Ｌ—Ｆ参数图可确定韧性剪切带的类型,最小主磁化率的方位可用来确定韧性剪切带的剪切指向．     

川滇地块古新统宁蒗组磁组构特征及构造意义

对川滇地块程海断裂附近的宁蒗地区古新统宁蒗组地层进行了详细的磁组构研究,沿战河-西布河布置了22个采点(钻取287块样品),综合分析表明研究区内存在四种磁组构类型,分别为初始变形磁组构和铅笔状磁组构以及介于上述两者之间的两种过渡型磁组构.研究区西侧(采点1—9)K1轴优势方向为近NNE-SSW方向,东侧(采点13—22)K1轴优势方向则为近S-N向,K1轴方向的突然变化可能与研究区内的隐伏断层活动有关.另外,磁组构也可以很好判断断层所夹持块体之间的相对旋转运动.将两组K1轴优势方向经过旋转校正之后,发现研究区内中-晚始新世时古应力方向为近E-W向,该应力方向主要与新生代印欧碰撞有关.此外,E-W向的古应力场明显不同于现今的近S-N向的应力场方向,这可能与印欧碰撞后青藏高原从前期的挤压缩短阶段进入到后期的E-W向伸展阶段有关.     

冀东油田钻井岩芯的磁学研究

论述了利用古地磁、磁组构综合研究进行钻井岩芯定向和确定沉积组构（沉积层面在现代地理坐标系下的）方向的方法．通过对冀东油田100块钻井岩芯实测结果的系统分析，指出该方法在岩芯磁组构方向确定和沉积剩磁成分能够分离出来的情况下，可用于地层产状未知和井孔近似直立情况下的钻井岩芯定向，并能给出沉积组构方向．对岩芯样品中的磁性矿物成分、成因进行了研究，分析了岩芯磁性特征与烃类富集的关系，指出磁参数分布特征，能为油气勘探开发、指示油气富集部位提供参考．     

川滇地块古新统宁蒗组磁组构特征及构造意义

对川滇地块程海断裂附近的宁蒗地区古新统宁蒗组地层进行了详细的磁组构研究,沿战河-西布河布置了22个采点（钻取287块样品）,综合分析表明研究区内存在四种磁组构类型,分别为初始变形磁组构和铅笔状磁组构以及介于上述两者之间的两种过渡型磁组构. 研究区西侧（采点1-9）K₁轴优势方向为近NNE-SSW方向,东侧（采点13-22）K₁轴优势方向则为近S-N向,K₁轴方向的突然变化可能与研究区内的隐伏断层活动有关.另外,磁组构也可以很好判断断层所夹持块体之间的相对旋转运动.将两组K₁轴优势方向经过旋转校正之后,发现研究区内中-晚始新世时古应力方向为近E-W向,该应力方向主要与新生代印欧碰撞有关.此外,E-W向的古应力场明显不同于现今的近S-N向的应力场方向,这可能与印欧碰撞后青藏高原从前期的挤压缩短阶段进入到后期的E-W向伸展阶段有关.     

岩石磁组构对剩磁稳定性的制约探讨:以印支地块中生代碎屑岩和拉萨林周盆地设兴组红层为例

岩石磁组构因能提供磁性矿物晶体形状、排列方式等赋存信息而被广泛应用于判别岩石剩磁是否受到了后期构造应力的显著影响;但常规岩石磁化率各向异性(AMS)是否能够准确限定岩石剩磁的稳定性,目前尚无深入探讨.本文以印支地块Nakhon Thai盆地中生代Nam Phong、Phu Kradung和Phra Wihan组三套碎屑岩样品及拉萨地块林周盆地设兴组红层样品为例,通过岩石磁化率组构和剩磁组构的对比分析发现,尽管Nam Phong组绝大多数样品和Phu Kradung组全部样品的AMS组构显示其具有铅笔状至强劈理过渡型构造变形组构特征,但高场等温剩磁各向异性(hf-AIR)显示其高矫顽力赤铁矿所携带的特征剩磁组构仍具有典型沉积组构特征,表明其以赤铁矿为主的载磁矿物未遭受后期构造应力的显著影响,仍然能够准确记录岩石形成时期的古地球磁场方向.另一方面发现有且仅有剩磁组构才是判别碎屑沉积岩特征剩磁是否遭受了后期构造应力影响的充分必要条件.也就是说,如果岩石剩磁组构(如以赤铁矿为主要载磁矿物的岩石hf-AIR组构)指示其原始沉积组构已被构造组构显著叠加或取代,则必然说明该岩石剩磁方向已受到构造应力...     

岩浆岩磁组构的实验模拟研究

岩浆岩的模拟实验,由于其实验条件的可控性,能够较好地研究岩浆岩的影响因素及其机理．本文实验表明,岩浆岩的磁组构除与成岩时的流动有关外,还受地磁场及重力场的影响,当流动较强时,岩浆岩的磁线理与流动方向有很好的一致性;当流动较弱时,地磁场方向的影响更大．另外,由于岩浆岩较弱的磁各向异性,以及成岩后期各种因素的影响,使其机理呈现复杂性,主轴方位具有分散性．     

Montcornet钻孔岩芯的古地磁研究

Montcornet非定向钻孔岩芯的古地磁研究表明,利用岩石不同时期形成的磁性组分,可以对钻孔岩芯的定向提供一种可靠的、快速简捷的方法．通过岩石磁性组构的研究,不仅能验证岩芯的定向,而且对于沉积相中古水流方向,沉积相的划分、分布研究提供重要的基础资料．在盆地分析和油气探测中有可能开发出更广泛的、潜在的应用前景．     

Giant Barkhausen jumps in Kamchatka basaltic lavas

Igneous rocks are shown to possess a magnetic fabric that admits the occurrence of giant Barkhausen jumps. It is also demonstrated that magnetic minerals of rocks can preserve information on a few magnetic fields (differing even in origin) and a few thermal magnetization temperatures.     

Magnetic anisotropy of HED and Martian meteorites and implications for the crust of Vesta and Mars

We investigate the petrofabric of crustal rocks from Mars and Vesta through the measurement of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of achondrites. Previous data are integrated with new measurements to obtain a dataset that provide macroscopic information about the magnetic fabric of 41 meteorites of the howardite–eucrite–diogenite clan (HED, falls only) and 16 Martian meteorites. The interpretation takes into account the large contribution of paramagnetism to the magnetic susceptibility of these meteorites. We use a model that allows the computation of the anisotropy degree of the population of ferromagnetic grains and provides a quantitative proxy for the degree of shape preferential orientation of these grains in HED and Martian meteorites. The results also provide quantitative information about the shape of the magnetic fabric (prolate, oblate).In HED achondrites, the ductile FeNi grains are sensitive strain recorders and our magnetic fabric data provide the first quantitative insights to the strain history of the crustal rocks of Vesta. Most HED achondrites are breccias but display a strong and spatially coherent magnetic anisotropy, indicating that intense deformation of FeNi grains took place after brecciation. The average fabric of eucrites, howardites is oblate (i.e. the texture is foliated) whereas the fabric of diogenites is more neutral. The howardite results suggest the existence of an isotropic fraction of ferromagnetic minerals that can be ascribed to the presence of carbonaceous chondrite clasts that have preserved their original magnetic fabric. In this hypothesis, howardites have an intensity of petrofabric very similar to eucrites and diogenites. Thermal metamorphism (itself possibly impact-related) plus lithostatic compaction occurring after brecciation appears as the best candidate to explain the observed petrofabric in eucrites and diogenites, whereas compaction by hypervelocity impacts may be reponsible for the fabric of howardites.Martian meteorites may still possess their primary magmatic fabric. Among Martian meteorites, basaltic shergottites and nakhlites display an oblate fabric (foliated texture) with only limited variations among each group. Olivine–phyric shergottites have a neutral fabric that points to a different petrogenesis. Nakhlites have weaker fabric intensity than shergottites. The fabric intensity is comparable to what is classically observed in terrestrial volcanic and plutonic rocks.     

Modelling the relationship between magnetic fabric and strain in polymineralic rocks

We present a model that is applicable to the relatively frequent case of rocks in which the magnetic fabric is dominated by uniaxial paramagnetic minerals, and in which the deformation (pure shear) corresponds to the March-Fernandez model. Borradaile et al.'s procedure for the isolation of the magnetic fabric of monocrystals of anisotropic components allows us to obtain the magnetic properties equivalent to those of all the component minerals if they should be artificially aligned. In the case of real component minerals with similar shape parameters, χ (dependent on dimension ratio), these properties will correspond to those of a theoretical equivalent mineral. Therefore, finite strain and orientation tensors may be determined from magnetic fabric measurements of such polymineralic rocks.     

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ANISOTROPY OF VARIOUS ROCK TYPES AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR GEOPHYSICS AND GEOLOGY*

In the interpretation of magnetic anomalies and in paleomagnetism, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is commonly neglected. Nevertheless, this property has basic significance, because, owing to susceptibility anisotropy, the directions of the vectors of induced and remanent magnetization are deflected from the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. Almost all rock types investigated possess higher or lower degree of the susceptibility anisotropy. Effusive and sedimentary rocks have the lowest degree of anisotropy. For the latter, the “masking effect” of the paramagnetic mineral components has some influence on the anisotropy degree due to the low mean susceptibility of sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic and plutonic rocks usually exhibit a considerable degree of anisotropy. The highest degree of anisotropy has been found in the rocks containing ferromagnetic minerals with mimetic fabric. The dependence of the degree of the susceptibility anisotropy on the degree of metamorphism proved to be very complicated; of the rock sequence from slates to gneisses, the transient rocks (roofing slates and mica-schist-gneisses) showed the highest degree of anisotropy. This result can be used in geology for reliable determination of these rock types.     

Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy,strain, and progressive deformation in Permian sediments from the Maritime Alps (France)

The relationships among magnetic susceptibility anisotropy, finite strain, and progressive deformation have been studied in Permian red shales and slates of the Maritime Alps (southeastern France). These rocks contain deformed reduction spots which serve as finite strain indicators. The magnetic fabric of undeformed regions is modified during deformation to yield characteristic magnetic susceptibility anisotropy patterns and a magnetic equivalent of the deformation path derived from strain measurements. The magnetic fabric changes progressively from oblate to prolate, and back to oblate as deformation increases. The quantitative relationships between natural strain and magnetic anisotropy in these rocks have been determined. They differ between the less and more deformed areas, perhaps due to a change in deformation mechanism accompanying an increase in metamorphism. The relationships provide a rapid means of strain determination using magnetic measurements but their variation emphasizes the need for local structural control.     

Composite magnetic fabric deciphered using heating treatment

In a number of AMS studies, the presence and deciphering of composite magnetic fabrics is of major importance for a correct interpretation of the data. On the basis of several examples from intrusive rocks (diorites and dolerites) we show that the use of laboratory heatings can help to extract at least one component of the composite magnetic fabrics usually present. The procedure includes comparison of the fabrics measured after stepwise laboratory heating with the fabrics determined by tensor difference and by linear regression analysis. In the diorite samples, the measured AMS results from the superimposition of different component fabrics and does not correspond exactly to any of these fabrics. In these dykes, isolated magnetic fabric during thermal treatment corresponds to that of the main magnetic mineral (Ti-poor titanomaghemite) and reveals an unknown structure. In volcanic flow or doleritic dykes, a “parasitic” fabric related to late or post-magmatic evolution superimposed to the flow fabric can produce important scattering of the AMS principal directions. Decomposition of magnetic fabric during thermal treatment allows isolation of the flow fabric.     

阿尔金断裂带西段磁组构特征及其构造意义

变形岩石的磁组构参数K_max、K_int、K_min、P、T、F、L、E等可以用来定量地表征构造变形的形状及期次.本文通过对阿尔金断裂带（郭扎错—空喀山口段）中岩石磁组构特征分析,认为该断裂带具多期活动性,变形性状由早到晚依次表现为韧性、韧-脆性及脆性变形,应力机制为剪切以及带有剪切性质的拉伸和压扁,主应力方向为NNE-SSW和近SN向.磁组构特征还表明该断裂带两侧断块相对差异运动在不同地区有所不同,而且它们所经历的构造期次以及各期活动的应力机制、影响程度也有明显区别.此外,磁组构数据显示阿尔金断裂带具有中间变形强、向两侧变形逐渐减弱的准对称特点,其早期变形具有由东往西逐渐减弱的变化规律.由磁组构揭示的应力应变特征与野外露头、显微构造和古应力测量结果一致.     

Changes in magnetic and fractal properties of fractured granites near the Nojima Fault, Japan

Abstract Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) has been used to infer finite strain fabrics in plastically deformed rocks, but there are few studies of magnetic properties in fractured fault rocks. Changes in magnetic and fractal properties of fractured granites from the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University (DPRI) 500 m drilling core towards the Nojima Fault and of the well-foliated fault gouge are described. Fractal analysis of fractured granites shows that the fractal dimension ( D ) increases linearly toward the gouge zone of the fault. In weakly fractured granites ( D = 1.05–1.24), it was found that the degree of AMS correlates positively with the fractal dimension, suggesting a fracture-related magnetic fabric due to fracturing. In strongly fractured granites ( D = 1.25–1.50), weaker, nearly isotropic AMS is found, suggesting erasure by the fragmentation of the magnetic minerals. Within the fault gouge zone, an isotropic AMS fabric was found, as well as twofold increases in magnetic intensity and susceptibility. These changes reflect the production of new magnetite grains, subsequently confirmed by hysteresis studies, which suggests that fault gouge might be regarded as the source of the regional geomagnetic field contrast along active faults. Thus, AMS is clearly a potentially useful tool for inferring the fracturing texture of magnetic minerals in fractured rocks and detecting active faults from the high susceptibility contrast of fault gouge.