二叠系乐平统底界全球层型剖面和点位问题

乐平统被正式接纳为二叠统的国际标准年代地层单位后，其底界的全球层型剖面和点位（GSSP）亟待确定。经金玉干等多年研究，广西来宾县蓬莱滩剖面被公认为乐平统底界层型的最佳侯选剖面；该剖面牙形类化石（Clarkina postbitteri带或Clarkina dukouensis带之底均可作为乐平统底界的候选层位。C.postbitteri由Jinogondolella granti (Mei and Wardlaw)演化而来，其首次出现的点位（FAD）可在蓬莱滩剖面得到精确确定。1998年，以C.postbitteri带之底作为平统底界的方案被国内外牙形类化石专家一致接受，为国际二叠纪地层分会通过投票正式决定蓬莱滩剖面C.postbitteri带之底为全球层型剖面和点位铺平了道路。令人遗憾的是在此关键时期王成源声称，在原定界线之下3米处理3米处发现C.postbitteri，并转而提出以C.dukouensis带之底为界线的另一方案，导致一次无谓的争端，延误了在中国建立乐平统底界的全球层型的进程。后经Hendwerson重新研究有关样品证明，在原定界线之下3m处并未发现C.postbitteri，从而使牙形类化石专家达成新的共识。乐平统牙形类化石的演化以Clarkina属为主导，属内各种的鉴别应以居群（population）为基础。锯齿型式被证明是最能反映该属居群特征的较为稳定的鉴定标志。而齿台轮廓等其它形态性状在一个居群内变化较大，如作为Clarkina各种的主要鉴定特征， 常常将同一居群内的不同形态类型鉴定为不同的种，以致在一个样品内鉴别出Clarkina的10多个种，同时也会将不同居群的异质同形的个体归属同一种。结果使属内各种的演化关系模糊，延展时限人为地拉长，失去应有的地层价值。依据这种分类确定的种和地层界线，在为数很少的牙形类化石专家中都很难达成共识，更难为广大地质工作者应用。     

乐平统底界定义和广西来宾蓬莱滩剖面点位的讨论

Clarkina Postbitteri的首现不适合作为乐平统底界的定义，蓬莱滩剖面上6j的底界也不适合作为乐平统底界的全球界线层型剖面点（GSSP），乐平统底界的定义应是Clarkina postbitteri-C.dukouensis连续的演化系列中C.dukouensis的首次出现，精确的位置在蓬莱滩剖面6k之底。     

瓜德鲁普统(Guadalupian)-乐平统(Lopingian)全球界线层型剖面和点(GSSP)

乐平统底界全球界线层型(GSSP)已经被确定在中国广西来宾县的蓬莱滩剖面,这一界线以牙形类化石Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri Mei&Wardlaw的首次出现为标志,位于蓬莱滩剖面的茅口组顶部来宾灰岩的6k层之底,层型剖面点位于C.postbitter hongshuiensis至C.dukouensis的演化谱系内,大致与阿布萨罗卡巨层序(Absaroka Megasequenses)的中部与上部之间的界线相当。层型剖面点位所在的来宾灰岩代表了一套界于茅口组和合山组之间的低水位沉积,在这一界线附近,类、腕足类、珊瑚类和菊石类等动物群均发生了重大更替;同时,δ13C值和87Sr/86Sr同位素比值也有一个明显的降低。从瓜德鲁普世晚期的磁性正常极性带向吴家坪早期反向极性带的转变也发生在这一界线附近,因此,这一界线可以很好地用于进行全球海陆相地层的对比。     

二叠系长兴阶全球界线层型剖面和点位

二叠系乐平统长兴阶底界全球界线层型和点位(GSSP)确立在我国浙江长兴煤山D剖面长兴灰岩的下部、4a-2层之底,以牙形石演化序列Clarkina longicuspidata-C.wangi中C.wangi的首现为标志。该点位位于长兴组底界之上88cm处,与长兴期特征的■类化石Palaeofusulina sinensis和大巴山菊石类的首次出现层位一致。界线层的碳同位素存在明显的负漂移,正磁极性带出现在吴家坪晚期的反极性带之上。在煤山D剖面以西300m处的C剖面出露较多的龙潭组地层,清晰地反映出龙潭组—长兴组连续的沉积序列,被列为辅助层型剖面。     

国际第四纪年代地层研究进展北大核心CSCD

第四纪代表了地质历史时期最新的地质年代,持续了2.58个百万年,以两极发育冰盖、多期次的冰期-间冰期旋回和人属的出现为特征。第四纪年代地层学研究在建立高精度地层格架、了解地球气候系统演化规律和预测气候变化趋势等方面具有重要意义。依据现今的定义,第四系包括更新统和全新统,而更新统进一步划分为4个阶。其中,杰拉阶底界、卡拉布里雅阶底界和全新统底界全球层型剖面与点位(GSSP)已确立,而更新统中阶和上阶底界GSSP的研究工作正在进行中,界线标志已确定。近年来,随着同位素测年技术的不断提高和天文旋回理论的普遍应用,第四纪年代地层界线年龄在不断更新,天文轨道旋回控制的万年尺度气候事件可以作为全球对比的标尺。当前国际地层委员会第四系分会的主要任务包括更新统中、上阶底界金钉子的确立、全新统进一步划分和"人类统"概念的提出。     

国际第四纪年代地层研究进展

第四纪代表了地质历史时期最新的地质年代,持续了2.58个百万年,以两极发育冰盖、多期次的冰期-间冰期旋回和人属的出现为特征。第四纪年代地层学研究在建立高精度地层格架、了解地球气候系统演化规律和预测气候变化趋势等方面具有重要意义。依据现今的定义,第四系包括更新统和全新统,而更新统进一步划分为4个阶。其中,杰拉阶底界、卡拉布里雅阶底界和全新统底界全球层型剖面与点位(GSSP)已确立,而更新统中阶和上阶底界GSSP的研究工作正在进行中,界线标志已确定。近年来,随着同位素测年技术的不断提高和天文旋回理论的普遍应用,第四纪年代地层界线年龄在不断更新,天文轨道旋回控制的万年尺度气候事件可以作为全球对比的标尺。当前国际地层委员会第四系分会的主要任务包括更新统中、上阶底界金钉子的确立、全新统进一步划分和"人类统"概念的提出。     

浙江长兴煤山地区二叠-三叠系界线底粘土中动物化石的发现及其意义

<正> 浙江长兴煤山地区是我国南部上二叠统长兴阶及二叠-三叠系界线候选层型剖面的所在地。近十年来,我们先后在本区测制了6条上二叠统长兴阶及二叠-三叠系界线剖面,即剖面A.B.C.D.E和Z(Sheng et al.,1984)把下三叠统下青龙组底部的混生动物群层自下而上分成混生层1、2和3三层,混生层1包括两部分,下部为伊利石-蒙脱石粘土层,亦称底粘土(basal clay),上部为黑色泥岩,当时没有在底粘土发现化石。此后,一     

华南寒武系年代地层系统的修订及相关问题

将早先提出的华南寒武系4统9阶的年代地层系统,修订成4统10阶,除王村阶的底界略高于全球鼓山阶(Drumian Stage)的底界外,其余界线都与目前的全球4统10阶的年代地层界线一致。新系统采纳了在我国华南建立的全球芙蓉统、排碧阶和古丈阶,在原桃源阶的上部另建"牛车河阶"。原王村阶和桃源阶的时限因这一修订有所缩减。全球鼓山阶的底界与台江阶上部的Ptychagnostus atavus带底界可以精确对比。滇东统包含晋宁阶和梅树村阶(狭义)两个年代地层单位,晋宁阶的底界采用全球寒武系的底界,梅树村阶的底界采用罗惠麟等1994年正式修订后的定义,即位于梅树村剖面的"B"点。梅树村阶的原始定义仅指梅树村剖面的磷块岩层(即现今的中谊村段),它的底界高于现在的以Tricophycus pedum首现定义的全球寒武系底界。     

贵州剑河寒武系黔东统杷榔组沉积环境 及生物地层再研究 ——以剑河交榜剖面为例

贵州剑河交榜剖面杷榔组顶底完整,三叶虫序列完整,产出掘头虫类三叶虫5属7种。其中Arthricocephalus chauveaui Bergeron,1899,Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien,1961,Arthricocephalites jishouensis(Zhou in Zhou et al.),1977,3个种也出现在北美格陵兰的Henson Glatsche组,提供了三叶虫全球对比的重要信息。其中A.chauveaui在交榜剖面杷榔组底部4 m首现,延伸至近顶部278 m。交榜剖面杷榔组岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层研究信息表明该剖面更适合作杷榔组岩石地层标准剖面,该剖面应是A.chauveaui首现点位定义的都匀阶界线层型剖面。可能是全球寒武系第4阶具有竟争潜力的界线层型剖面。     

再论志留纪年代地层的统、阶层型研究

一、概述 本文只是简要地讨论志留系全球界线层型存在的问题,有关志留系各层型剖面的具体位置和笔石带标志、我国志留系年代地层及其与国际层型标准的对比、国内志留系统与阶的划分方案、我国志留系生物地层和我国志留纪各时期的古地理(含生物古地理)已在其他论文(戎嘉余等,2000;戎嘉余、陈旭,2000;戎嘉余,2003;Rong Jia-yu et al.,2003a、b)中进行了探讨,这里不再赘述.为保持讨论的完整性,本文对志留系的底界与温洛克统的底界问题又作了些补充说明.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the