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西北地区MODIS/NDVI与MODIS/EVI对比分析 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
为了了解西北地区MODIS/NDVI和MODS/EVI 2种植被指数的特点,利用2003年植被生长期TERRA/MODIS资料和西北地区植被类型数据,分析了西北地区MODIS/NDVI和MODIS/EVI空间分布特征和不同类型植被随时间变化特征,比较了大气订正对NDVI和EVI的影响。结果表明:NDVI和EVI空间分布格局一致,与降水空间分布形式比较一致。NDVI与EVI值的差异随着植被覆盖度的增加而增大。不同类型植被NDVI和EVI变化特征一致。大气对NDVI和EVI的影响较大,大气订正前许多地区NDVI值小于EVI值。大气订正使NDVI增大,EVI减小,大气订正后NDVI值普遍大于EVI值。通过对大气气溶胶粒子较多地区的NDVI和EVI值的对比分析,EVI具有较好的抗大气气溶胶的作用。 相似文献
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By Z. KLIMONT J. COFALA J. XING W. WEI C. ZHANG S. WANG J. KEJUN P. BHANDARI R. MATHUR P. PUROHIT P. RAFAJ A. CHAMBERS M. AMANN J. HAO 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(4):602-617
Estimates of Asian emissions of air pollutants and carbonaceous aerosols and their mid-term projections have been changing significantly in the last years. The remote sensing community has shown that increase in NO x in Central East Asia is much stronger than any of the emission inventories or projections indicated so far. A number of studies reviewing older estimates appeared. Here, we review the key contributions and compare them to the most recent results of the GAINS model application for Asia and to the SRES projections used in the IPPC work. The recent projections indicate that the growth of emissions of SO2 in Asia should slow down significantly towards 2010 or even stabilize at the current level. For NO x , however, further growth is projected although it will be most likely slower that in the last decade, owing to introduction of measures in transport. Emissions of carbonaceous aerosols (black carbon and organic carbon) are expected to decline after 2010, largely due to reduced use of biofuels in residential sector and efficiency improvements. The estimates of these emissions are burdened with significantly larger uncertainties than SO2 and NO x ; even for the year 2000 the differences in estimates between studies are up to a factor of 2. 相似文献
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The relationship between 18 O/16 O and 13 C/12 C ratios of ambient CO2 in two Amazonian tropical forests
LEONEL DA S. L. STERNBERG MARCELO Z. MOREIRA LUIZ A. MARTINELLI REYNALDO L. VICTORIA EDELCILIO M. BARBOSA LUIZ C. M. BONATES DANIEL NEPSTAD 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》1998,50(4):366-376
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We have analyzed the fine-structure of 131 electric field (E) waveforms that were radiated during the onset of first return strokes in cloud-to-ocean lightning. The dE/dt waveforms were recorded using an 8-bit waveform digitizer sampling at 100 MHz, and the E waveforms were sampled at 10 MHz using a 10-bit digitizer. 49 (or 37%) of the dE/dt waveforms contain one or more large pulses within ± 1 μs of the largest (or dominant) peak in dE/dt, i.e. within an interval from − 1 μs to + 1 μs, where t = 0 μs is the time of the dominant peak, and 37 (or 28%) have one or more large pulses in the interval from 4 μs before to 1 μs before the dominant peak, i.e. − 4 μs to − 1 μs, and only the dominant peak within ± 1 μs . We give statistics on the amplitude and timing of dE/dt pulses that are near the dominant peak, and we show how the presence of these pulses adds considerable fine-structure to the shape of Eint, the integrated dE/dt waveform, on a time-scale of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds. This fine-structure includes fast pulses near the beginning of the slow front, large pulses and shoulders within the slow front and during the fast-transition, and very narrow peaks in Eint. Our overall conclusion is that the electromagnetic environment near the point(s) where lightning leaders attach to the surface is often more complicated than what would be produced by a single current pulse propagating up a single channel at the time of onset. 相似文献
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采用EOF分解和合成分析方法研究了1960-2003年山西夏季降水异常之北少(多)南多(少)型(第二类雨型)和山西省气温的变化异常.结果表明,两者具有较好的对应关系.分析了第二类异常雨型的时空分布,并给出相应的典型年份.EOF时间系数变化特征揭示了山西夏季降水第二类雨型有显著的年际振荡.利用合成分析,从500hPa位势高度场、纬向风、850hPa风场、700hPa水汽场和水汽输送场等物理量场研究了山西夏季第二类雨型的环流异常特征.结果表明,第二类雨型与弱的东亚夏季风相关联,北多南少和北少南多是弱夏季风的不同表现.山西省夏季降水北多南少年副高呈带状分布,位置偏北,强度较强;中高纬度地区异常波列呈大圆路径分布,在高纬度地区存在纬向排列的- -波列,同时在东亚大陆沿岸存在经向排列的- -波列.并且华北北部有西风异常,北支锋区偏北,由西南向东北水汽输送较强.北少南多年与之相反.海温场分析表明,第二类雨型与中北太平洋海温异常紧密相关. 相似文献
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利用2013~2016年的Aqua MODIS卫星和CloudSat卫星的二级产品资料,对发生在京津冀地区夏季的降水冰云和非降水冰云进行了统计。基于此,对比分析了两类冰云的云类型,研究了二者在云特征参数、云层数及垂直结构上的差异,并且探究了二者在不同通道下云特征参数的相对大小。结果表明:1)京津冀地区的降水冰云以深对流云和雨层云为主,分别占48.63%和34.65%,而非降水冰云以高层云和卷云为主,分别占55.62%和31.58%。2)降水冰云和非降水冰云的平均云顶温度、云顶高度、光学厚度、积分云水总量、有效粒子半径分别为230.99 K、10.90 km、53.26、937.98 g/m2、31.45 m和236.17 K、10.10 km、12.81、209.00 g/m2、27.54 μm。3)降水冰云以单层云为主,占80.39%,双层云占18.75%;而非降水冰云仍以单层云为主,占85.35%,双层云则占14.38%,比降水冰云低。4)相较于非降水冰云,降水冰云中卷云和高积云云体位置较高,而高层云和深对流云位置较低。5)随高度变化,降水冰云冰水含量是双峰结构,而非降水冰云是单峰结构;二者的粒子数浓度则差异不大;非降水冰云的粒子有效半径在5~7.5 km随高度变化不大,而降水冰云则随高度减小。6)降水冰云的积分云水总量、光学厚度和粒子有效半径 > ≥ 模态[ 、 、 分别代表该云特征参数 在1.6、2.1、3.7 μm通道中的数值,当n=1, 2, 3时, 分别代表光学厚度(b1)、积分云水总量(b2)、有效半径这三种(b3)]的比例都高于非降水冰云,而二者在云参数 ≥ ≥ 模态的比例则有差异。 相似文献
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利用2017-2019年空气质量监测数据,采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子分析法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT),对运城市秋冬季大气PM2.5传输路径、对应重污染的天气形势和潜在源区进行分析。结果表明:(1)运城近地层盛行偏东风时污染频率高,弱的偏东风和西南风时,污染物浓度较大。秋冬季PM2.5后向轨迹西北方向最多达53.53%,偏东方向最少为11.25%,偏西方向和西南方向介于两者之间,分别为16.61%和12.06%。(2)不同轨迹对应天气形势不同,西北和偏西轨迹下,500 hPa高度场上为两槽一脊或偏西气流,700~850 hPa受脊前西北气流影响,地面为高压前底部型或均压场型;西南轨迹下,500 hPa高度场上为偏西气流,700~850 hPa运城处于槽前西南气流,地面气压场为高压前底部(底部)或均压场。(3)运城PM2.5潜在源区主要位于陕西南部、四川东部和新疆东南、甘肃的东南部等地区,说明影响运城秋冬季PM2.5的浓度除了来自汾渭平原西南部的颗粒物区域输送,来自西北方向新疆、甘肃的远距离颗粒物传输也是重要来源。 相似文献
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近些年京津冀地区秋、冬季大气重污染事件频发,工业生产与居民燃煤是大气灰霾污染的重要原因。河北省沙河市是京津冀地区以玻璃制造和加工为主的典型工业城市,本研究选取该城市为研究对象,主要利用2017年1月至12月国控站点的大气环境监测和气象数据,采用扩散模型、潜在源分析等手段,分析了沙河市主要污染物的时空分布特征和污染来源。主要结论有:(1)沙河市首要污染物具有明显季节特征,春季、夏季、秋冬季分别以PM10、O3、PM2.5污染为主,季节贡献率分别为43.3%、72.3%、61.5%。(2)受城市大气边界层和排放的共同影响,PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO浓度均有剧烈的季节—日变化特征。(3)冬季东北风时PM2.5、NO2、SO2均展现出高浓度和高相关性特征,表明站点可能受东北方向玻璃企业排放影响。同时,站点可能也受城中村散煤燃烧影响。(4)沙河市冬季PM2.5浓度为143 μg m-3。冬季的一次重污染中硫氧化率SOR、氮氧化率NOR的最高值分别达0.67、0.39,气态污染物的二次转化剧烈,高湿度利于二次粒子的生成。重污染中C(NO3-)/C(SO42-)均值为1.89,推测沙河市NO2主要来自大型运输车辆和企业的共同排放。(5)本地源是沙河市PM2.5的主要潜在源区,周边几个重工业城市也有一定贡献。因此本研究建议沙河市PM2.5的治理除需加强本地污染源的削减和控制外,区域联防联控也十分重要。 相似文献
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桂林市汛期降水集中度和集中期与旱涝关系的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
利用桂林13站近50a的逐日降水资料,采用近年来气象学者提出的降水集中度和集中期的定义,计算桂林汛期降水集中度和集中期,对其统计特征进行分析,结果表明:降水集中度最大值为0.59,最小值为0.12,平均值为0.33,年际变化大,有10a的变化周期;降水集中期出现在汛期第5旬到第8旬之间的年份占76%。对集中度大值年和小值年进行对比分析,得出汛期降水量偏多时,集中度偏大容易造成洪涝灾害,集中度偏小则降水较均匀,不利于洪涝的形成。多水年和少水年降水集中度的空间分布明显不同,多水年的集中期明显比少水年偏迟。 相似文献
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为了解闪电对对流层上部NOx的贡献,本文利用美国全球水资源和气候中心(GHRC)提供的1995年4月~2005年12月的闪电卫星格点资料及高层大气研究卫星 (UARS) 上的卤素掩星试验装置 (HALOE) 1991年10 月~2005 年11月的观测资料,分析了中国地区闪电与对流层上部NOx体积混合比的时空分布特征及两者的相关性.结果表明:中国地区闪电和对流层上部的NOx在季节分布、年际分布和空间分布上保持很好的一致性,闪电是对流层上部NOx的重要来源;NO极值高度在350 hPa左右,云闪直接产生的NO是极值产生的主要原因,NO2的极值高度在250 hPa左右,因为闪电产生的NO在传输过程中会被氧化成NO2并通过雷暴的垂直输送作用抬升到更高高度;强对流活动有利于NOx的传输,而人类活动产生的NOx一般较难输送到对流层上部,因此闪电多发区的NOx极值较大,所在的高度也较高. 相似文献
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Boreal wintertime extratropical circulation is studied in relation to the tropical convection during the 1982/83 El Nino and 1988/89 La Nina. The anomaly structure of 1982/83 and 1988/89 over the extratropics reveals remarkably different features as the longitudinal tropical forcing region changes. The Rossby wave source (Positive) shows the largest maximum over East Asia in both years due to the persistent heating from the western Pacific warm pool area. However, the sink term shows contrasting features over the subtropics and extratropics between the two years. In the El Nino year, enhanced tropical convection over the eastern Pacific produces the Rossby wave sink at 10?N and shifted eastward over the North Pacific, while in the La Nina year, the sink area is shifted westward over the North Pacific. The contrasting features between the two events in mean-eddy interaction appears especially over the downstream area of the East Asian Jet. The extension (retraction) of the meanflow eastward (westward) to 相似文献