地震断层作用下埋地管线反应分析方法的研究

地震对埋地管道破坏的方式一般有两种 :一种是地震波产生的地表差动造成管道接口的拉坏 ,另一种是场地永久地面变形 ,例如地表断裂、滑坡、沙土液化、震陷等对埋地管道造成的破坏。坚固而有韧性的钢管道一般能经受住地震动的考验 ,但不能抵御断层作用和地面破坏所产生的较大的永久地面位移。在以梁模型为基础的分析方法中 ,Newmark-Hall法和肯尼迪 (R.P.Kennedy)法是最具有代表性的。其中 Newmark-Hall方法具有简单明了、易于手算而被工程界广泛接受 ,并被我国 (SYJ840 1 -91 ,1 991 )及美国输油(气 )抗震规范 (Guidelines for the Sei…     

考虑土结相互作用的逆断层作用下埋地管道性能离心机试验

埋地管道地震作用下的破坏因素源于地震引起的永久地面变形(PGD),其中管道-土体间相互作用决定土体位移作用到管体的大小。利用离心机试验技术模拟埋地管道在逆断层大位移下的反应特性,重点讨论断层与管道的交角、断层位移大小、管土相互作用、管径和埋深五个参数对管道破坏的影响水平。实验结果表明:上述参数对管道断层作用的反应均有明显影响,其中断层的位移量、管土相互作用、埋深和管径的影响更为显著。本文的研究结果对于管道经过断层区的抗震设计有十分重要的意义。     

埋地管道震害预测方法简述

埋地管道是城市生命线工程的重要组成部分,在地震时较易发生震害。影响埋地管道在地震中破坏特点的因素,主要是强烈的地面运动或场地失效以及管材、管径等因素。研究方法以基于经验统计的方法在实际应用中比较多。本文分别对基于理论计算和经验统计的震害预测方法进行了简述和比较,最后提出了基于综合概率的埋地管道分析预测模型。     

岩性不一致地区的电阻率和激电异常与碳氢化合物的关系(加拿大阿尔伯达省落基山山麓丘陵地带)

在加拿大阿尔伯达省落基山脉的丘陵地带有几个开采的气田位于剧烈冲断层形成的圈闭中,该区以冲断层为特征,密西西比岩石(下石炭统)中发现了天然气,气藏埋深为3—6km,且距落基山脉的山前越近埋深越大,该区露头岩石是白垩纪砂岩及海源和陆源的页岩。整个地区为保留林带,与阿尔伯达省的其它油气田开采区不同,该区没有工农业电噪音(管道、输电线、电子围墙等),由于无电噪音,使得该区成为确定气藏能否产生用地面电法可以检测的电性异常的理想区域。     

跨越断层埋地管道屈曲分析

考虑埋地管道与土介质的相互作用，分析了管道作为薄壳结构的断层位错反应。管道模型化为四结点薄壳单元结构，土介质简化为弹塑性弹簧，建立了管土相互作用的有限元分析模型。计算中，考虑了管道与土介质的材料非线性，管道几何参数，断层类型及破碎带宽，断层滑移角，埋深，内压，温度应力等因素的影响，根据计算结果描绘出管道控制点位移，应力及应变时空分布曲线；比较不同参数下管道的反应特征，总结管道反应的变化规律。最终得到结论：在大位移断层运动作用下，埋地管道反应存在明显的非线性效应，断层类型，管道埋深等因素不能忽略。     

管土相互作用下埋地管道的抗震性能研究

管土相互作用是影响埋地管道抗震性能的关键因素之一，分析管土相互作用是城市地下管道建设中面临的突出问题。在应用ADINA软件实现地下管道与土体融合有限元建模的基础上，通过定义管土接触来设定管土相互作用；介绍了管土接触设定、地震荷载加载时间函数、模型参数选择与求解步骤，并依据所建模型计算了埋地管道的变形和应力分布。根据计算结果，分析了管土相互作用对埋地管道抗震性能的影响，并给出了几点工程建议。     

跨断层水泥管试验的有限元分析

在考虑管道的材料非线性和几何非线性、管土相互作用的非线性和管道接口非线性的基础上,建立了由管体梁单元、三向土弹簧单元和接口单元组成的埋地非连续管道在断层位移作用下的有限元模型,并以美国密歇根大学Junhee等(2010)所做的跨断层水泥管试验为原型进行了模拟分析。有限元结果给出的水泥管最终变形、接口转角、接口位移与实验结果基本一致,表明本文提出的跨断层埋地非连续管道抗震计算的有限元分析方法具有一定的合理性。有限元结果和试验结果都表明,在逆冲断层作用下,水泥管的破坏主要是因为在管道接口处的轴向压力和弯矩的耦合作用,在断层附近的管道接口承受了较大的转动和压缩位移。本文所提出的分析方法可推广到埋地非连续管道在其它永久地面变形作用下的有限元分析。     

地下管道的震害预测方法简述

强烈的地面运动或场地失效等因素是造成地震中地下管道破坏的主要因素。本文对地震波作用下和砂土液化条件下管道的震害预测方法进行了概述,并基于综合概率法对埋地管道进行了分析预测。     

改进的声震分析模型与在近地面小当量化爆参数反演中的应用（英文）

声震分析方法在工业爆炸事故、恐怖袭击等近地面爆炸事件的源参数预测上具有十分广阔的应用前景,本文通过改进声学模型和采用贝叶斯马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)反演方法改进了现有的声震分析模型,改进的声震分析模型综合考虑了地冲击耦合和爆炸产物喷出地表的影响,声冲量修正关系相对Ford声冲量关系和实测数据符合得更好,适用于高埋深、浅埋和近地面空爆情况。采用改进的声震分析模型对30 kg TNT小当量化爆试验的源参数进行了分析,讨论了声震联合反演的精度。结果表明,改进声震分析模型在近地面小当量化爆参数反演中明显减小了单一模型反演的折衷关系,从而提高了源参数的估计精度。     

探地雷达探测地下目标时的波速估计

在利用探地雷达(GPR)进行工程检测过程中，电磁波在地下介质中的传播速度是影响埋深计算精度的关键参数之一。本文通过吸取几种波速求取方法的优点，给出一种精度高、操作性强的波速求取法——刚性界面反射系数法；并利用此法，由LTD探地雷达实测数据求得整条测线的速度曲线。经检验，借助于少量钻芯数据，利用此法可使公路面层厚度检测的相对误差小于5％。     

USE OF THE SEISMIC DYNAMIC DECONVOLUTION ALGORITHM IN DIRECT RESISTIVITY INTERPRETATION*

Seismic dynamic deconvolution is the mathematical basis on which a degree of unification in different prospecting methods is possible, relative to the parameter identification in horizontally stratified media. There is a basic structure which has some immediate applications to the inversion of resistivity data and possibly to other problems. For resistivity soundings there exists a key equation which is parallel to the energy conservation law in the theory of synthetic seismograms.     

地震正演模拟在高分辨率隐伏断层地震勘探中的应用

应用波动方程有限差分方法人工合成地震记录进行城市隐伏断层的地震勘探.采用适当的差分算法、震源子波以及有效地边界条件和频散消除方法来提高正演模拟的精度和分辨率.结果表明地震数值模拟可以用来分析地层厚度、断层倾角、断层深度以及断裂带宽度等参数对地震记录的影响;通过实际试验数据和正演模拟的合成单炮地震记录的对比,可以快速判断断层的大致位置和断裂带的大致范围以及目标地层的大致深度.该方法能有效辅助实际野外工作中的数据采集参数的估计,提高勘探效率和精度.     

隐伏断层电性特征及浅层电法探测

探讨了不同类型隐伏断层的电性特征及其在浅层电法测试中可能的表现形式,并通过实例阐述了浅层电法探测隐伏断层的步骤及异常识别方法。研究表明浅层电法对某些类型的隐伏断层的探测是有效的,但先验知识非常重要,对于隐伏断层的探测效果与解译起关键作用。     

我国海底大地电磁探测技术研究的进展

几年以前 ,我国尚未独立开展过海洋电磁探测 ,没有获取海洋岩石层电性资料的技术手段。然而 ,地下岩层的电性参数较之其他物性参数能更好地反映岩石的性质以及岩石所处的物理状态 ,因此迫切需要发展海底大地电磁探测技术。海底大地电磁探测是把仪器布置在海底 ,采集海底大地电磁场数据 ,从而研究海底以下不同深度上介质导电性的分布规律 ,达到了解地下不同深度地质情况的目的。经过两年的努力 ,我们已基本实现了海底大地电磁探测技术的研究目标     

Reflection-constrained 2D and 3D non-hyperbolic moveout analysis using particle swarm optimization

The objective of moveout parameter inversion is to derive sets of parameter models that can be used for moveout correction and stacking at each common midpoint location to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the data and to provide insights into the kinematic characteristics of the data amongst other things. In this paper, we introduce a data-driven user-constrained optimization scheme that utilizes manual picks at a point on each reflector within a common midpoint gather to constrain the search space in which an optimization procedure can search for the optimal parameter sets at each reflection. The picks are used to create boundary curves which can be derived approximately via an optimization technique or analytically via the derivation of an analytical bounds function. In this paper, we derive analytical forms of bounds functions for four different moveout cases. These are normal moveout, non-hyperbolic moveout, azimuthally dependent normal moveout and azimuthally dependent non-hyperbolic moveout. The optimization procedure utilized here to search for the optimal moveout parameters is the particle swarm optimization technique. However, any metaheuristic optimization procedure could be modified to account for the constraints introduced in this paper. The technique is tested on two-layer synthetic models based on three of the four moveout cases discussed in this paper. It is also applied to an elastic forward modelled synthetic model called the HESS model, and finally to real 2D land data from Alaska. The resultant stacks show a marked improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio compared to the raw stacks. The results for the normal moveout, non-hyperbolic moveout and azimuthally dependent normal moveout tests suggest that the method is viable for said models. Results demonstrate that our method offers potential as an alternative to conventional parameter picking and inversion schemes, particularly for some cases where the number of parameters in the moveout approximation is 2 or greater.     

Ricker子波核最小二乘支持向量机在地震勘探信号去噪应用中的参数设置研究

最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）用于拟合回归处理时的参数设置一直是一个难题,它会受到信号类型和强度、核函数类型、噪声强度、计算精度要求等因素的影响.本文针对Ricker子波核LS-SVM去除地震勘探信号中随机噪声问题,讨论和分析了向量机参数、核参数对去噪性能的影响.实验表明,核参数f可取为地震记录的主频,不能较准确估计时宁大勿小;向量机参数γ只要不取得过小,一般情况下都是能接受的.采用此方法对含不同强度噪声的地震勘探信号进行了去噪处理.     

An application of the synthetic emitter-array method to improve GPR signals

Methods that employ arrays of emitters are potentially useful in improving weak or ambiguous signals in ground penetrating radar (GPR) prospecting. As in the seismic case, the electromagnetic responses from the subsurface can be obtained by employing true composite sources or synthesized from single emitter responses that are acquired with variable offset, both possibilities leading to similar results. In this article, the synthetic emitter-array method is examined as a way of improving GPR signals. Modeling of transmitted wave-fronts is carried out to analyze how the targets can be illuminated so that the reflected signals are effectively reinforced. The method is applied to different targets. A methodology that simultaneously increases the signal to noise ratio and the lateral coherence of the events is examined in order to facilitate the interpretation of the GPR data. Finally, the synthetic emitter-array method is successfully applied in a case study to determine the width and depth of mud walls at the Palo Blanco archaeological site in Argentina.     

水上浅层折射和反射波联合勘探应用研究

用浅层折射和反射联合勘探方法在京－沪高速公路沂河桥址区进行隐伏断层和岩性垂直分带控测试验,试验是在宽约４００ｍ的水面上进行的。工作区第四系沉积层和下伏基岩对采用纵波速度作为探测物理量是敏感的,采用ＥＳ－２４０１高分辨率数字地震仪和“五小二高”的工作方法,全方位拾取折射和反射波信息,强化地质推断解释的可靠性,探测试验取得了良好的效果。     

Subsurface DC resistivity mapping: approximate 1-D interpretation

Resistivity prospecting is the main tool used to investigate the shallow structure of the ground. A series of new techniques for determining the 2-D and 3-D geometry of the ground is now finding increasing use, but the light and simple Wenner prospecting technique remains a practical and efficient tool for rapidly mapping lateral variations in resistivity. When the resistivity changes are smooth, 1-D modelling can be used to interpret the data, and the criteria governing this approximation can be defined from synthetic data generated by a 3-D slab-model. For a Wenner array, two quadripole configurations can be used, Normal and Dipole-Dipole. For these two configurations the width of the transition zone, the apparent anisotropy effect and the precision of the resistivity values recovered from 1-D inversion differ. However the simultaneous inversion of both sets of data gives better results than for either configuration by itself. Two examples illustrate that in geological contexts where the thickness of the weathered zone causes the changes in the apparent resistivity value, this parameter can be recovered from 1-D inversion.     

Determination of a shallow velocity–depth model from seismic refraction data by coherence inversion1

Seismic refractions have different applications in seismic prospecting. The travel- times of refracted waves can be observed as first breaks on shot records and used for field static calculation. A new method for constructing a near-surface model from refraction events is described. It does not require event picking on prestack records and is not based on any approximation of arrival times. It consists of the maximization of the semblance coherence measure computed using shot gathers in a time window along refraction traveltimes. Time curves are generated by ray tracing through the model. The initial model for the inversion was constructed by the intercept-time method. Apparent velocities and intercept times were taken from a refraction stacked section. Such a section can be obtained by appling linea moveout corrections to common-shot records. The technique is tested successfully on synthetic and real data. An important application of the proposed method for solving the statics problem is demonstrated.