松达煤田煤岩层的物性特征及测井曲线对比

松达煤田位于巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国信德省塔塔区（Thatta district,Sindh province,Pakistan）,地层自老至新由由侏罗系Chiltan组,古新统Bara组、Lakhra组,始新统Laki组和第四系组成。通过对松达煤田煤岩层测井物性参数的统计和曲线形态的分析,总结出该区煤岩层测井曲线独有的物性特征。根据密度、三侧向电阻率、自然伽马、声波等测井曲线在煤层、灰岩、砂岩、泥岩、细砂岩等岩性上的组合特征,进行了岩煤层的对比。全井田自上而下共解释分煤层组11个与灰岩层组3个,其中对6个较发育煤层进行了详细的说明。     

Uncertainty Estimation for Resource Assessment—An Application to Coal

The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a national assessment of coal resources. As part of that assessment, a geostatistical procedure has been developed to estimate the uncertainty of coal resources for the historical categories of geological assurance: measured, indicated, inferred, and hypothetical coal. Data consist of spatially clustered coal thickness measurements from coal beds and/or zones that cover, in some cases, several thousand square kilometers. Our procedure involved trend removal, an examination of spatial correlation, computation of a sample semivariogram, and fitting a semivariogram model. This model provided standard deviations for the uncertainty estimates. The number of sample points (drill holes) in each historical category also was estimated. Measurement error in the thickness of the coal bed/zone was obtained from the fitted model or supplied exogenously. From this information approximate estimates of uncertainty on the historical categories were computed. We illustrate the methodology using drill hole data from the Harmon coal bed located in southwestern North Dakota. The methodology will be applied to approximately 50 coal data sets.     

甘肃省灵台县邵寨南井田煤系沉积规律

甘肃省灵台县邵寨南井田为黄陇侏罗纪煤田彬长矿区的南西延伸部分。井田内延安组为一套河沼型沉积的陆相含煤岩系。以大量钻孔资料为基础,对井田内煤系沉积、井田构造、煤系及主可采煤层与构造的关系等特征进行了分析研究,总结了井田内煤系沉积规律,对以后矿井建设提供参考。     

The US Geological Survey's national coal resource assessment: the results

The US Geological Survey and the State geological surveys of many coal-bearing States recently completed a new assessment of the top producing coal beds and coal zones in five major producing coal regions—the Appalachian Basin, Gulf Coast, Illinois Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. The assessments, which focused on both coal quality and quantity, utilized geographic information system technology and large databases. Over 1,600,000 million short tons of coal remain in over 60 coal beds and coal zones that were assessed. Given current economic, environmental, and technological restrictions, the majority of US coal production will occur in that portion of the assessed coal resource that is lowest in sulfur content. These resources are concentrated in parts of the central Appalachian Basin, Colorado Plateau, and the Northern Rocky Mountains.     

Geology, coal quality, and resources of the Antaramut–Kurtan–Dzoragukh coal field, north-central Armenia

The Antaramut–Kurtan–Dzoragukh (AKD) coal deposit is a previously unrecognized coal field in north-central Armenia. Coal has been known to exist in the general vicinity since the turn of the century, but coal was thought to be restricted to a small (1 km²) area only near the village of Antaramut. However, through detailed field work and exploratory drilling, this coal deposit has been expanded to at least 20 km², and thus renamed the Antaramut–Kurtan–Dzoragukh coal field, for the three villages that the coal field encompasses. The entire coal-bearing horizon, a series of tuffaceous sandstones, siltstones, and claystones, is approximately 50 m thick. The AKD coal field contains two coal beds, each greater than 1 m thick, and numerous small rider beds, with a total resource of approximately 31,000,000 metric tonnes. The coals are late Eocene in age, high volatile bituminous in rank, relatively high in ash yield (approximately 40%, as-determined basis) and moderate in sulfur content (approximately 3%, as-determined basis). The two coal beds (No. 1 and No. 2), on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis, have high calorific values of 32.6 MJ/kg (7796 cal/g) and 36.0 MJ/kg (8599 cal/g), respectively. Coal is one of the few indigenous fossil fuel resources occurring in Armenia and thus, the AKD coal field could potentially provide fuel for heating and possibly energy generation in the Armenian energy budget.     

准噶尔盆地东缘侏罗系砂岩型铀矿成矿条件与找矿方向

准噶尔盆地是中国煤炭、石油、天然气、铀矿等资源的重要勘查基地,其中砂岩型铀矿的找矿方向和找矿突破一直是盆地铀资源勘查的难点。以煤田钻孔资料“二次开发”作为铀矿勘查新思路,对盆地东缘某地区收集的煤田钻孔测井成果开展了综合研究。在中侏罗统头屯河组中圈定规模较大且连续的放射性异常,有较好的找矿前景。对大地构造条件、地层-岩相、岩性、古气候与地貌、古水文地质等进行系统研究,择优重点选择煤田铀异常孔进行钻孔验证,发现了具有工业意义的铀矿体,指出了下一步勘查工作的方向,开创了准噶尔盆地砂岩型铀矿勘查工作的新局面。     

青海省木里煤田预测区圈定及资源潜力评价

木里煤田是祁连山赋煤带的主要煤炭资源聚集区,其资源储量占全省总探明资源储量的70%以上。本次研究是通过综合运用地质构造、物探成果、聚煤规律及生产勘探成果资料,在木里煤田聚乎更、弧山、外力哈达、热水及默勒地区共圈定了40个煤炭资源有利聚集区。预测区面积达600.85km2,合计预测资源量1 054 561万t,其中,优（A）等资源量70 891万t,主要分布在聚乎更-哆嗦公马矿区的东西延伸部位,良（B）等资源量420 016万t,主要分布在已知矿区的外围和深部,差（C）等资源量563 655万t,主要分布在预测依据不太充分的区域。通过对木里煤田煤炭资源潜力的深入研究,对煤田煤炭资源的开发利用前景作出初步了评估,为煤炭资源勘查近期及中长期部署提供了依据,同时对全省煤炭资源潜力评价具有重要的指导意义。     

宁东煤炭基地煤炭开采对地下水的影响预测

宁东煤炭基地生态环境脆弱,水资源匮乏,煤炭开采过程中的水资源保护备受关注。采用公式法及现有3个工作面实测数据研究,确定了首采煤层开采导水裂缝带发育的最大高度,对比首采煤层至主要含水层之间的距离与导水裂缝带发育的高度差值,预测首采煤层开采对含水层结构的影响程度。研究结果表明,宁东煤炭基地首采煤层开采的导水裂缝带发育高度一般为20～80m,其中大于180m的区域面积约5.9km2,集中于西北部灵武矿区;石炭纪—二叠纪煤矿区横城矿区7个钻孔导水裂缝带突破石盒子组达主要含水层(新生界含水层)底部,侏罗纪煤矿区灵武矿区9个钻孔的导水裂缝带已经沟通地表。将首采煤层开采影响含水层的程度划分为影响大、影响较大、影响一般、影响微弱4种类型,各种类型所占比例分别为14.7%、40.31%、18.65%、26.34%。     

贵州省大方县五凤井田水文地质特征初探

五风井田位于贵州省大方县城东侧,面积89.22km^2,含煤地层为二叠系上统龙潭组,主要可采煤层为6中、26、33号煤层,煤炭总资源量26 130万t。井田内主要含水层为三叠系茅草铺组岩溶溶洞含水层（T1m）,夜郎组玉龙山灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层T1y2）,二叠系中统长兴组岩溶裂隙含水层（P3c）、茅口组岩溶溶洞-暗河含水层（P2m）。矿床属于以岩溶充水为主,水文地质条件中等的矿床。井田的充水水源为地表水、地下水和小煤矿、采空区的老窑积水,充水通道为断裂破碎带及采矿冒落裂隙带。     

江苏南部地区煤层气资源

根据江苏南部地区二叠系龙潭组煤系的分布和规模、煤矿瓦斯涌出特征、煤的产气能力、煤层的储集条件等煤层气地质条件综合研究工作，认为该区煤层气资源存在一定的勘探开发前景，对各典型含煤区块煤层气综合评价出有远景区（A类）、较有远景区（B类）和远景差区（C类）。     

穿层爆破在南桐矿瓦斯抽放中的应用与数值模拟

穿层抽放是一些高突矿井常用的瓦斯治理手段,在穿层抽放时采用爆破技术已被证明具有良好的抽放效果。以重庆市南桐矿穿层爆破为背景,建立了穿层深孔爆破数学模型;利用数值计算和现场实测抽放数据相结合的方法,分别研究了各爆破孔、控制孔动应力的变化以及爆破应力场强度与抽放效果的关系。研究结果表明,穿层抽放的特点决定了爆破孔与抽放孔的布孔方式。由于炮孔斜穿煤层,煤层各断面动应力场分布极不均匀,药包中心控制孔所受动应力为控制孔中最大。在南桐矿薄煤层试验条件下,药包长度为3.2 m的爆破孔平均破坏半径为0.57 m,较其他两排炮孔大20%以上。炮孔中药包长度是影响瓦斯抽放量的重要因素。爆破孔的平均单孔抽放量较控制孔高55%,爆破钻场较非爆破钻场平均单孔流量大49%。     

舒兰煤田水曲柳区煤层气分布规律及利用方向浅析

舒兰煤田水曲柳区煤层气在平面上富气中心分布与富煤中心一致。该区煤层气属特低丰度、中等埋深的小型煤气田。适宜井下瓦斯抽采。可在建井后,在瓦斯富集部位煤层底板岩巷中,采用钻孔抽采方式,可回收近1.8亿m3煤层气,不但提高了资源的利用率,还将减少环境污染,提高了煤矿生产安全度,具有显著的经济意义和社会效益。     

南黄海盆地北凹泰州组烃源岩形成条件及资源潜力分析

综合应用钻井、地震等地质资料,以"环境控源"为切入点,利用沉积环境与烃源岩发育之间的关系,结合沉积相、微量元素特征和生物标志化合物特征,论述北凹优质烃源岩形成的条件;针对泰州组这套烃源岩层,阐述其分布和地球化学特征;在此基础上,探讨了北凹泰州组烃源岩的资源潜力。研究结果表明,泰州组二段烃源岩发育于咸水背景下的深湖-半深湖沉积,有利于富氢有机质的保存,是烃源岩形成的有利环境;北凹泰州组烃源岩分布广、厚度大,有机质丰度高、类型好、成熟度高,生烃潜力巨大;根据盆地模拟,北凹生烃量112.18亿t,按照聚集系数1%~5%计算,北凹资源量为1.12~5.60亿t,资源量大。     

Coal deposits of the United States

The coal fields of the Unites States can be divided into six major provinces. The Appalachian and Interior Provinces contain dominantly bituminous coal in strata of Pennsylvanian age. The coal seams are relatively thin and are mined both by surface and underground methods. Sulfyur content is low to moderate in the Appalachian Province, generally high in the Interior province. The Gulf Coastal Plain Province, in Texas and neighboring states, contains lignite of Eocene age. The seams are 3–25 ft (0.9–7.5 m) thick and are minded in large open pits. The Northern Great Plains Province has lignite and subbituminous coal of Cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene age. The coal, largely very low in sulfur, occurs in beds up to 100 ft (30 m) thick and is strip-mined. The Rocky Mountain Province contains a great variety of coal deposits in numerous separate intermontane basins. Most of it is low-sulfur subbituminous to bituminous coal iof Creatceous and early Tertiary age. The seams range from a few feet to over 100 ft (30 m) thick. Strip-mining dominates but underground mines are important in Utah and Colorado. The Pacific Coast Province, which includes Alaska, contains enormous cola resources but has seen little mining. The coal is highly diverse in physical character and geologic setting.     

Petrology of oligocene coal, makum coalfield, assam, Northeast India

There are five workable coal beds in the Tikak Parbat Formation of the Barail Group in the Makum coalfield, Tinsukia District, Assam. Two of these beds, 18 and 6 m thick, are persistent across the field. The coal is high volatile bituminous B/C, has excellent coking properties, and is of great importance as a blending coal to improve the coking properties of the lower-quality Gondwanan coals.These coals are bimacerites as vitrinertite or trimacerites as duroclarite. Virtrinite predominates with minor amounts of other macerals and minerals. The high percentage of vitrinite indicates that the bark and woody tissues were the dominant contributors to the precursor peat. These peats were strongly decomposed under anaerobic conditions as indicated by the abundance of the collinite type of vitrinite.     

洪山殿矿区煤层气富集条件

洪山殿矿区煤炭资源丰富,是湖南省近期煤层气开发的优先靶区之一。矿区含煤地层为晚二叠世龙潭组上段,煤类以贫煤为主,含有少量无烟煤,煤层镜质组含量高,微裂隙发育,顶底板封闭性好,地下水活动弱,特别是区内向斜构造发育,都为煤层气的富集提供了条件。矿区煤层气井测量显示,煤层气平均含气量16．04m^3/t,属极富气煤层。根据矿区构造发育特征,认为在向斜转折部位和未被裂隙破坏的背斜顶部,煤层气相对富集,是今后勘探开发重点研究区域。     

鄂尔多斯盆地油页岩的主要地质特征及资源潜力

前人及笔者最近研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地除赋存有大量的石油、天然气、煤、煤层气、地下水及铀矿而外,还赋存着巨量的油页岩资源.油页岩分别赋存于早二叠世山西组、中-晚三叠世延长组、晚三叠世瓦窑堡组及中侏罗世早期延安组、中侏罗世晚期安定组地层中;在空间上,油页岩多呈层状展布于盆地内部而隐伏于地下.中、晚三叠世延长组和中侏罗世早期延安组是主要含油页岩层位.早二叠世油页岩形成于海陆交互的滨海环境,中-晚三叠世延长组中的油页岩形成于陆相深湖或半深湖环境,晚三叠世瓦窑堡组油页岩、中侏罗世早期延安组油页岩形成于陆相湖泊三角洲湖沼环境,与煤层共生,而中侏罗世晚期安定组油页岩仅局限于陆相半深湖环境.通过对陕西铜川北部和宁夏固原炭山典型油页岩矿的剖析,查明鄂尔多斯油页岩矿层厚度一般为4～36 m,含油率一般为1.5%～13.7%(下限略低于3.5%这一油页岩矿的最低工业品位,本次低于部分暂不参加资源量的计算);发热量一般为1.66～20.98 MJ/kg,视比重1.55～2.46.埋藏2000 m以上的页岩油资源量(334)达2000×108 t以上,其中探明储量(121)1×108t,显示了巨大的资源前景.盆地东南部及西部的油页岩埋藏浅,部分地段探明程度高,交通条件好,如果及时开发利用,不仅可以获得初步经济效益,同时也可为鄂尔多斯油页岩的开发利用获取开拓性的宝贵经验.     

测井曲线在杭东勘查区煤炭普查煤岩层对比中的应用

杭东普查区煤层产状平缓,构造简单,但由于含煤地层为陆相沉积,煤层层数多、厚度、间距变化大,沉积岩相变化快、大范围内缺乏稳定的对比标志层,因此煤岩层对比是本区勘查需要重点解决的难题。通过对比杭东普查区与邻区200余孔的测井资料,分析煤岩层在各种测井曲线的异常特征与异常组合规律,确定了对煤岩层对比有重大意义的标志层,如延长组与上覆延安组的典型视电阻率异常分界;延安组在高视电阻率曲线上的“树杆”状凸起特征;安定组视电阻率曲线近直线的低值形态;4-1煤在视电阻率曲线上呈现出的“斜坡”状或“刀”状高异常,以及在自然伽玛曲线上的“凹坑”特征;侏罗系中统直罗组的高伽马异常,等等。这些典型特征保证了该区煤岩层对比可靠性,为提交优质地质勘查报告发挥了重要作用。     

铜仁地区煤炭资源现状及开发利用前景

铜仁地区位于贵州省东北部,地貌属于云贵高原向四川盆地与湘西丘陵之间的斜坡地带,区内煤炭资源仅分布在德江、沿河、印江、思南、石阡等五个县,地层为二叠系上统吴家坪组,煤层厚度0．48～1．27m,平均0．65～0．85m,为薄煤层。截止2009年度12月底,区内累计查明资源储量22251．011万t,实际保有资源储量19179．619万t。已占用资源储量18773．656万t,未占用资源量3477．355万t。具有一定的开发利前景。     

A PORTABLE GAMMA RAY LOGGER AND THE ESTIMATION OF GRADE AND ORE RESERVES IN RADIOACTIVE DEPOSITS WITH REFERENCES TO LOGGING AT OUCHI DISTRICT MIYAGI PREFECTURE

Variations of the distribution of the gamma ray intensity in drill holes, with the length of the detector, thickness of radioactive beds and diameter of the holes, are discussed. A portable gamma ray logger, with a special scintillation detector having a diameter of only 30 millimeters, was constructed for the purpose of prospecting in mountain regions. A method of estimating the thickness of the horizontal ore beds and the grades of ores was obtained from a theoretical calculation, utilizing a constant determined by experiments in drill holes. Moreover, the area between the counting rate curve and the base line on a radioactivity log is proportional to the product of grade and thickness, independent of drill-hole diameter and logging speed. Therefore, the ore reserves may be estimated rather easily, and the mean grade is calculated when a proper value for thickness is given. Using this portable radioactivity logger, radioactivity in the Ouchi district of Miyagi prefecture was measured. A slight anomaly was recognized, and the mean grade of ore was estimated at about 0.002% eU. The anomalous radioactivity was detected in a mudstone containing carbonaceous material, and also in a fine-grained sandstone. Electric logging was also carried out in many of the drill holes there. If all the drill holes were to be examined by electric logging, important information for interpretation of beds showing anomalous radioactivity could be obtained.--Author.