Cenomanian Turrilitidae (Cretaceous heteromorph ammonites) from the Koppeh Dagh,northeast Iran: Taxonomy and stratigraphic implications

Early and early middle Cenomanian turrilitid ammonoids from the upper part of the Albian–Cenomanian Aitamir Formation of the Koppeh Dagh (northeast Iran) are described, illustrated and placed in an integrated stratigraphic context. The Aitamir Formation represents a graded siliciclastic shelf system and the turrilitid faunas comprise eight different species. Representatives of Mariella and Hypoturrilites have been recorded from a lower Cenomanian horizon in the Ghorghoreh section, corresponding to the Mantelliceras mantelli ammonite biozone. Mariella bicarinata (Kner, 1852) and H. wiedmanni Collignon, 1964 are recorded for the first time from Iran and the larger palaeobiogeographical area, respectively. The horizons with Turrilites costatus and T. scheuchzerianus at Taherabad can be dated as early middle Cenomanian Acanthoceras rhotomagense Zone, T. costatus Subzone. Concentrations of ammonoids commonly occur above regressive sandstone units, at the transition into overlying deeper marine shale units and in their lower parts, respectively. Such intervals represent the early transgressive systems tract of depositional sequences and may thus be regarded as early transgressive, slightly condensed shell accumulations. The uppermost lower to lower middle Cenomanian succession at Taherabad is of striking bio-, event- and sequence stratigraphic similarity to contemporaneous sections in northwest Europe. It reflects deposition during falling and low sea-level associated with the latest early Cenomanian unconformity SB Ce 3 as well as the pulsating transgressive development during the early middle Cenomanian, including levels correlative to the arlesiensis, primus and Mid-Cenomanian events in northwest Europe.     

Thoracican cirripedes (Crustacea) from the Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) of Hannover,northern Germany

Diverse thoracican cirripedes from the Hauterivian of the Hannover district of northern Germany are described, including seven species, belonging to five genera. Of these, a new genus belonging to the Scalpellidae, Jaegerscalpellum, includes one Hauterivian species, J. elegans sp. nov., an Aptian species, J. comptum (Withers, 1910) and an Albian species, J. politum (Darwin, 1851) are also referred to it. A new Cretiscalpellum, C. mutterlosei sp. nov. is described from the Hauterivian, and C. matrioni sp. nov. is described from the Middle Albian of France. The oldest record of the Unilatera Gale, 2018, Pedupycnolepas pulcher sp. nov. is described from the Hauterivian; this displays typical shell structure of the group, retained by living Verrucidae. Finally, four species of Zeugmatolepadidae, subfamily Martillepadinae, are recorded from the Hauterivian, including Martillepas hausmanni (Koch and Dunker, 1836), M. decoratus sp. nov., M. auriculum sp. nov. and Etcheslaepas borealis (Collins, 1990). The Hauterivian fauna from Hannover shows affinities both with Late Jurassic and later Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian) forms, and includes the earliest scalpellids, unilateran (Pedupycnolepas) and Cretiscalpellum species known. It constrains the age of the Cretaceous cirripede evolutionary radiation to the earliest Cretaceous.     

Sequence stratigraphy of the Mancos Shale,lower Tres Hermanos Formation,and coeval middle Cenomanian to middle Turonian strata,southern New Mexico,USA

Sequence stratigraphic analysis of four widely spaced outcrops of middle Cenomanian to middle Turonian strata deposited in the Western Interior foreland basin in southern New Mexico, USA, defines ten sequence boundaries in a marine shale‐rich interval ca 200 m thick. The majority of sequence boundaries are based on basinward shifts in lithofacies characterized by either a non‐Waltherian contact between distal‐bar or lower shoreface sandstone and underlying lower offshore shale, or an erosional contact between distal‐bar or lower shoreface sandstone and underlying upper offshore shale. The sequence boundaries commonly correlate basinward to packages of storm‐deposited sandstone and to beds of sandy grainstone composed of winnowed inoceramid shell fragments. In several cases, however, the sequence boundaries pass basinward into presumably conformable successions of lower offshore shale. Maximum flooding surfaces within the sequences are represented by one or more beds of locally phosphatized globiginerid wackestone and packstone or exist within a conformable succession of lower offshore shale. Following initial south/south‐westward transgression into the study area, the regional trend of palaeoeshorelines was north‐west to south‐east, although isopach data indicate that lobes of sandstone periodically spread south‐eastward across the study area. The ten sequences in the study area are arranged into a third‐order composite megasequence that is characterized by overall upward‐deepening followed by upward‐shallowing of sequences. The composite megasequence is similar but not identical to the previously established T‐1 transgression and R‐1 regression in New Mexico. Based on radioisotopic dates of bentonites, the average frequency of the sequences within the study area was ca 327 kyr, which is consistent with fourth‐order cycles of ca 400 kyr interpreted in coeval marine strata elsewhere in the world.     

Further evidence of marine Cenomanian,lower Turonian and Maastrichtian in the Upper Benue basin of Nigeria (West Africa)

Field investigations in the Upper Benue rift basin of Nigeria highlight the necessity for a review of the Cenomanian-Turonian biostratigraphy of the area. Three ammonite zones of Vascoceras bulbosum (Reyment), Paravascoceras costatum (Reyment) and Pseudotissotia (Bauchioceras) nigeriensis (Woods) have been recognized at sections exposed at the quarry of the cement factory near the village of Ashaka. The sediments within the Vascoceras bulbosum zone also contain specimens of Exogyra olisiponensis (Sharpe), Kanabiceras septemseriatum (Cragin) and Epengonoceras dumbli (Cragin). These are all indicative of an uppermost Cenomanian age and reveal that at least the lower portion of the Gongila Formation as exposed at Ashaka is faunistically equivalent to the Pindiga Formation as exposed in the type section at Pindiga.The shales in the Gombe region in which Libycoceras ismaeli (Zittel) was found are probably part of the Maastrichtian Fika shales outcropping extensively in the northern part of the area. The discovery of Cyclolithes nov. sp. within Gombe sandstones at Dakiti near Kumo confirm that they are at least partially marine in origin and Maastrichtian in age. This could be considered as an additional evidence in favour of the presence of marine waters in the Upper Benue during the last part of the Cretaceous.     

Carbon and oxygen isotopic constraints on paleoclimate and paleoelevation of the southwestern Qaidam basin,northern Tibetan Plateau

We investigate the growth of the northern Tibetan Plateau and associated climate change by applying oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions in Cenozoic strata in the southwestern Qaidam basin. The X-ray diffraction and isotopic studies reveal that the carbonate minerals are mainly authigenic and they do not preserve any evidence for detrital carbonate and diagenesis. The isotope data show large fluctuations in the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values in the middle–late Eocene, indicating relatively warm and seasonal dry climate. The positive correlation of the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values in the Oligocene and the positive shift of the δ¹³C values from the Eocene to Oligocene suggest that the climate changed to arid in the Oligocene. However, the δ¹⁸O values show negative shift, which is closely related to the global cooling event. During the Miocene, the δ¹³C values vary between –2‰ and –4‰, whereas the δ¹⁸O values show continuous negative shift. The mean δ¹⁸O values decrease from –8.5‰ in the early Miocene to –10.0‰ in the late Miocene. The stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry results suggest that the elevation of the southwestern Qaidam basin was approximately 1500 m in the middle–late Eocene and Oligocene. Subsequently, during Miocene the crustal uplift process started and the elevation reached approximately 2000 m in the early Miocene and 2500 m in the late Miocene, which suggests large-scale growth of the northern Tibet Plateau during the Miocene.     

Theropod dinosaur diversity and palaeobiology in the Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous) of England: evidence from a previously undescribed tibia

A robust, partial right tibia of a theropod dinosaur (Natural History Museum London collections, BMNH R9385) is described for the first time. The specimen was collected at Hastings, Sussex (England) in the last century, and is among the oldest known of English Wealden Group theropods. It represents a tetanuran theropod that may have been about 3 m in total length, and is distinct from all currently known Wealden theropods for which tibiae have been described. The present specimen is significant palaeobiologically in exhibiting a series of theropod tooth marks on its caudal surface, indicating predation or scavenging by another theropod.     

Sea-level change, carbon cycling and palaeoclimate during the Late Cenomanian of northwest Europe; an integrated palaeoenvironmental analysis

A new high resolution sea-level curve for the Late Cenomanian M. geslinianum Zone has been generated using sequence stratigraphic analysis on transects through the margins of the Anglo-Paris Basin in the UK and Saxony Basin in Germany. Transgressive sediments that bury a rocky shoreline in the Dresden area have proved particularly useful in determining both the absolute amount of sea-level change and the rate of rise. After a brief fall at the base of the M. geslinianum Zone, sea level rose rapidly through the higher part of the zone, resulting in an overall short term eustatic rise of 22–28 m. Biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy have enabled detailed correlations to be made between marginal locations and thick, relatively complete, basinal successions. The basinal successions at Eastbourne, UK, and Gröbern, Germany, provide both geochemical proxies for palaeoenvironmental change, including oxygen and carbon isotope records, and an orbital timescale graduated in precession and eccentricity cycles. Integration of the sea-level history with palaeoclimate evolution, palaeoceanography and changes in carbon cycling allows a detailed reconstruction of events during the Late Cenomanian. Orbital forcing on long eccentricity maxima provides the underlying drive for these changes, but amplification by tectonic events and feedback mechanisms augmented the orbital effects and made the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event distinctive. In particular, variations in atmospheric CO₂ caused by oceanic drawdown and a brief period of intense volcanic outgassing resulted respectively in short term cooling and warming events. The magnitude and high rates (up to 1 m/1 kyr) of sea-level rise are diagnostic of glacioeustasy, however improbable this may appear at the height of the Cretaceous greenhouse.     

12,000-Year, preliminary results of the stable nitrogen and carbon isotope record from the Empakai Crater lake sediments, Northern Tanzania

The stable isotope compositions of organic carbon and nitrogen, the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen and C/N ratios for two cores recovered from the Empakai Crater at water depths of 11 and 20 m are used to document climatic changes in northern Tanzania. Eight ¹⁴C AMS dates determined on total organic matter (OM) indicate that the sedimentation rate in this lake is about 30 cm/ka for the late Pleistocene to early Holocene period. There are differences in the δ¹³C values of organic carbon between the two cores, which may be a result of differences in location from the present shoreline and of different water depths. In the deeper-water core the δ¹³C values show a general downcore decrease to the base of the core with a sharp change to lower values of about 4‰ at a depth of 100 cm (8.7 ka). The general trend of downcore decrease in ¹³C values can be attributed either to a systematic decrease in the relative proportion of C₄ type of OM, owing to an increase in precipitation and change in vegetation cover from grassland to forest, or to utilization of isotopically enriched carbon during photosynthesis. The δ¹⁵N values show a general downcore increase with again a sharp change of about 5‰ to lower values at about 8.7 ka. A sharp change of about 5‰ and 4‰ to more depleted values at a depth of 100 cm of both ¹⁵N and ¹³C, respectively, suggests either hiatus or abrupt change in climatic condition from wetter conditions to drier conditions. There is enhanced preservation of OM in the lake as depicted by high mean values of organic carbon and nitrogen at both sites.     

色度学方法的深时研究:以藏南贡扎剖面白垩系赛诺曼/土仑阶为例

色度学方法在揭示未固结或半固结沉积物沉积时的古气候方面有着良好的应用,但成岩或成岩后演化对原岩成分的改造使得其在已成岩岩石中的应用还不多。文中以藏南定日贡扎剖面白垩系晚赛诺曼阶到早土仑阶的98件岩石样品为研究对象,应用色度学方法,并结合镜下观察和主量元素分析,得到以下的主要结论:(1)对样品的CIE1976L*a*b*色度空间分析显示,L*与a*的变化趋势呈镜像对称,通过快速傅里叶变换可识别出半周期分别为9.2m和1.8m的两个主周期;而L*与b*的变化趋势大致相同。(2)色度指标与主量元素的相关性分析表明,L*值与碳酸盐含量正向相关,b*值可能主要与Mn元素含量相关,L*和b*可以对古海洋化学条件做出一些制约;a*受粘土矿物含量制约,反映了古气候的变化。     

Diagenesis of plattenkalk: examples from the Solnhofen area (Upper Jurassic,southern Germany)

The Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) plattenkalk successions in the Solnhofen/Eichstätt area consist of alternations of thin‐bedded, laminated, fine‐grained, very pure limestones (so‐called ‘flinz beds’) and softer interlayers with slightly lower carbonate contents that are also laminated and show a foliaceous weathering appearance (‘fäule beds’). These successions are world famous for their exceptionally well‐preserved fossils. In contrast to the well‐studied wealth of fossils, little is known about the origin and diagenesis of the host rock. The reason for this discrepancy might lay in the monotonous appearance of these fine‐grained mudstones that require electron microscopical examination. Study of samples from the Solnhofen–Eichstädt area implies that flinz and fäule beds have undergone differential diagenesis. The ultrastructure of the flinz beds is characterized by interlocking microspar crystals, whereas the fäule beds show smaller and less interlocking crystals. The ratios of diagenetically inert trace elements lack clear differences between the two interlayered lithologies. While most authors agree that the flinz–fäule rhythm reflects rhythmically changing environmental conditions, primary rhythms can be taken as proven only where statistically significant differences in diagenetically resistant proxies are found. The absence of clear primary differences between flinz and fäule beds, however, leaves the question of primary differences unsolved. It is concluded that diagenesis has had a strong influence on the genesis of the lithological rhythm, and that any primary rhythm underlying the diagenetically mature rhythm is less clear than generally assumed.     

Plant assemblage from Opole,southern Poland: New data on Late Cretaceous vegetation of the northern part of the European Province

This paper presents the results of studies on plant macroremains found in the upper Turonian of the Folwark Quarry, Opole, Poland, associated with palynological studies of the host rocks. In addition to a few macrofossils (gymnosperm wood, conifer Geinitzia reichenbachii and fern ?Didymosorus) rich sporomorphs (bryophyte, lycopod and fern spores, conifer and angiosperm pollen grains) and marine palynomorphs (mainly dinoflagellate cysts) were recorded. The palynological analysis revealed that the vegetation on the neighbouring land (the East Sudetic Island) in the late Turonian was much more diverse than could be reconstructed based on only macrofossil remains. The latter are taxonomically restricted and dominated by one gymnosperm species (Geinitzia reichenbachii), which make them similar to most neighbouring, coeval Central European assemblages. Its over representation is, thus, a result of taphonomy.     

大兴安岭北段诺敏大山地区早白垩世侵入岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

本文选择大兴安岭北段诺敏大山地区早白垩世侵入岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究,探讨该区域侵入岩成因类型、岩浆来源及构造环境。该区侵入岩岩性主要为正长花岗岩、正长花岗斑岩和似斑状正长花岗岩,对其中正长花岗岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明,正长花岗岩侵位年龄为129.5±0.4 Ma,应为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,结合区内侵入岩与地层相互接触关系,本区侵入岩形成时代为早白垩世。区内侵入岩具有富硅（SiO2= 67.36%~74.09%）、富碱（K2O+Na2O= 8.88%~9.34%）、高铝（Al2O3= 12.56%~16.15%）,低MgO、TiO2、CaO的特点,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列;铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为0.94~1.31,为准铝质—过铝质岩石。微量元素富集Rb、U、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Ti、Nb、Sr、P等高场强元素,具有明显的Eu负异常,属于高分异I型花岗岩。岩石Rb/Sr为0.9~2.0,Sr/Y为4.2~7.2,显示出高Sr、低Y的特点,指示岩浆源区为地壳物质的部分熔融。结合区域研究成果,蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造域在早白垩世之前已结束碰撞,诺敏大山地区早白垩世岩浆活动可能发生在蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山后的伸展环境。     

大兴安岭北段诺敏大山地区早白垩世侵入岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

笔者等选择大兴安岭北段诺敏大山地区早白垩世侵入岩进行了锆石U- Pb年代学和地球化学研究,探讨该区域侵入岩成因类型、岩浆来源及构造环境。该区侵入岩岩性主要为正长花岗岩、正长花岗斑岩和似斑状正长花岗岩,对其中正长花岗岩样品进行LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb测年表明,正长花岗岩侵位年龄为129. 5±0. 4 Ma,应为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,结合区内侵入岩与地层相互接触关系,本区侵入岩形成时代为早白垩世。区内侵入岩具有富硅（SiO2= 67. 36%~74. 09%）、富碱（K2O+Na2O= 8. 88%~9. 34%）、高铝（Al2O3= 12. 56%~16. 15%）,低MgO、TiO2、CaO的特点,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列;铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为0. 94~1. 31,为准铝质—过铝质岩石。微量元素富集Rb、U、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Ti、Nb、Sr、P等高场强元素,具有明显的Eu负异常,属于高分异I型花岗岩。岩石Rb/Sr为0. 9~2. 0,Sr/Y为4. 2~7. 2,显示出高Sr、低Y的特点,指示岩浆源区为地壳物质的部分熔融。结合区域研究成果,蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造域在早白垩世之前已结束碰撞,诺敏大山地区早白垩世岩浆活动可能发生在蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山后的伸展环境。     

西藏比如盆地竟柱山组沉积-火山岩形成环境及构造意义

上白垩统竟柱山组为一套冲积扇-扇三角洲沉积体系的粗碎屑岩,间夹由英安岩、安山岩、石英粗安岩和流纹岩组成的中酸性火山岩。火山岩呈层状、似层状产出,与碎屑岩均呈整合接触关系。地球化学特征表明,竟柱山组火山岩形成于岛弧构造环境,是挤压背景下地壳增厚熔融的产物。竟柱山组沉积-火山岩的形成环境揭示了比如盆地的性质在晚白垩世已由弧后盆地转换为前陆盆地。     

The first finds of cretaceous belemnites from the Magellan Rise, Pacific Ocean

The occurrence of belemnites in Mesozoic sediments of the Pacific guyots is established for the first time (rostra Dimitobelidae gen. et sp. indet. from the late Campanian-Maastrichtian detrital limestone of the DVGI Guyot, Belemnitella? sp. from oolitic limestone of the Gelendzhik Guyot, which are presumably of the Santonian-Maastrichtian age, and Belemnitidae? gen. et sp. indet. from the Maastrichtian oolitic limestone of the Butakov Guyot, the Magellan Rise). In recent years, fossil cephalopods important in stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic aspects have been found at five guyots of that rise. New data on fossil invertebrates from the study region suggest breaks in the sedimentation here at the terminal Maastrichtian, Paleogene, and initial Neogene time. Possible limits of vertical migration in the tropical Pacific are estimated for the Late Cretaceous belemnites based on preliminary results of the oxygen isotope analysis.     

藏南日喀则地区白垩纪泥岩、页岩有机质丰度及其油气地质意义

对藏南发育完整的、厚度巨大的海相白垩纪地层中的暗色泥、页岩开展了有机质丰度研究。综合分析结果表明：该区泥、页岩中残余有机碳含量在0.05％~1.1％之间,平均值约为0.42％,其中下白垩统约为0.531％,上白垩统约为0.265％,有机碳平均含量变化特征与该区的古地理格局及海平面升降有关。氯仿沥青‘A’含量在0.0009％~0.0072％之间,平均含量约为0.0040％。有机碳与氯仿沥青‘A’最大值与最小值之比分别为22和8。有机碳与氯仿沥青‘A’这种弱负相关性与两者遭受剧烈的地表风化作用、强烈的紫外线照射和高程度有机质热演化后的损失量有关,后者远大于前者。白垩系残余有机碳含量大于0.6％的中等—好生油岩样10件,占样品总数的27％,下白垩统样品9件,占样品总数的24.3％,上白垩统样品1件,占样品总数的2.7％,表明来自北喜马拉雅地区东山组和康马—隆子地区甲不拉组的早白垩世泥、页岩为该区主要的有效生油岩。     

青藏高原拉萨地体北部早白垩世火山岩的成因及意义

拉萨地体广泛分布中生代的岩浆岩,了解它们的成因和形成机制可以为认识和理解青藏高原前新生代演化历史提供重要信息。本文报道了拉萨地体北部早白垩世晚期的基性-酸性火山岩的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素特征。岩石学和全岩地球化学特征表明它们为安山玄武岩、粗面英安岩和流纹岩。安山玄武岩为钙碱性岩石,富集Th、U和Pb,具有Nb和Ta的负异常,显示出岛弧玄武岩的特征。粗面英安岩和流纹岩大部分为铁质、钙碱性-碱性岩石,富集高场强元素(HFSE,如Zr),与A型花岗质岩石特征一致。此外,流纹岩具有较高的Si O2含量(75.19%~77.87%)和分异指数(DI=96~98),在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图和球粒陨石标准化稀土元素模式图上,显示强烈Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Eu和Ti的负异常,说明它们为高分异的A型流纹岩。3个粗面英安岩和7个流纹岩样品的锆石定年结果表明,它们的结晶年龄分别为109~110Ma和106~110Ma,锆石εHf(t)分别为-10.2~+3.7和-8.7~+6.7,相对应的Hf二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)分别为1799~923Ma和1702~708Ma。我们认为安山玄武岩来源于交代岩石圈地幔中等程度(~20%)的部分熔融,并经历了以斜方辉石为主的分离结晶作用。粗面英安岩和流纹岩来源于古老基底岩石的部分熔融,并且有幔源岩浆的加入。流纹岩母岩浆形成后又经历了强烈分离结晶作用。我们推测,上述岩浆岩形成在安第斯型造山作用过程中的伸展机制下,可能与新特提斯洋岩石圈板片沿拉萨地体南缘北向俯冲过程中发生的板片回转、断离,以及岩石圈拆沉作用有关,也可能与班公-怒江大洋岩石圈板片沿拉萨地体北缘南向俯冲过程中发生的板片断离有关。     

西藏拉萨地块北部晚白垩世晚期基性岩墙的成因:来自锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学的制约

拉萨地块北部阿索地区新发现的晚白垩世晚期基性岩墙对于讨论班公湖-怒江洋盆闭合后的碰撞过程具有重要研究意义。本文报道了阿索地区目思基性岩墙的全岩地球化学组成和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄。研究表明,目思基性岩墙中一组最年轻锆石的U-Pb加权平均年龄为74Ma。岩墙内的辉绿玢岩SiO2含量介于51.90%~53.55%之间,MgO含量介于3.98%~4.97%之间,Mg^#为50.0~57.5,低Cr(51.30×10^-6~79.48×10^-6)和Ni(55.94×10^-6~74.17×10^-6)含量。岩墙具有轻稀土元素富集的特征,明显的负Eu异常。在微量元素方面,富集Ba、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素富集,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,并具有Pb的正异常。La/Sm-Sm/Yb投图结果显示基性岩墙来自于尖晶石+石榴石二辉橄榄岩地幔源区1%~5%的部分熔融,并在演化过程中发生了橄榄石、单斜辉石及斜长石的结晶分异,同时在岩浆上升过程中受到地壳混染。结合区域地质背景,拉萨地块与羌塘地块碰撞后下地壳增厚并发生榴辉岩化,导致拆沉作用。目思基性岩墙的锆石U-Pb年龄表明拆沉作用持续到晚白垩世晚期。     

Global significance of the carbon cycle in the karst dynamic system: evidence from geological and ecological processes

On the basis of proposing the existence of a karst carbon cycle and carbon sink at a watershed scale, this paper provides four pieces of evidence for the integration of geology and ecology during the carbon cycle processes in the karst dynamic system, and estimated the karst carbon sink effect using the methods of comparative monitoring of paired watersheds and the carbon stable isotope tracer technique. The results of the soil carbon cycle in Maocun, Guilin, showed that the soil carbon cycle in the karst area, the weathering and dissolution of carbonate rocks under the soil, resulted in a lower soil respiration of 25% in the karst area than in a non-karst area (sandstone and shale), and the carbon isotope results indicated that 13.46% of the heavy carbon of the limestone is involved in the soil carbon cycle. The comparative monitoring results in paired watersheds, suggesting that the HCO₃^- concentration in a karst spring is 10 times that of a rivulet in a non-karst area, while the concentration of inorganic carbon flux is 23.8 times. With both chemical stoichiometry and carbon stable isotopes, the proportion of carbon in karst springs derived from carbonate rocks was found to be 58.52% and 37.65% respectively. The comparison on carbon exchange and isotopes at the water-gas interface between the granite and carbonate rock basins in the Li River showed that the CO₂ emission of the karst water is 10.92 times that of the allogenic water from the non-karst area, while the carbon isotope of HCO₃^- in karst water is lighter by 8.62‰. However, this does not mean that the karst water body has a larger carbon source effect. On the contrary, it means the karst water body has a greater karst carbon sink effect. When the karst subterranean stream in Zhaidi, Guilin, is exposed at the surface, carbon-rich karst water stimulated the growth of aquatic plants. The values of carbon stable isotopes in the same species of submerged plants gradually becomes heavier and heavier, and the 512 m flow process has a maximum range of 15.46‰. The calculation results showed that 12.52% of inorganic carbon is converted into organic carbon. According to the data that has been published, the global karst carbon sink flux was estimated to be 0.53-0.58 PgC/a, equivalent to 31.18%-34.41% of the global forest carbon sink flux. In the meanwhile, the karst carbon sink flux in China was calculated to be 0.051 PgC/a, accounting for 68% of its forest carbon sink flux.     

晚新生代以来天山北缘沉积记录及其稳定同位素变化的环境意义

晚新生代以来,天山北缘的沉积记录与天山的隆升密切相关.研究表明:始-渐新世安集海河组主要沉积发育水平层理的绿色、灰绿色湖泊相泥岩;晚渐新世沙湾组中上部岩石组合特征为紫红色曲流河相砂岩、粉砂岩和砾岩夹层;早中新世塔西河组下部主要为灰绿色、褐红色砂、泥岩互层,上部主要为土黄色砂岩和粉砂岩夹层;晚中新世-早上新世独山子组为辫状河相灰色砾岩和砂砾岩沉积;晚上新世-早更新世西域组主要为厚层砾岩堆积.土壤碳酸盐中稳定同位素数据表明:安集海河组δ13C平均值为-3.9‰,δ18O平均值为-5.0‰;沙湾组中上部δ13C平均值为-8.1‰,δ18O平均值为-11.0‰;塔西河组δ13C平均值为-5.9‰;δ18O平均值为-7.7‰;独山子组δ13C平均值为-8.5‰,δ18O平均值为-10.3‰;西域组δ13C平均值为-6.0‰,δ18O平均值为-10.4‰.同位素结果和沉积记录共同表明,始-渐新世为湿润温暖气候;晚渐新世为干旱寒冷气候;早中新世早期为半湿润、半温暖气候,晚期为干旱、寒冷气候;晚中新世.早上新世为干旱寒冷气候;晚上新世-下更新世为干旱、半温暖气候.结合古地磁数据和全球气候变化,天山北缘晚新生代以来发生五次主要气候变化事件,即晚渐新世(沙湾组时期中上部)气候转换,约24Ma(沙湾组时期顶部)气候突变,早中新世内部(约24～19Ma)气候转换事件,晚中新世(约7Ma)C4植被迅速扩张和约3.17Ma以来气候的剧烈震荡.