地理信息系统应用现状及发展趋势

地理信息系统(GIS)自20世纪60年代萌芽以来,至今已发展得相当成熟。作为传统学科与现代技术相结合的产物,地理信息系统已经成为现代管理、决策、指挥的重要组成部分,并为社会的进步与发展作出更大的贡献。本文介绍了地理信息系统的概念以及在我国的发展历程,从国家政策、技术发展水平、应用服务、市场化、产业化等层面详细阐述了我国现阶段地理信息系统应用和发展的现状,并对今后的发展趋势作了客观的分析和详细的论述。地理信息系统虽然是一个年轻的新学科,但在我国已经发展成为信息化产业的一个重要分支,具有强大的生命力和广阔的发展前景。     

Estimating the Effects of Map Error on Habitat Delineation for the California Spotted Owl in Southern California

The reliability of habitat maps that have been generated using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and image processing of remotely sensed data can be overestimated. Habitat suitability and spatially explicit population viability models are often based on these products without explicit knowledge of the effects of these mapping errors on model results. While research has considered errors in population modeling assumptions, there is no standardized method for measuring the effects of inaccuracies resulting from errors in landscape classification. Using landscape‐scale maps of existing vegetation developed for the USDA Forest Service in southern California from Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite data and GIS modeling, we performed a sensitivity analysis to estimate how mapping errors in vegetation type, forest canopy cover, and tree crown size might affect delineation of suitable habitat for the California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis). The resulting simulated uncertainty maps showed an increase in the estimated area of suitable habitat types. Further analysis measuring the fragmentation of the additional patches showed that they were too small to be useful as habitat areas.     

地理信息系统综述

近年来地理信息系统(GIS)在计算机技术的支持下,在理论、应用、软件开发以及产业化方面都得到了快速发展。首先对GIS与地理信息科学的区别进行了讨论,然后对GIS应用开发技术发展历程以及目前GIS领域的热点问题进行了论述,最后指出了GIS发展存在的问题,并对GIS的发展前景进行了展望。     

The Potential of Maps APIs for Internet GIS Applications

Since the launching of Maps Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) in 2005, many web developers, including geographers and non‐geographers, applauded the freely adaptable tools and used them to spawn numerous Internet applications. The success of the Maps APIs is largely attributable to its no‐cost policy, the availability of global data coverage, dynamic navigation, query capability, and ease of implementation. Despite its versatility in dynamic exploration of geographic data online, the existing Maps APIs lack Geographic Information System (GIS) functionalities compared to other Internet Mapping Services. The goal of this research was to review the potential of the Maps APIs for Internet GIS applications. This research employed the Google Maps API and developed a web prototype that disseminates spatial information of urban sprawl in Mundy Township, Michigan. The results revealed that both vector and raster data could be effectively represented by using the Maps API. Moreover, the Geographic Markup Language (GML) approach illustrated great potential for developing Internet GIS solutions around open specifications. This research suggested several potential solutions to expand the spectrum of GIS operations of the Maps APIs by incorporating the XML‐related technology and extending the JavaScript library.     

MapObjects中符号设计组件的设计与实现

组件式GIS已成为地理信息系统发展的一个重要阶段.ESRI公司推出的组件式GIS--MapObjects小巧灵活,运行速度快,开发方便,用很少的代码即可实现最基本的GIS功能,因而得到广泛应用.但MapObjects缺少直接符号化的函数,给用户实际制图工作造成不便.本文采用VC开发工具,结合COM技术,通过设计符号化的组件对这一问题加以解决.     

Earth observations during space shuttle right STS‐29: Discovery's Voyage to the earth

Abstract

Today's Geography graduates are employed by a diverse set of employers, and the jobs these individuals fill are as varied as the field of Geography itself. Geographers who join corporate workplace teams may need to find common grounds for communication with their business school‐trained colleagues. This cross‐disciplinary study examines the curricula of introductory courses in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and one of its business counterparts, Accounting Information Systems (AIS), through an analysis of GIS and AIS textbooks. The findings suggest that there are areas in which shared background exists. Introductory information about systems, and an understanding of database architectures are the most likely areas of commonality; depending on which GIS text was used during the geographer's training, the geographer may also share background in such areas as systems analysis, database management systems, and data modeling.     

The Landscape of GIScience Publications 1997–2007: An Empirical Investigation with Latent Semantic Analysis

This article reports on an empirical study of the trends and patterns of research activities in Geographic Information Science (GIScience) during the years 1997–2007. The GIScience research priorities identified by the University Consortium of Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) were used as guidelines to examine the 985 research articles published in six well‐recognized academic journals. Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) was employed to investigate the association among the different GIScience research themes. The spatial and temporal patterns of the association between the publications and the different GIScience themes were examined to show the development of GIScience research during the study period. Furthermore, correlation analyses between the publications were conducted following the LSA results to reveal GIScience research networks, including the networks of the published articles and those formed by the research places. In this article, we applied an approach that was developed within information science to depict what GIS research activities were conducted when and where and how they connect to each other through sharing common research themes. The related findings pave the way for future efforts to describe the paradigm of GIScience as well as the pattern of GIScience research.     

关于地理信息系统未来发展的思考

在Geographic Information System(GIS)近60年的发展演进中,理论和技术都取得了长足的进步;应用领域扩大到社会的方方面面,社会影响力越来越大;体系结构、开发模式和服务模式等都发生了深刻的变化。为了推动GISystem进一步向前发展,在综述GIS中之“S”的三种含义即System（系统）、Science（科学）和Service（服务）以及GIS近60年来取得的丰硕成果的基础上,重点就以下三个问题进行了讨论：（1）如何认识地理信息系统（GISystem）。首先解析地理信息系统的三个关键词（系统、信息、地理信息）,据此论述了地理信息系统的内涵,分析了地理信息系统同地图、计算机地图制图、地图数据库的关系,认为地理信息系统源于又超越了地图、计算机地图制图和地图数据库,并认为地理信息系统具有装备的特性。（2）地理信息系统是怎样发展演进的。重点分析了由“地理信息系统”到“地理信息服务”的发展演进的社会需求背景、技术背景、学科背景,从应用领域、数据资源和功能的扩展及体系结构、开发模式和服务模式等方面,分析了地理信息系统发展演进的主要表现。（3）地理信息系统的未来发展将走向...     

Landsat TM versus MSS data for forest type identification

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data were digitally analyzed for forest type identification in the Kisatchie Ranger District, Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana. Ground‐verification maps were produced from field surveys and interpretation of 1.12,000 and 1: 58,000 color‐infrared (CIR) aerial photography of nine compartments. Stand boundary and soils maps were input to a digital Geographic Information System (GIS) with the Landsat and ground‐verification data.

‐ Unsupervised classifications of the Landsat data did not identify the above cover types well. Supervised classifications were tested by stand agreement to the ground verification. The highest four‐class agreement was obtained for the TM classification (76 percent). Three‐class (open, pine, and hardwoods) stand agreements (81 (MSS) and 85 (TM) percent) were not significantly different as tested by analysis of variance (alpha level 0.1).     

基于ArcGIS的村庄规划编制技术研究

地理信息系统是一种信息处理工具,它以计算机为处理平台进行地理空间分析。村庄规划是我国城市规划中最基层的规划,本文将GIS技术引入到村庄规划编制工作中,探讨了ArcGIS软件在村庄规划中的应用,改进了以往的规划工作思想和技术路线,具体分析了村庄规划编制的方法和技巧,提高了村庄规划的科学性、实用性、规范性和准确性。     

地理信息系统(GIS)专业实践教学系统构建

GIS是一门实践性很强学科,GIS人才不但要有深厚的理论基础,而且要掌握过硬的实践技术,实践教学在培养学生的创新思维、科研能力方面的作用重大。本文在分析国内外实践教学现状的基础上,建立了GIS专业实践教学系统,探讨了GIS主要实践能力,阐述了GIS实践教学体系,提出了GIS实践教学模式。认为GIS教学必须以理论为指导,以技术为核心,积极开展GIS实践创新。     

A Web-Based Java Framework for Cross-Platform Mobile GIS and Remote Sensing Applications

A cross-platform Web-based Java development framework for Mobile Geographic Information Systems (Mobile GIS) and remote sensing (RS) applications is introduced for the notebook computer, Pocket PC, and mobile phone platforms. Using these platforms, Java software technology is examined for its crossplatform utility in the development of various Mobile GIS and map/image display functions. The three case studies developed with Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE), Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME), and Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) are examined within the context of mobile GIS. Significant challenges in developing cross-platform Mobile GIS applications are also discussed. These obstacles include heterogeneous operating systems, different wireless communications protocols, lowbandwidth network connections, and the general lack of usability.     

基于GIS的城市多因素模糊综合评价

本文提出了一种多因素模糊加权综合评价的模式,介绍了在地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下将城市多因素的点、线、面数据转换成相应的栅格定位数据的基本方法,并用于完成了湖北省黄石市城市用地和环境质量的定量综合评价和分析。     

Modeling of Landslide‐Generated Tsunamis with GRASS

The following research aims to enhance and spread the capacity of assessing risk due to landslide‐generated tsunamis by fostering the use of a GIS (Geographic Information System), and in this particular instance, an Open Source GIS (where “Open Source” can be loosely defined as freely available source code). For this purpose, we tested a procedure to be spatially implemented in the Open Source GRASS GIS through developing a module named r.impact.tsunami that simulates landslide‐generated tsunami. In this article we present its application in a case study performed on Como Lake (Lago di Como) in northern Italy. The review of the results identified sources of uncertainties while the model sensitivity outlined the influence of the parameters governing the model. Moreover, in order to verify the model validity, we implemented a new module (r.swe), that simulates the tsunami propagation and run‐up with the shallow water equations, and compared the results. Notwithstanding non‐negligible differences, the two models produced results of the same magnitude; this confirmed the validity of both models, although a rigorous validation of the models could not be performed due to the lack of observed data.     

Mining Association Rules in Spatio-Temporal Data: An Analysis of Urban Socioeconomic and Land Cover Change

This research demonstrates the application of association rule mining to spatio‐temporal data. Association rule mining seeks to discover associations among transactions encoded in a database. An association rule takes the form A→B where A (the antecedent) and B (the consequent) are sets of predicates. A spatio‐temporal association rule occurs when there is a spatio‐temporal relationship in the antecedent or consequent of the rule. As a case study, association rule mining is used to explore the spatial and temporal relationships among a set of variables that characterize socioeconomic and land cover change in the Denver, Colorado, USA region from 1970–1990. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)‐based data pre‐processing is used to integrate diverse data sets, extract spatio‐temporal relationships, classify numeric data into ordinal categories, and encode spatio‐temporal relationship data in tabular format for use by conventional (non‐spatio‐temporal) association rule mining software. Multiple level association rule mining is supported by the development of a hierarchical classification scheme (concept hierarchy) for each variable. Further research in spatio‐temporal association rule mining should address issues of data integration, data classification, the representation and calculation of spatial relationships, and strategies for finding ‘interesting’ rules.     

虚拟现实地理信息系统技术研究

虚拟现实地理信息系统 (VR -GIS)使得地理信息系统 (GIS)的应用和发展方向发生了巨大的变化。结合平时的研究工作 ,在大量参阅文献资料的基础上 ,本文通过对GIS和VR-GIS技术的发展及特点进行分析 ,从海量数据处理技术、虚拟景观的重建和漫游技术、计算机支持的协同工作技术等方面研究了VR -GIS技术的几个热点领域的现状和发展。     

工具型地理信息系统的结构与功能分析

地理信息系统,从用户的角度可分为两类:实用型地理信息系统和工具型地理信息系统。本文着重讨论了工具型地理信息系统的结构,详细分析了各子系统应具备的基本功能。     

基于GIS的水资源优化管理信息系统

地理信息系统是近些年迅速发展起来的一门近地空间信息分析技术,应用范围非常广泛。根据新乡市水资源管理的需要,利用GIS技术,以ArcView3．3为平台,开发了“新乡市水资源优化管理信息系统”,将数据收集、空间分析和决策过程综合为一个共同的信息流,进行预测和模拟及可视化,实现了地下水资源信息的基本管理及水质的可视化分析,提高了工作效率,产生了显著的社会效益和经济效益。     

工科GIS专业建设若干问题辨析

本文分析了地理信息学科和我国GIS高等教育发展的特点,就工科背景下GIS专业建设的指导思想、专业特色和课程设置等问题进行了分析研究。本文认为:工科GIS专业应在完善地理信息学科建设的基础上,适当开设工科特色课程,优化课程体系及课程内容配置,着重培养学生利用地理空间思维解决工科问题的能力。