Distinguishing volcanic lithology using Self-Organizing Map

Self-Organizing Map is an unsupervised learning algorithm.It has the ability of self-organization,self-learning and side associative thinking.Based on the principle it can identified the complex volcanic lithology.According to the logging data of the volcanic rock samples,the SOM will be trained,The SOM training results were analyzed in order to choose optimally parameters of the network.Through identifying the logging data of volcanic formations,the result shows that the map can achieve good application effects.     

渤海海域中生界火成岩岩性测井识别技术及应用

渤海海域中生界火成岩具有岩石类型多样,岩石结构复杂的特点,识别难度较大。钻井统计表明,研究区中生界以中基性喷出岩和酸性侵入岩为主,综合地质学分类以及测井响应特征,建立了研究区火成岩“成分-结构-构造”三端元分类方案,并提出了岩石成分、结构、构造单因素并行识别,综合命名的识别思路:成分上,由基性岩到酸性岩,元素测井上表现为由高铁低硅向高硅低铁变化,伽马能谱上铀、钍、钾以及总的自然伽马均不断升高,常规测井上酸性岩具有高伽马低密度的特点,基性岩与之相反;结构上,常规测井资料可初步判别岩石结构,成像测井可对熔岩结构、角砾结构、凝灰结构以及岩石蚀变结构进行精细识别;成像测井上可识别出块状构造、似流动构造以及气孔、杏仁构造,对有效判别侵入岩与喷出岩具有重要指示意义。利用该方法对重点井进行了分析,识别结果与壁心薄片鉴定结果一致,说明效果可靠。      

内蒙古东南部开鲁盆地龙湾筒九佛堂组火山岩地质特征

开鲁盆地为陆相火山岩盆地。勘探结果表明,在陆相火山岩盆地中获得了工业油流,为寻找石油油藏开辟了新途径。龙湾筒凹陷的火山岩以火山熔岩、火山碎屑沉积岩为主,根据岩石特征,可划分为三种岩相：溢流相、火山爆发相和火山沉积相。溢流相以熔岩为主,包括安山岩、粗面岩、粗安岩、玄武岩和玄武安山岩;火山爆发相岩石包括火山角砾岩和凝灰岩;火山沉积岩相岩石包括凝灰质砂岩、凝灰质泥岩。依据火山岩相划分,结合火山岩测井和地震反射特征,对龙湾筒凹陷火山岩纵向上的变化和平面上的展布进行了讨论,特别是对储集性能好的溢流相岩石进行了圈定。     

Volcanic edifices of Yingcheng Formation in Changling fault depression of Songliao Basin and their seismic identification

Volcanic edifices play an important role in controlling the spatial distribution of volcanic reservoirs . Taking the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation as an example , the types of volcanic formations , seismic attributes and reservoir characteristics are studied in detail using drill cores and logging and seismic data .A volcanic edifice model is established .On the basis of lithology and internal flow unit , the volcanic edifices can be divided into 4 types , including acidic lava volcanic edifices ( single flow units and composite flow units ) , rhyolitic lava debris volcanic edifices , and basaltic lava volcanic edifices .Among these types , the acidic lava volcanic edifices ( single flow unit ) consist of a single lava flow unit , and the seismic profile is characterized by a hill-like blank reflection .Additionally, this type of edifice shows a contiguous petal-like pattern in the wave-form classification chart .The acidic lava volcanic edifices ( composite unit ) consist of several acidic lava domes and plate-like lava flows , and the seismic section is a combination of parallel and hill-like reflections .This type shows noise and short-line clutter in the waveform classification diagram .The rhyolitic lava debris volcanic edi-fices have multiple layers of stacked volcanic debris .The seismic section features a draping continuous parallel reflection over a large area , and this type of edifice is characterized by a ripple pattern in the waveform classifi-cation diagram .The basaltic lava volcanic structural seismic section shows a large area of parallel reflectors . The waveform classification phase diagram shows a single and continuous distribution .The volcanic edifices with better physical properties have the following characteristics : the primary porosity belt is well developed , the units in the volcanic edifices are superimposed , and the volcanic structure is not integrated .Acidic compos-ite flow unit volcanic reservoirs have the best physical properties , and the acidic single flow unit volcanic reser-voirs are the worst .This study provided some reference for volcanic exploration and reservoir study in areas with few or no wells .     

长岭断陷龙凤山地区断裂与火石岭组火山岩油气运聚关系

龙凤山地区是长岭断陷重要的油气富集区,已发现油气多分布于断裂带附近,探讨断裂与油气运聚的关系具有重要意义。结合地震、测井、岩心、镜下薄片、流体包裹体观察及测温等资料,在断裂静态特征与断裂带结构识别研究基础上,综合分析断面形态、断裂活动特征与油气运聚的关系。研究结果表明,断裂的诱导裂缝带发育大量裂缝,有效地改善火山岩的物性,断裂可作为输导油气的优势运移通道;Ⅰ级断层的“汇聚型”断面形态控制油气主要富集位置;断层活动性与第一期成藏期匹配良好,断裂可作为输导油气的优势通道,后期断裂带裂缝被石英、方解石所充填,断裂对火山岩油气藏主要起封闭作用。     

Array processing-a new method to detect and correct errors on array resistivity logging tool measurements

In recent years more and more multi-array logging tools, such as the array induction and the array lateralog, are applied in place of conventional logging tools resulting in increased resolution, better radial and vertical sounding capability and other features. Multi-array logging tools acquire several times more individual measurements than conventional logging tools. In addition to new information contained in these data, there is a certain redundancy among the measurements. The sum of the measurements actu- ally composes a large matrix. Providing the measurements are error-free, the elements of this matrix show certain consistencies. Taking advantage of these consistencies, an innovative method is developed to de- tect and correct errors in the array resistivity logging tool raw measurements, and evaluate the quality of the data. The method can be described in several steps. First, data consistency patterns are identified based on the physics of the measurements. Second, the measurements are compared against the consis- tency patterns for error and bad data detection. Third, the erroneous data are eliminated and the measure- ments are re-constructed according to the consistency patterns. Finally, the data quality is evaluated by comparing the raw measurements with the re-constructed measurements. The method can be applied to all array type logging tools, such as array induction tool and array resistivity tool. This paper describes the method and illustrates its application with the High Definition Lateral Log (HDLL, Baker Atlas) instru- ment. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, several field examples are shown and discussed.     

综合地层学在山东省中生代地层研究中的应用

本文利用综合地层学理论,在研究过程中选用了多门类生物地层学、同位素年龄地层学和火山地层学、生态地层学和岩石地层学及沉积地层学、地震地层学和测井地层学等手段,对鲁北区、鲁西南区、鲁中区和鲁东区中生代地层进行了划分和对比,即把沂沭断裂带以西的坊子组归为中、下侏罗统,三台组归为中侏罗统,分水岭组归为上侏罗统至下白垩统,西洼组归为下白垩统,“王氏组”归为上白垩统;把沂沭断裂带以东的莱阳组主要归为下白垩统中、下部,青山组归为下白垩统上部,王氏组归为上白垩统。     

Groundwater quality modeling using self-organizing map(SOM) and geographic information system(GIS) on the Caspian southern coasts

Groundwater is the main source for water provision in the arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran. The groundwater quality was simulated by using a hybrid model integrating a Self-Organizing Map(SOM) and geographic information system(GIS). SOM and GIS were used as pre-processing and postprocessing tools in the Mazandaran Plain. Further, the Ground Water Quality Index(GWQI) and its effective factors were estimated by using digital maps and the secondary data. Neuro Solutions software was used for simulating the groundwater quality. To do this, a model was trained and optimized in the SOM and then the optimized model was tested. In the next step, the performance of SOM in groundwater quality simulation was confirmed(test stage, Rsqr=0.8, and MSE=0.008). Then, the digital maps of the SOM inputs were converted to raster format in GIS. In the last step, a raster layer was generated by combining the model input layers which comprised the model inputs values. The tested SOM was used to simulate GWQI in the sites without the secondary data of the groundwater quality. Finally, the groundwater quality map was generated by coupling the results of SOM estimations and GIS capabilities. The results revealed that the coupling of SOM and GIS has high performance in the simulation of the groundwater quality. According to the results, a limited area of the studied plain has groundwater resources with low quality(GWQI0.04). Therefore, that will be a threat to the life of humans, animals, and vegetative species. Therefore, it is necessary to plan for managing the groundwater quality in the Mazandaran plain.     

火山地区重力场变化的数值模拟

推导了火山活动引起的重力变化与地面三维位移场变化的表达公式，讨论了火山活动引起重力场变化的时空分布特征。根据火山活动的特点，采用张开型矩形位错理论模型对火山活动过程引起的地面重力场变化进行了数值模拟，并对一些火山地区观测到的重力变化进行理论解释。     

深层、超深层致密砂岩储层成岩相测井定量评价: 以库车坳陷博孜-大北地区为例

博孜-大北地区巴什基奇克组为深层、超深层致密砂岩储层, 岩性致密, 亟需揭示储层品质主控因素, 建立相配套的有利储层测井评价方法。为单井定量评价其成岩相, 充分利用岩心、常规薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜等资料, 对博孜-大北地区巴什基奇克组致密储层的岩石学、物性、成岩作用类型和强度、成岩矿物等特征进行了研究, 并在视压实率、视胶结率、溶蚀孔隙含量和成岩综合系数等参数定量计算的基础上, 根据成岩作用强度及其组合特征对储层成岩相分类命名, 划分出中等压实弱溶蚀相、碳酸盐胶结相及压实致密相等不同的成岩相类型。通过薄片等资料与测井资料拟合分析, 建立了成岩综合系数C_g的测井计算模型, 以及定量识别储层成岩相的方法。对X1、Y1等井的测井资料进行了处理, 并通过识别结果与物性分析、铸体薄片等的匹配关系, 验证了方法模型的可靠性。成岩相测井定量表征方法的建立可为有利储层预测提供指导。      

土壤有机质含量估测及其影响因素的光谱分析

 土壤颗粒大小差异使土壤反射光谱产生相应变化,影响土壤有机质含量等属性的光谱预测精度。本研究准备了颗粒粒径分别为2、0.25和0.15mm的土样,测定土壤有机质(Soil Organic Matter,SOM)含量,并于室内模拟条件下测定其反射光谱。通过分析不同粒径土样的原始(Raw)、多次散射校正(Multiple scattering correction, Msc)、一阶微分(First derivative, Fd)、连续统去除(Continuum removal, Cr)光谱与SOM含量之间的关系,筛选出与SOM含量相关性最强的Fd光谱单波段(2250nm, r=0.82, P<0.01),并建立线性回归模型;利用全波段光谱反射率,以偏最小二乘回归(Partial least square regression, PLSR)方法,确立2mm土样Msc处理光谱的PLSR模型为最优模型(RPD=3.56、R²=0.90、RMSEP=1.96g/kg)。土壤颗粒粒径对土壤光谱反射率变化有明显影响,但二者之间并非简单的线性关系,可能存在一个转折点;单变量(单波段光谱反射率)线性回归模型的预测能力,明显低于全波段反射光谱(Msc处理)-PLSR模型;土样样本容量对SOM含量预测精度有显著影响。因此,根据样本容量大小,选择合适的土壤颗粒粒径与光谱预处理方法组合可以提高预测精度。     

海陆过渡相优质页岩测井识别:以鄂尔多斯盆地大宁-吉县地区山2段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘海陆过渡相地层矿物组成复杂,页岩与砂岩、煤等岩性频繁交互,岩性纵向变化快。由于常规测井曲线分辨率较低,且扩径现象普遍,导致海相页岩气评价中常用的岩性识别与优质页岩识别方法效果较差。首先利用反褶积技术提高自然伽马、无铀伽马和铀测井曲线分辨率,然后通过测井交会图组合图版分别识别海陆过渡相地层岩性和页岩岩相,进一步通过新提出的铀-自然电位曲线重叠法识别海陆过渡相优质页岩。结果表明：反褶积技术能有效提高自然伽马、无铀伽马和铀曲线分辨率,利用自然伽马-密度测井交会图识别海陆过渡相地层岩性效果较好;铀-无铀伽马交会图能进一步识别3种岩相页岩(钙质硅质页岩、硅质黏土质页岩和黏土质页岩);在海陆过渡相地层中,新提出的铀-自然电位重叠法比传统ΔlogR法识别优质页岩效果更好。本研究可为海陆过渡相页岩气储层测井评价提供理论支持,提高优质页岩识别准确率。     

基于自组织网络的黄河口浑浊模式研究

传统浑浊度时空变化模式研究依靠野外观测实验,需要投入大量人力物力,模型适用范围亦非常有限。本文利用自组织网络（SOM）,直接从长时序遥感影像中提取典型浑浊模式,分析浑浊度年内、年际变化特征。以黄河河口附近海域为研究区,提取出近15年的6类典型浑浊模式。典型特征显示,研究区内主要有2个浑浊区,位于渤海湾西部和南部,以及河口外和莱州湾西北部;6类模式中四类以年为周期过渡更替,冬春季浑浊度较高,夏秋季浑浊度较低;多年浑浊模式逐渐由中浑浊向清澈模式变化,整体浑浊度有降低趋势。浑浊水体分布主要受河口潮流、环流等海洋动力和风浪影响,结合研究区气象观测数据分析,海面风浪变化是造成浑浊模式更替的主要原因,黄河入海泥沙影响范围仅局限于河口口门周边。利用统计参数分析和2007年各月悬浮泥沙浓度反演结果比较,评价SOM分类效果,结果表明SOM提取的模式间具有显著差异,一定程度上能够代替经验模型反映区域浑浊特征。SOM神经网络能够从长时序遥感影像中直接提取浑浊水体典型分布模式,分析海岸带地区水体浑浊度变化的时空特征,对了解复杂水体泥沙输运及优化水资源利用具有重要应用价值。     

延边地区火山岩型金矿地球化学及成矿作用研究

延边地区北部大面积出露中生界（Ｊ３）火山岩系，为正常的钙碱性系列，由玄武岩－安山岩－石英安山岩组成，以富含ＡＳ、Ａｇ、Ｓｂ、ＡＳ、Ｂｉ为特征。其中的金矿床可分为两类即蚀变岩型高温热液矿床和浅成中低温热液矿床。同位素资料表明，其成矿热液主要来自火山岩浆。     

小波变换在高分辨率层序地层划分中的应用

该文秉承前人运用测井数据的连续小波变换进行层序地层划分的依据和思路,详细论述了测井数据连续小波变换进行高分辨率层序地层划分的具体步骤。以济阳坳陷某钻井C-P地层的测井数据为研究实例,重点探讨了测井数据连续小波变换中参数选取(小波基、最大变换尺度值和不同尺度下小波系数尺度值)的不同得出的连续小波变换波谱图和系数曲线对层序地层划分的影响;依据优选出的各种相关参数,对消除噪声以后的测井数据(自然伽马)进行连续小波变换及高分辨率层序地层划分,共划分为5个长期基准面旋回,35个短期基准面旋回。增加了应用测井数据连续小波变换进行高分辨率层序地层划分的可靠性。     

Monte Carlo simulation for pulsed neutron-neutron logging in fractured and cavernous carbonate formation

The influence of carbonate formation on Pulsed Neutron logging(such as Pulsed Neutron-Neutron logging)is quite different from that of sandstone due to the complexity of reservoir architecture and the development of fracture in carbonate reservoir.To study the factors affecting Pulsed Neutron-Neutron(PNN)logging in carbonate formation,the responses on fracture or cave are simulated by Monte Carlo method,getting the relationships among the macroscopic capture cross section(Σ),the count ratio of the thermal neutron at far spacing and near spacing detectors(RATIO),the fracture porosity,oil-bearing and shale content of fracture.The results show that PNN logging can be used to detect caves,and there exist linear relationships among the macroscopic capture cross section(Σ),the count ratio(RATIO)and the above factors.The research findings in this paper provides theoretical basis for the interpretation and data correction of the PNN logging in carbonate reservoirs.     

Logging data representation based on XML

As an open standard of data representation,XML breathes new energy to the Web application and the network computing.The development,advantage and status of XML and some standards relating to XML are reviewed.In addition,the authors put forward a method representing logging data and using UML language to establish the conceptual and logical model of logging data;using a logging data,explain how to establish the model as well as how to use XML to display and process geology data.     

Logging data representation based on XML

As an open standard of data representation, XML breathes new energy to the Web application and the network computing. The development, advantage and status of XML and some standards relating to XML are reviewed. In addition, the authors put forward a method representing logging data and using UML language to establish the conceptual and logical model of logging data; using a logging data, explain how to establish the model as well as how to use XML to display and process geology data.     

电离层TEC异常分析——以2022年1月15日汤加火山爆发前为例

2022年1月15日,南太平洋汤加海底火山发生剧烈喷发。为了探测此次火山爆发引起的异常环境响应,利用GPS电离层数据,引入滑动四分位距法探测电离层异常扰动,结果显示：火山爆发前第22天到第27天,总电子含量出现大面积的正异常现象,部分时刻的异常超过10TECU。在火山爆发前第16天、前第10天和前第1天均出现了较轻微的负异常现象,异常均小于5TECU,其中火山爆发前第25~27天的TEC异常可能是由于太阳活动引起的。以上结果表明本研究成功利用GPS技术探测到此次火山爆发过程中的异常环境响应。     

矿井系统中水源热泵应用技术探析——以山东省济宁梁宝寺煤矿为例

用水源热泵技术,将矿井回风、矿井水、洗浴废水、冷却水(风)中的低品位废热转变为供热热能。该热泵热回收技术系统可靠、经济效益好,可达到节能减排的目的。该文分析了矿井系统中的废热类型和应用原理,给出了矿井回风、矿井水、洗浴废水、冷却水(风)废热回收量的计算方法,并分析了山东济宁梁宝寺煤矿矿井废热回收供热系统设计实例。认为该技术的应用为矿区提供了生产、生活必备的热源和热水,节约了生产成本,保障了煤矿企业的绿色生产,改善了矿区周围的生活环境。