Compressive and Tensile Behavior of Polymer Treated Sulfate Contaminated CL Soil

In this study, the compressive and tensile behavior of polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil was investigated. Based on the information in the literature, a field soil was contaminated with up to 4 % (40,000 ppm) of calcium sulfate in this study. In addition to characterizing the behavior of sulfate contaminated CL soil, the effect of treating the soil with a polymer solution was investigated and the performance was compared to 6 % lime treated soil. In treating the soil, acrylamide polymer solution (15 g of polymer dissolved in 85 g of water) content was varied up to 15 % (by dry soil weight). Addition of 4 % calcium sulfate to the soil decreased the compressive and tensile strengths of the compacted soils by 22 and 33 % respectively with the formation of calcium silicate sulfate [ternesite Ca₅(SiO₄)₂SO₄)], magnesium silicate sulfate (Mg₅(SiO₄)₂SO₄) and calcium-magnesium silicate (merwinite Ca₃Mg(SiO₄)₂). With the polymer treatment the strength properties of sulfate contaminated CL soil was substantially improved. Polymer treated sulfate soils had higher compressive and tensile strengths and enhanced compressive stress–strain relationships compared to the lime treated soils. Also polymer treated soils gained strength more rapidly than lime treated soil. With 10 % of polymer solution treatment, the maximum unconfined compressive and splitting tensile strengths for 4 % of calcium sulfate soil were 625 kPa (91 psi) and 131 kPa (19 psi) respectively in 1 day of curing. Similar improvement in the compressive modulus was observed with polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil. The variation of the compacted compressive strength and tensile strength with calcium sulfate concentrations for the treated soils were quantified and the parameters were related to calcium sulfate content in the soil and polymer content. Compressive stress–strain relationships of the sulfate soil, with and without lime and polymer treatment, have been quantified using two nonlinear constitutive models. The constitutive model parameters were sensitive to the calcium sulfate content and the type of treatment.     

Stabilization of a Clayey Soil with Fly Ash and Lime: A Micro Level Investigation

Pavement structures on poor soil sub grades show early distresses causing the premature failure of the pavement. Clayey soils usually have the potential to demonstrate undesirable engineering behavior, such as low bearing capacity, high shrinkage and swell characteristics and high moisture susceptibility. Stabilization of these soils is a usual practice for improving the strength. This study reports the improvement in the strength of a locally available cohesive soil by addition of both fly ash and lime. Analysis using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, zeta potential and pH value test was carried out in order to elucidate the stabilization mechanism. The micro level analysis confirmed the breaking of montmorrillonite structure present in the untreated clay after stabilization. In the analysis, it was also confirmed that in the stabilization process, pozzolanic reaction dominated over the cation exchange capacity.     

Deformation Modulus of Fly Ash Modified with Lime and Gypsum

Deformation modulus of fly ash is one of the most important mechanical properties generally used in different design problems and also as an input parameter to sophisticated numerical techniques employed to assess the response of different structures resting on fly ash fill or embankment made of fly ash. Deformation modulus is usually expressed in terms of compressive strength. This paper presents the deformation modulus of fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum at different strain levels. The values of deformation modulus obtained from both unconfined compression test and unconsolidated undrained triaxial test results are presented herein. The specimens for unconfined compression test and for undrained triaxial tests were cured up to 90 and 28 days, respectively. The effects of addition of lime (4–10%) and gypsum (0.5 and 1.0%) on the deformation modulus of class F fly ash are highlighted. With addition of lime and gypsum, the class F fly ash achieved the deformation modulus in the range of 190 MPa in UCS test and up to 300 MPa in triaxial test specimens tested under all round pressure of 0.4 MPa. Based on the present test results empirical relationships are developed to estimate deformation modulus of modified fly ash from unconfined compressive strength and relationships between initial tangent modulus and secant modulus at different strain levels are also developed.     

Improvement of an Extremely Highly Plastic Expansive Clay with Hydrated Lime and Fly Ash

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - In this study, extremely highly plastic soil samples were collected from clay deposits in the Akyurt district of Ankara (Turkey), near Esenbo?a...     

Consolidation and Drainage Characteristics of Expansive Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash and Dolochar

Expansive soils undergo alternate swelling and shrinkage due to cyclic wetting and drying when left to nature. This property of Expansive soil affects its strength and stiffness characteristics thereby causing damage and distress to structures built on them. Industrial wastes can be added scientifically to these soils in modifying and reducing their swelling and shrinkage behaviour and increasing their strength and stiffness. In this technical article, an attempt has been made to study the compressibility and drainage characteristics of these soils using economic and ecofriendly industrial wastes such as Fly Ash and Dolochar as stabilizers. This paper also focuses on many other improved engineering properties of base soil like liquid limit, plasticity index, differential free swell, compaction and consolidation characteristics of Expansive (BC) soil stabilized with Fly Ash and Dolochar in different proportions. The virgin Expansive soil has been collected from eastern part of India (Odisha) and different percentages of Fly Ash (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %) and Dolochar (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %) were added to it, to predict the influence of these additives on compaction and consolidation characteristics of Expansive soil. Addition of both Fly Ash and Dolochar were found to decrease the index properties such as liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, swelling index and enhancing the consolidation as well as drainage characteristics of Expansive soil. However, the maximum dry density of soil was found to decrease with addition of Fly Ash and increase with addition of Dolochar.     

Mechanical Behavior and Sulfate Resistance of Alkali Activated Stabilized Clayey Soil

Clayey subgrade soil requires treatment in order to make the subgrade stable for pavement structures. Treatment of clayey soil i.e. stabilization of clayey soil by cement, lime, and fly ash are established techniques used in geotechnical and highway engineering. Stabilization by alkali activation of fly ash is reported recently but literatures are limited. Present study investigates the stress strain behavior, peak stress and ultimate strain of clayey soil stabilized by slag and slag-fly ash blending by alkali activation. The peak stress as high as 25.0 N/mm² may be obtained at 50% slags content when 12 molar sodium hydroxide solutions were used. Peak stress, ultimate strain and slope of stress–strain curve of stabilized clay are controlled by Na/Al and Si/Al ratios. Stress–strain response and peak stress of slag and fly ash blended specimen are not governed by Na/Al and Si/Al ratios; rather the behavior is dependent predominantly on slag content.     

Effects of Sintering Temperature on Crystallization Behavior and Performance of Glass-Ceramics From Coal Fly Ash

The glass-ceramics was prepared from coal fly ash, limestone and Na2CO3 by sintering processes. Effects of the crystallization temperature (850–1100 ℃) on crystallization behavior, microstructure, sintering character and chemical stability of the glass-ceramics samples were analyzed by means of DTA, XRD, SEM and other analytical methods. The results show that the main crystalline phase of as-prepared glass-ceramics after crystallization treatment is gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7). The species of crystalline phases keep the same, however, the main crystalline intensity, line shrinkage rate and bulk density increase first then decrease with the increasing of heat treatment temperature. Water absorption of the samples was reduced as the heat treatment temperature rising. The glass-ceramics display high performance crystallization properties and chemical stability. The optimized glass-ceramics with desired sintering character and chemical stability was obtained by crystallized at 1050 ℃.     

施粉煤灰农田和作物的有害元素含量及影响评价

我国能源结构中燃煤火电占绝对优势,粉煤灰的处置和综合利用是关系到可持续发展的重大问题。南京市利用原状粉煤灰改良农田,获得了明显的增产效果。但粉煤灰所含的有害元素在施用过程中的富集、富集部位及由此是对人体和动物健康的影响等,目前还不十分清楚。１样品与分...     

Aspects of Mechanical Behavior and Modeling of a Tropical Unsaturated Soil

The research studies the applicability of two elastoplastic models for the collapse prediction of the lateritic soil profile from Southeastern Brazil. These tropical soils have peculiar geotechnical behavior, due to their mineralogical composition and porous structure coming from intense process of formation. Two elastoplastic models were analyzed: the Barcelona Basic Model (BBM) and another one based on BBM, however developed for tropical soils. Oedometric tests with suction control were performed at three distinct depths of the soil profile. The BBM was not suitable for the upper layer of the soil profile, because BBM considers the compressible behavior of the soil in function of the reduction of the elastoplastic compressibility index with the increase of the matric suction. The model developed for tropical soils showed better suited to the compressible behavior of the soil profile, resulting in good prediction of the collapse potential, mainly by accepting increasing values of the elastoplastic compressibility index of the soil profile with the matric suction rise.     

粉煤灰矿物学资源属性和环境属性

粉煤灰一直被认为是固体废物,其资源属性和环境属性未能得到认可。本文从矿物资源角度,将粉煤灰"传统"的固体废物概念转变到"非传统"的矿物资源上来,提出了粉煤灰的矿物学资源属性和环境属性,探讨了它作为矿物资源在建材、化工和农业等领域的应用,阐明其环境属性。粉煤灰的环境效应体现在对陆地生态系统和水生生态系统影响与危害。然而,粉煤灰在治理环境污染和保护生态方面也有着积极的作用,如处理废水、烟气脱硫和合成环境功能材料等。     

Effect of Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Index and Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays

Many innovative ameliorating techniques including chemical stabilization have been in practice for improving the behaviour of problematic, highly expansive clays. This paper presents a comparative study on the effect of fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) on index and engineering properties of an expansive clay. Liquid limit (LL), plastic limit, plasticity index (PI) and free swell index (FSI), and coefficient of permeability (k), unconfined compressive strength and swelling pressure were determined at varying quantities of FA and RHA. Coefficient of permeability, swelling pressure and unconfined compressive strength of the FA-clay and the RHA-clay blends were determined at their respective OMC and MDD obtained from Proctor compaction tests. LL, PI and FSI decreased significantly with increasing FA and RHA contents. Coefficient of permeability, however, increased with additive content. Further, swelling pressure of the blends decreased with increasing additive content.     

赤泥—粉煤灰微晶玻璃的制备研究

利用中州铝厂固体废弃物赤泥、粉煤灰、碱渣等为主要原料,讨论利用烧结法制备建筑装饰材料微晶玻璃的可能性。借助XRD、DTA、SEM等实验研究手段,对废渣微晶玻璃组成、主晶相确定、原料选定等问题进行研究。结果表明:玻璃组成为:w(SiO2)35%~40%、w(Al2O3)10%~18%、w(CaO)13%~23%、w(MgO)3%~4%、w(K2O Na2O)4%~9%,可合成价格低廉、性能优异的微晶玻璃。     

Geotechnical Properties of Low Calcium and High Calcium Fly Ash

In this paper, a comparative study has been made for physical and engineering properties of low calcium and high calcium Indian fly ash. The grain size distribution of fly ash is independent of lime content. Fly ash particles of size >75 μm are mostly irregular in shape whereas finer fractions are spherical for low calcium fly ash. For high calcium fly ash, chemical and mineralogical differences have been observed for different size fractions. Compared to low calcium fly ash, optimum moisture content is low and maximum dry density is high for high calcium fly ash. Optimum moisture content is directly proportional and maximum dry density is inversely proportional to the carbon content. The mode and duration of curing have significant effect on strength and stress–strain behavior of compacted fly ash. The gain in strength with time for high calcium fly ash is very high compared to that of low calcium fly ash due to presence of reactive minerals and glassy phase.     

Reduction of Expansive Index,Swelling and Compression Behavior of Kaolinite and Bentonite Clay with Sand and Class C Fly Ash

Swelling behavior of expansive soil has always created problems in the field of geotechnical engineering. Generally, the method used to assess the swelling potential of expansive soil from its plasticity index, shrinkage limit and colloidal content. Alternative way to evaluate swelling behavior is from its expansive index (EI) and swelling pressure value. The present study investigates the reduction of EI and swelling pressure for kaolinite and bentonite clay when mixed with various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash used were 0–50 % by weight. The results show that there is a significant reduction in the swelling properties of expansive soil with the addition of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The reduction in EI ranged approximately from 10 to 50 and 4 to 49 % for kaolinite and bentonite clay, respectively. Also the maximum swelling pressure of kaolinite and bentonite clay decreased approximately 93 and 64 %, respectively with the addition of various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. Standard index properties test viz., liquid limit, plastic limit and linear shrinkage test were conducted to see the characteristics of expansive soil when mixed with less expansive sand and fly ash. Also, for these expansive soils one dimensional consolidation test have been conducted with sand and fly ash mixtures and the results were compared with pure kaolinite and bentonite clay.     

Improvement of Clayey Soil with Lime and Industrial Sludge

Industrial waste generation has reached up to millions of tons yearly. One way to solve the problems of the large accumulating amount of waste could be to incorporate it into the soil; thus, finding a way for the use of industrial waste could be a quest for soil improvement studies. Industrial sludge in certain pozzolanic form reacts with soil and possesses cementitious properties. This paper illustrates the utilization of lime, steel and copper sludge in improvement of high plasticity clayey soil. The influence of stabilizer type, different curing times and various ratios of lime to sludge are evaluated by Atterberg limits, standard proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength and unconsolidated undrained strength in triaxial test. The  test results show that adding lime and sludge results in an increase in maximum strength. Moreover, the strength of soil increases with the increase of curing time. Utilizing stabilizers also influences plasticity index and compaction parameters. Finally, the results demonstrate that steel sludge has better performance than that of copper sludge in term of strength development.     

Use of Sewage Sludge Ash and Hydrated Lime to Improve the Engineering Properties of Clayey Soils

Using various additives has been considered as one of the most common stabilization methods for improvement of engineering properties of fine-grained soils. In this research the effect of sewage sludge ash (SSA) and hydrated lime (HL) on compressive strength of clayey soil was investigated. For this purpose, 16 kinds of mixtures or treatments were made by adding different amounts of SSA; 0, 5, 10 and 15% by weight and HL; 0, 1, 3 and 5% by weight of a clayey soil. First, compaction characteristics of the treatments were determined using Harvard compaction test apparatus. So that, 12 unconfined compressive strength test specimens were made using Harvard compaction mold from each treatments taking into account four different curing ages, including 7, 14, 28 and 90 days in three replications. Therefore, a total of 192 specimens were prepared and subjected to unconfined compressive strength tests. The results of this study showed that the maximum dry density of the treated soil samples decreases and their optimum water content increases by increasing the amount of SSA and hydrated lime in the mixtures. It is also found that the adding of HL and SSA individually would increase the compressive strength up to 3.8 and 1.5 times respectively. The application of HL and SSA with together could increases the compressive strength of a clayey soil more efficiently even up to 5 times.     

粉煤灰的火法改性及其在废水处理中的应用

应用正交实验设计理论,在粉煤灰中添加助熔剂(Na2CO3),在800~900℃的高温下熔融,然后与NaOH溶液混合进行火法改性。多种实验方式对比得知,火法改性粉煤灰是废水中重金属最好的吸附剂。火法改性后粉煤灰处理废水的最优改性产品配比为:原状粉煤灰与Na2CO3的比例为1∶2;所用NaOH的浓度为1 mol/L;烘干温度为100℃。改性前后的扫描电镜照片及X射线衍射图的对比分析结果表明,粉煤灰的吸附性孔道随温度升高而增多,温度达300℃时为最佳,其比表面积增大,同时产生新的矿物相(A型和Na-P型沸石),吸附能力提高。而温度高于300℃时,吸附孔道被烧得塌陷或堵死,因而降低了吸附率。     

碱活化条件对粉煤灰合成不同类型沸石的影响

用高硅铝比粉煤灰水热合成Y型、P型和HS型沸石。讨论了碱活化粉煤灰的条件,包括焙烧方法、碱灰比和碱度对合成产物的影响。XRD分析表明:碱活化条件将直接影响沸石的晶型、晶粒尺寸和相对含量。采用620℃低温、两次短时间焙烧工艺明显地改善了活化效果。研究同时发现,低碱灰比和碱度条件下生成P型沸石;高碱灰比和碱度条件下生成HS沸石;Y型沸石的生成条件介于二者之间。合成产物纯度高,结晶好,具有高的阳离子交换容量。     

有机物污染的土壤治理方法及研究进展

污染土壤的修复已成为环境保护研究的一个重点。本基干有机物污染土壤治理的最新进展,介绍有机物污染土壤的物理、化学、生物、植物治理方法。并讨论了各种治理方法的最新动态与存在问题。     

放射性污染土的特性与去污技术

放射性污染场地对公众安全和环境的潜在危害很大,其清理往往涉及巨大数量的污染岩土,技术困难和经济代价都很大。去污就是减少污土体积的重要办法之一。讨论了钚受化学爆作用分散于土中的深度分布、粒度分布和放射性分布以及钚与土共存的形态特征。介绍了放射性分选、湿法筛分快速分选、选矿分选等最主要的钚分离方法,提出了某场区内污染严重场地去污的基本策略：“减容为主、回收为辅,简便高效、安全经济”。还建议了土壤去污的