大珠母贝术后处理研究

用蚌复康（Ａ组）、鱼蚌康复剂（Ｂ组）和盐酸普鲁卡因（Ｃ组）对人工插核后的大珠母贝进行术后处理，并经室内人工管养度过休养期；结果显示：术后成活率Ｃ组为７０．０％，Ａ组为６０．０％，对照组为３６．４％，留核率Ａ组为６６．７％，Ｃ组为５７．１％，对照组为５０．０％，表明蚌复康与盐酸普鲁卡因可以明显提高植核母贝的术后成活率和留核率；另外，休养期在室内度过也有助于提高留核率。     

引进印尼种大珠母贝繁育F1母贝植核育珠研究

以印度尼西亚引进大珠母贝亲本繁育的子代F1群体进行植核育珠,育珠贝数量8086只,在海区休养20d后,统计育珠母贝的成活率与留核率,比较3月与4月植核手术育珠贝的育珠性状差异。结果表明：休养期结束后,育珠贝的成活率与留核率分别为97.57％和90.69％;育珠期3个月时（6月17日）育珠贝的成活率为81.22％;4月植核育珠母贝的留核率与成活率明显高于在3月的植核育珠母贝,但两者之间差异不具统计学意义（P〉0.05）。     

几种强制固核技术在大珠母贝育珠中的应用效果

为了解决大珠母贝植核育珠过程中存在的严重吐核问题,进行了采用固核器、磁性吸引力、手术缝合伤口和医用胶粘合伤口等4种强制性固核技术的大珠母贝植核试验。结果表明:采用固核器和磁性吸引力固定珠核的植核效果最好,休养期成活率与对照组没有显著差异,留核率达到100%;手术缝合伤口固核方法也有较好的固核效果,休养期留核率达到67%,但植核贝休养期成活率较对照组低,为76.7%;医用胶粘合伤口方法无固核效果,育珠贝休养期成活率和留核率与对照组均无显著差异。     

术后处理对马氏珠母贝育珠贝产珠性能的影响

【目的】为提高马氏珠母贝的育珠效益,比较海水盐度、抗生素和休养方式对马氏珠母贝育珠贝成活率、留核率和优良珠率的影响。【方法】实验1,设置休养海水盐度为22.5、25.1和27.8,以天然海水盐度31.7为对照组;实验2,休养期间,分别使用青霉素和链霉素、盐酸环丙沙星、头孢克肟和硫酸庆大霉素,手术第1天用量为10 mg·L~(-1),植核手术后1 d起使用量为5 mg·L~(-1),连续使用5 d;实验3,分别在室内水池、池塘和天然海区进行马氏珠母贝的术后休养,研究不同术后处理方式对育珠贝产珠性能的影响。【结果与结论】低盐度海水休养对马氏珠母贝育珠贝的优良珠率影响有统计学意义(P 0.05),但对育珠贝成活率和留核率影响无统计学意义(P0.05);休养期间使用抗生素对马氏珠母贝育珠贝的成活率、留核率和优良珠率影响无统计学意义(P0.05);休养方式对育珠贝的成活率和留核率影响有统计学意义(P 0.05),水池休养的育珠贝成活率和留核率最高,海区休养的育珠贝最低。     

珠核规格、植核位置和贝龄对大珠母贝植核育珠的影响

比较了珠核规格、植核位置和贝龄对大珠母贝(Pinctada maxima Jameson)游离珍珠培育的影响。结果表明:珠核规格、植核位置和贝龄对育珠贝成活率、成珠率和优质珠率存在显著影响(P0.05),珠核直径5.0 mm组休养成活率和育珠成活率最高(90.0%和80.0%),8.0 mm组最低(60.3%和68.0%),珠核直径6.0 mm组成珠率和优质珠率最高(84.0%和38.0%),8.0 mm组最低(43.3%和12.0%);植核位置在性腺左侧("左袋")的育珠贝休养成活率、成珠率和优质珠率最高(88.0%、83.4%和38.0%),性腺左、右侧同时植核的育珠贝休养成活率最低(58.0%),右侧植核的成珠率和优质珠率最低(20.0%和12.7%);2.5龄组休养期和育珠期的成活率、成珠率和优质珠率最高(92.0%、78.0%、82.0%和37.7%),4.0龄组最低(78.0%、63.0%、66.0%和24.0%);大珠母贝最适宜育珠条件:"左袋"植核,首次植核规格为直径6.0 mm,贝龄2.5 a。     

马氏珠母贝育珠效果影响因素分析

设立3个实验,分别比较了植核时间、植核贝龄、育珠模式对马氏珠母贝育珠效果影响。实验I,设立A1、A2和A3组,植核时间分别设置4月份、7月份和10月份;实验II,设立B1、B2、B3和B4组,植核贝龄分别设置1.0龄、1.5龄、2.0龄和2.5龄;实验III,设立C1、C2和C3组,育珠模式分别设置海区休养与育珠、池塘休养与育珠和池塘休养与海区育珠。按常规技术植核,经1个月的休养期和15个月的育珠结束后,比较各组间休养与育珠的成活率、留核率、成珠率、优良珠率及育珠绩效值的差异。结果表明:植核时间、植核贝龄、育珠模式对植核贝的成活率和育珠绩效值均存在显著的影响(p值<0.05);对育珠贝的留核率、收珠率和优良珠率无显著性影响(p值>0.05);实验I,A1组(4月份植核)育珠绩效值最高,A2组(7月份植核)育珠绩效值最低;实验II,B2(1.5龄)育珠绩效值最高,B4组(2.5龄)育珠绩效值最低;实验III,C3组(池塘休养与海区育珠)的育珠绩效值最高,C2组(池塘休养与育珠)育珠绩效值最低。马氏珠母贝适宜的植核时间为4月份,适宜的植核贝龄为1.5龄,利用池塘休养结合海区育珠能够有效提高育珠效果。     

大珠母贝人工苗工厂化标粗试验

大珠母贝人工苗工厂化分组标粗；室内养殖５４ｄ，贝苗平均壳高从入池时６．６１ｍｍ增长至１３．０８ｍｍ，最大为１４．２５ｍｍ，平均成活率３１．９％，最高达４９．８％。试验结果初步表明：１．大珠母贝岸上室内工厂化养殖不但可行，而且也将是解决当前海上养成困境的一条出路；２．发现自然海区中也存在饥饿死亡现象及死亡潜伏期，反映出海上养殖高死亡率的复杂性；３．人工配合饲料的应用显著提高了贝苗的增长率和成活率，显示出广阔的商业价值。     

企鹅珍珠贝人工养殖及育珠的研究

在幼贝中间养成中采用柱形笼养殖法,母贝的养成中采用穿耳开放式养殖法,与全程采用锥形笼的传统式养殖方法相比较,进行企鹅珍珠贝人工养殖。结果表明:采用本技术养殖企鹅珍珠贝,在幼贝中间养成阶段,比传统养殖的壳高生长速率提高32·1%(P<0·05),壳长生长速率提高30·3%(P<0·01),成活率提高36%(P<0·01);母贝养成阶段,比传统养殖的壳高生长速率提高28·1%(P<0·05),壳长生长速率提高26·7%(P<0·01),成活率提高18·3%(P<0·01)。同时进行企鹅珍珠贝人工培育游离珠实验,植核贝在休养期和育珠期存活率分别为71·2%和54·3%,留核率分别为29·6·6%和21·0%,成珠率58·6%,优质珠比例为26·7%。     

马氏珠母贝育珠术前处理和术后休养期软体部生化组成的变化

以2龄马氏珠母贝为材料，建立S1（对照组）、S2（术前处理后不插核）、S3（术前处理后插核）和s4（不做术前处理直接插核）四个试验组，每组500个个体。比较研究了术前处理和休养期间各组软体部干重和糖、脂肪、蛋白质含量的差异。试验结果如下：（1）术前处理后，S2和S3组软体部干重显著小于S1组（P〈0．05）；S2组短期休养后恢复到S1组水平：S3组在休养期结束后仍然显著小于S1组（P〈0．05）。（2）插核后，S4组软体部干重显著小于S1组（p〈0．05）；休养20天后恢复到S1组水平；（3）术前处理后，S2和S3组的软体部糖、脂肪含量明显下降。（4）插核后，S4组的软体部糖、脂肪含量明显下降。（5）试验期间，各组蛋白质含量总体呈上升趋势。结果表明术前处理能够有效降低育珠贝的生理活性：术前处理的马氏珠母贝表现出补偿生长效应，并在营养限制或创伤后的恢复过程中，首先利用体内储存的糖原和脂肪。     

马氏珠母贝育珠细胞小片和珠核处理技术研究Ⅳ:不同处理液在广西营盘育珠效果

通过广西营盘海区插核育珠试验,比较6组不同的细胞小片处理液及珠核处理液的育珠效果。结果表明:1)处理组手术贝休养期的平均死亡率仅3.9%,显著低于对照组(10.9%)(P<0.01),表明处理液具有促进伤口愈合、抗感染、提高成活率的作用;2)处理组休养期吐核率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),说明处理液对增加组织亲和力的效果不明显;3)除Y2处理组外,其余处理组育珠4个月的成活率平均为77.0%,比对照组高出7.0%～14.5%,且W组的单位收珠数量及珍珠品质等均优于对照组,表明W组处理液在促进珍珠质分泌、提高成活率、成珠率方面的作用优于对照组。比较分析处理组在海南陵水、广东徐闻及广西营盘3海区的育珠效果,优化筛选出2个优良匹配方案即小片处理液W0、Y3与核处理液C3匹配。W0、Y3两试验组在广西营盘海区进行中试,结果发现,休养期死亡率(8.0%、7.3%)显著低于对照组(11.7%)(P<0.05),育珠4个月的死亡率(19.7%、18.3%)显著低于对照组(31.7%)(P<0.05);育珠8个月的W0组的成活率为73.6%,成珠率为54%、优珠率为61.1%,分别比对照组提高约12%,表明筛选出的W0、Y3两优良匹配组同样适用于营盘海区的插核育珠处理,可提高育珠效果。     

马氏珠母贝育珠细胞小片和珠核处理技术研究Ⅱ:不同处理液在广东徐闻的育珠效果

通过海区插核育珠试验,对不同处理液匹配组进行进一步优化、筛选,找出适于广东育珠海区的育贝小片处理液及与之匹配的珠核处理液。结果表明:1)匹配适宜的处理液有降低吐核率的作用,8个试验小组中W0、Y3组的吐核率仅31%~32%,明显低于对照组的46.2%(P<0.01),说明匹配液有明显增加组织亲和力、降低吐核率的效果;2)育珠贝的死亡主要发生在育珠前期,与贝的吐核行为有关;3)小片处理液中,C类药物成分对吐核率的高低有影响,0.6%C2不适宜添加到处理液中,而1%C3添加到处理液中有降低吐核率的效果;4)筛选出W0、W1、Y3三组适宜的匹配方案,即W0、W1、Y3三种小片处理液与核处理液C3匹配适宜,其中W0匹配组育珠效果最佳,即成活率为57.8%,百贝收珠数为101.2粒、优珠率为67.5%,比传统处理组(对照组)有明显提高;5)对W0、W1、Y3三组的不同育珠时限(8、10、13个月)的育珠情况进行了比较,当育珠期延长至1年时,Y3组育珠效果良好;6)利用评价指数(即优质珍珠数占手术贝总数的比例)可评判育珠效果,与分析、综合评估结论一致,前者可量化评判数值,使评判更加直观,简易。     

湛江海区海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)根、茎生长特性的初步研究

将采集自湛江海区的海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)人工培植于天然海水、室外对虾集约化养殖池水、室内对虾工厂化养殖池水中(培植过程中除培植水源不同之外其余培植条件均保持一致),研究不同培植水源对其根、茎生长的影响。结果表明:不同培植水源对海马齿根、茎的生长具有显著性的影响(P<0.05),其中海马齿根的生长速率为:室外对虾集约化养殖池水>室内对虾工厂化养殖池水>天然海水,茎的则为天然海水>室外对虾集约化养殖池水>室内对虾工厂化养殖池水;在相同的生长时间内海马齿根的生长明显优于茎的生长;以三次函数的形式表达海马齿根、茎的前期生长情况较为符合。     

Breeding and mass scale rearing of clownfish Amphiprion percula: feeding and rearing in brackishwater

Breeding and mass scale larval rearing of clownfish Amphiprion percula is very limited in brackishwater. We designed an indoor program of A. percula culture in brackishwater with a salinity of 24±1, during which the impacts of feed type, water temperature, and light intensity, on the efficiency of its reproduction, were revealed. The fish were accommodated along with sea anemones in fibre glass tanks to determine the influence of brooder diet on breeding efficiency. Higher reproductive efficiency [number of eggs laid (276 22.3 eggs)] was observed when fish were fed live Acetes sp. rather than clam (204 16.4 eggs), trash fish (155 12 eggs) and formulated feed (110 10 eggs). The spawning rate was increased during September and October (water temperature, 28.74 0.55°C) on average of 2.4 spawning per month; and low spawning rate was in January (water temperature, 24.55 0.45°C) on average of 1 spawning per month. Among three light intensities (100, 500, and 900 lx) set to evaluate larval survival rate, larvae showed the highest survival rate (65.5%) at 900 lx. The breeding method specifically in brackishwater developed in the present study is a new approach, will help the people from the regions of estuary and backwater to enhance their livelihood and it will lead to reduce the exploitation from the wild habitat.     

嗜酸小球菌对日本鳗鲡生长和免疫的影响

在饲料中分别添加3.0×108kg-1(A组)、1.5×108kg-1(B组)、1.0×108kg-1(C组)的嗜酸小球菌,制成3种实验饲料,以不添加嗜酸小球菌(D组)作为对照,饲养日本鳗鲡60d,以研究嗜酸小球菌对日本鳗鲡生长和免疫的影响。测定了增重率、饵料系数、成活率、血清中一氧化氮含量以及人工感染后的死亡率,并通过电镜观察了小肠壁细胞的微绒毛结构。结果表明A、B、C组和对照组的相对增重率分别为42.31%、75.42%、89.65%和40.32%,饲料系数分别为1.93、1.12、0.98和1.58,C组的相对增重率显著高于其他组,饵料系数则显著低于其他组,成活率也显著提高。电镜观察发现C组和B组的鳗鲡小肠细胞微绒毛排列整齐、细而长,吸收面积增大,从而提高了对饲料利用率,D组鳗鲡小肠细胞的微绒毛稀疏、短,排列不均匀。血清中NO的含量A、B、C组分别比对照组提高了23%、42%和73%。C组人工感染后的死亡率显著低于其他组。实验结果表明,在鳗鲡饲料中添加嗜酸小球菌可以显著促进鳗鲡的生长,降低饵料系数,增强其免疫力。     

墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝盐度适应性的研究

在室内控制条件下,观察不同海水盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricusSay)稚贝存活及生长的影响,并将168 h 50%死亡的盐度作为适宜生存临界盐度,将增长率为最佳增长率30%时所对应的盐度作为适宜生长临界盐度。结果表明:在稚贝壳高4.38 mm±0.31 mm,水温25.4~27.8℃,pH值7.8~8.2下,墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝适宜生存盐度为23.6~35.7,最适生存盐度为26.0~31.3;适宜生长盐度为23.9~35.8,最适生长盐度为28.7~31.3。在盐度变化超出最适范围时,`墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对低盐更为敏感,高盐比低盐对稚贝存活、生长、增重的影响小。当盐度为28.7时,墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝具有最高的相对存活率(100%)、壳高日增长率(0.116 2 mm.d-1)及体重日增长率(1.95 mg.d-1)。当盐度在最适范围之外升高或降低,稚贝的存活率、壳高及体重日增长率也随着降低。     

Application of Wet Waste from Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with or Without Sea Mud to Feeding Sea Cucumber (Stichopus monotuberculatus)

In the present study, the applicability of the wet waste collected from shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) to the culture of sea cucumber(Stichopus monotuberculatus) was determined. The effects of dietary wet shrimp waste on the survival, specific growth rate(SGR), fecal production rate(FPR), ammonia- and nitrite-nitrogen productions of sea cucumber were studied. The total organic matter(TOM) level in the feces of sea cucumber was compared with that in corresponding feeds. Diet C(50% wet shrimp waste and 50% sea mud mash) made sea cucumber grow faster than other diets. Sea cucumber fed with either diet D(25% wet shrimp waste and 75% sea mud mash) or sole sea mud exhibited negative growth. The average lowest total FPR of sea cucumber occurred in diet A(wet shrimp waste), and there was no significant difference in total FPR between diet C and diet E(sea mud mash)(P > 0.05). The average ammonia-nitrogen production of sea cucumber in different diet treatments decreased gradually with the decrease of crude protein content in different diets. The average highest nitrite-nitrogen production occurred in diet E treatment, and there was no significant difference in nitrite-nitrogen production among diet A, diet B(75% wet shrimp waste and 25% sea mud mash) and diet C treatments(P > 0.05). In each diet treatment, the total organic matter(TOM) level in feces decreased to different extent compared with that in corresponding feeds.     

盐度渐变和骤变对褐点石斑鱼存活和摄饵的影响

以人工育苗所得的褐点石斑鱼苗为材料,水温28～31.5℃下,盐度范围0～70以组间距5共设置15个梯度,分别进行盐度渐变和骤变对鱼苗存活和摄饵影响的研究。结果表明:渐变实验中,以5/d升高或者降低盐度时,盐度10～55之间,鱼苗存活率100%;而在盐度降低至5时,平均存活时间为15.16 h,24 h存活率19.1%;盐度降至0,平均存活时间7.92 h,24 h存活率为0,盐度0时其平均存活时间与盐度5时的平均存活时间有极显著差异(P<0.01);盐度60,鱼苗基本不摄食,24 h平均存活时间38.51h,24 h存活率为89.8%,24～48 h存活率为89.8%;盐度65,鱼苗不摄食,平均存活时间10.95 h,24 h存活率0%;盐度65平均存活时间与盐度60之间有极显著差异(P<0.01);鱼苗在盐度25～45间摄食活动活跃。骤变实验中,盐度5～50,鱼苗存活时间>48 h;盐度0,24 h存活率5%,48 h存活率为0;盐度55,24 h存活率100%,24～48 h间存活率83.3%;盐度60,24 h存活率44.1%,48 h存活率降至11.1%;鱼苗在盐度65、70中24 h存活率0%;盐度0、65、70的处理组48 h平均存活时间的显著短于其它各组,盐度0～5、55～70为褐点石斑鱼苗骤变的极限生存盐度。     

淡水有核珍珠大面积养殖技术研究

在33.3hm2的育珠水体中,选择2龄三角帆蚌作手术贝,采用外套膜错位排列的方法,每只母蚌植入直径6～7mm珠核10粒进行育珠试验。结果表明,经2～3a的育珠,育珠蚌成活率75%,留核率45%～75%,优质珠率40%,经济效益是普通无核珍珠的3倍以上,并且收珠后的育珠蚌可以再次植核育珠。1991-2001年,试验结果以广东绍河珍珠有限公司建立的养殖基地在福建、江西、安徽、浙江和江苏等地进行示范和推广,推广面积2000hm2,取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

Effects of rearing temperature and density on growth, survival and development of sea cucumber larvae, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

In laboratory conditions, effects of rearing temperature and stocking density were examined on hatching of fertilized egg and growth of auricularia larvae of Apostichopus japonicus respectively. Data series like larval length and density, metamorphic time, and survival rate of the larvae were recorded. Statistics showed that for A. japonicus, survival rate (from fertilized egg to late auricularia) decreased significantly with the increasing rearing temperature (P<0.05). At different temperatures SGR was statistically significant as well (P<0.05) from day 1, and maximal SGR was found on day 9 at 24°C (159.26±3.28). This study clearly indicated that at low temperature (<24°C), metamorphic rate was remarkably higher than at higher temperature (>26°C). Hatching rate was significantly different between 0.2–5 ind./ml groups and 20–50 ind./ml groups. Rearing larvae at the higher density had the smaller maximal-length, whereas needed longer time to complete metamorphosis. This study suggested that 21°C and 0.4 ind./ml can be used as the most suitable rearing temperature and stocking density for large -scale artificial breeding of A. japonicus’s larvae.     

Effect of substrate component on the growth and survival of juvenile sunray surf clam (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mactra chinensis</Emphasis> Philippi)

Substrate is a critical environmental factor affecting the activity of bivalves. To examine the effect of the substrate component on the growth and survival of juvenile sunray surf clam(Mactra chinensis Philippi), a series of short-term experiments were conducted using a variety of substrates with different ratios of sand to mud. The experimental group cultured without substrate showed poor survival, with all juveniles died after day 20. The juveniles cultured in mud without sand showed a lower survival rate(25.54% ± 0.40% on day 45) than those in other groups. The juveniles cultured in sand without mud, or the mixtures of sand and mud with a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, exhibited modest survival at day 45. Maximal weight gain rate(WGR), shell length growth rate(LGR), and specific growth rate(SGR) were observed when the sand concentration was 61.97%, 77.69%, and 64.64%, respectively. As the fast growth and high survival were observed when the sand to mud ratio was 1:1(50% sand) and 2:1(67% sand), a sand concentration of more than 50% is optimal. The optimal concentration of sand in the substrate for rearing juvenile sunray surf clams was 67% which resulted in the fastest growth and highest survival. These results can be used to developing a nursery/farming technique of improving the yield of sunray surf clams.