渤东低凸起L3构造东营组含煤地层低渗储层特征及成因

渤东低凸起东营组储集层以低渗为特征,低渗成为制约该区东营组勘探的重要因素.通过多种分析测试方法,研究了渤东低凸起L3构造东营组低渗储集层特征,探讨了低渗储集层成因.L3构造东营组储集层砂岩溶蚀作用发育,斜长石含量低,碳酸盐胶结物含量低,高岭石含量高,石英加大明显.储集层主要以中孔低—特低渗为主,孔径小,连通差,吼道窄,排驱压力大.微量元素分析表明,研究区东营组沉积时为淡水环境;测井和岩心观察证实,地层中含多层碳质泥岩和煤层.早期腐殖酸的溶蚀作用,造成低温下不稳定的斜长石大量溶蚀,这些溶蚀孔隙在后期深埋过程中受压实和成岩作用影响被复杂化、细小化是储集层低渗的主要原因.早期碳酸盐胶结物少,岩石抗压实能力差也是储层低渗的重要原因.     

石臼坨凸起西段东三段储层差异成岩演化及孔隙定量表征

为了定量评价成岩作用对石臼坨凸起西段X-1井区东三段不同粒级储层孔隙发育的影响,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规物性、X射线衍射等资料,分析了不同粒级储层孔隙演化的差异及原因。结果表明,中-粗砂岩以较高含量的自生高岭石和次生溶蚀孔发育为特征,砂砾岩胶结物含量中等,但次生溶蚀孔较发育,细砂岩胶结物和次生溶蚀孔欠发育。中-粗砂岩经历的成岩作用类型较完整,砂砾岩整体具有较弱压实、弱溶蚀、弱胶结的成岩特征,而细砂岩以压实作用为主,中成岩A期溶蚀、胶结作用基本不发育。东三段同生期-早成岩B期以机械压实为主,对细砂岩孔隙演化影响最大;中成岩A期早期以溶蚀作用为主,对中-粗砂岩溶蚀增孔效应最明显;中成岩A期晚期以含铁碳酸盐胶结为特色,对中-粗砂岩孔隙演化的影响较大,但其总体孔隙度仍然最高。东三段不同粒级储层中的中-粗砂岩平均孔隙度为15.1%,砂砾岩为13.4%,细砂岩为8.9%。由于中-粗砂岩受压实影响较弱,溶蚀作用最强,故孔隙最为发育;砂砾岩虽然受压实作用较弱,但由于孔隙结构复杂,非均质性强,限制了成岩流体的活动性,影响了储层的溶蚀作用强度;细砂岩泥质含量较高,受压实作用影响最大,孔隙发育相对最差。该研究对于中国湖盆近源快速堆积背景下中深层有效储层的预测与评价具有参考价值。     

渤海海域A油田沙二段低渗储层特征及控制因素

渐新统沙河街组二段为渤海海域A油田的主力低渗产油层,弄清储层的物性特征及其控制因素对该区有利区带的优选及后期调整方案的制定具有重要指导意义。利用6口取心井的岩矿分析、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、粒度、常规物性等分析化验资料,在厘清沙二段储层特征的基础上,从沉积、成岩、构造3个方面对沙二段低渗储层物性的控制因素进行了系统研究。研究区沙二段储层以岩屑长石砂岩为主,具有中等成分成熟度、中等胶结物含量的特征,储集空间以混合孔隙为主,储层为中孔-低渗储集性能。原始沉积条件中储层粒径、分选、泥质含量等控制了沙二段储层物性的好坏;成岩作用中压实和碳酸盐胶结是沙二段储层低渗的主要原因,有机酸溶蚀对储层物性有一定的改善作用;构造活动对沙二段储层物性的改善作用较弱。该研究成果为该区沙二段相对高渗区块的优选及调整井的部署提供了依据。     

盐家地区沙四上亚段储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

盐家地区位于东营凹陷北部陡坡带,沙四上亚段形成了近岸水下扇沉积体系.本次研究利用扫描电镜、铸体薄片等方法.结合X-射线衍射分析化验资料,着重对成岩作用以及孔隙演化等方面做了研究.该区储层岩石类型主要为岩屑长石砂岩,成分成熟度和结构成熟度低;对储层有显著影响的成岩作用主要有机械压实作用,胶结作用,以及长石、岩屑等不稳定碎屑的溶蚀作用;通过有机质热演化、黏土矿物的含量变化及相互转化、石英加大程度以及溶蚀作用等的分析,可以推知盐家地区沙四上亚段储层处于中成岩阶段A期;2个次生孔隙发育带的形成分别与长石溶解与碳酸盐溶解有关.     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区延长组长7段致密油储层特征及其主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组石油资源丰富,储层致密,为了查明湖盆致密砂岩储层发育机理,综合利用岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜观察、高压压汞测试等方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区长7段致密油储层特征及其发育主控因素进行了分析。研究结果显示,研究区长7段长石含量高,主要发育长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩。致密砂岩储层孔隙类型以长石粒内溶蚀孔隙和粒间溶蚀孔隙为主,同时晶间微孔和微裂缝较为发育。研究区长7段时期主要为三角洲前缘与滨浅湖沉积环境,水动力较弱,发育砂岩中泥质含量较高。中等强度压实作用及早期的方解石胶结作用使原生孔隙消失殆尽,胶结作用进一步使孔隙减小。由于长石及黏土含量较高,其受溶蚀作用形成溶蚀孔隙,改善储层质量,同时也是研究区长7段致密砂岩储层发育的主要控制因素。     

惠民凹陷古近系深层砂岩储层特征及其影响因素

古近系深层砂岩储层是目前惠民凹陷主要的勘探目的层,研究其储层特征及控制因素对凹陷内勘探井位的部署有着重要的指导意义.经过研究,区内沙三段和沙四段砂岩储层物性较好,属于中孔-中渗透性储层,其余层位储层物性较差,多属于低孔-中低渗透性储层.储层性质主要受到沉积条件、压实作用、胶结作用及溶蚀作用的控制,其中压实作用对储层物性影响最大,然后依次是溶蚀作用、沉积条件和胶结作用.     

冀中坳陷深县凹陷东营组砂岩储层特征及影响因素

冀中坳陷深县凹陷东营组砂岩储层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩或岩屑长石砂岩为主,岩石成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低,反映了近物源和多物源的特征。通过对研究区的岩心化验分析资料、薄片和扫描电镜资料的分析,认为深县凹陷东营组储集空间类型主要包括原生孔隙和次生孔隙两类,其中以原生的粒间孔隙为主。研究区岩性孔渗资料的统计结果表明,储层的物性较好,基本为中高孔中渗型储层,根据深县凹陷储层评价标准,可以将深县凹陷储层分为4类,东营组储层主要是Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类储层。深县凹陷东营组主要为辫状河流相沉积,其沉积作用直接决定着储集砂体的类型、展布范围以及后期成岩改造作用。而储层储集性能主要受原始沉积作用及后期成岩作用共同控制,控制储层孔隙演化的成岩作用主要为机械压实作用和胶结作用。     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷南部花港组砂岩储层成岩流体演化特征：来自岩石、矿物及同位素地球化学的约束

渐新世花港组是东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷发育的最主要储层,基于普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和荧光显微观察,结合同位素地球化学对东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷花港组砂岩储层的成岩作用、成岩序列及成岩流体演化进行了研究。结果表明,花港组砂岩储层目前处于中成岩阶段B期,主要经历了机械压实、绿泥石粘土摸、酸性及碱性溶蚀作用,石英次生加大,碳酸盐胶结和自生高岭石胶结等成岩作用。研究区发育有三期碳酸盐胶结物,早期菱铁矿胶结物,中期铁方解石和晚期铁白云石。根据碳酸盐胶结物的碳氧同位素特征分析认为早期碳酸盐胶结物是由过饱和的碱性湖水沉淀造成的,而晚期碳酸盐胶结物的形成与有机酸密切相关。研究区存在两类溶蚀作用,酸性溶蚀作用和碱性溶蚀作用,早期的酸性溶蚀作用主要是有机酸对长石、岩屑及早期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀,晚期的碱性溶蚀作用主要是发生于碱性环境下流体对石英及硅质胶结物的溶蚀。研究区发育有两期油气充注,早期发生于晚中新世,早期发生于晚中新世,早于中期碳酸盐胶结,晚于长石溶蚀和石英胶结充注,充注量较大,第四纪以来研究区发生了第二次充注,第二次充注发生于铁白云石胶结之后,此时储层已非常致密。     

莱州湾凹陷南部地区浅层沙三下亚段混积岩岩石学特征及成岩作用

通过对莱州湾凹陷区域构造地质背景、岩石学特征、沉积环境等分析,认为莱州湾凹陷南部地区古近系沙三下亚段的地层埋藏浅,广泛发育湖相碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩的混合沉积,混合沉积特征主要为结构混合和互层混合。考虑到混积岩成分和成因的复杂性,本文在岩心、壁心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、荧光薄片鉴定和扫描电镜分析的基础上,对莱州湾凹陷南部地区混积岩样品进行了X-射线衍射分析和岩石有机质中碳氢氧元素分析,分析了碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑岩混积的岩石学特征。结果显示:莱州湾凹陷南部地区浅层沙三下亚段混积岩中陆源碎屑平均含量为60.5%,碳酸盐矿物含量为28.2%,属于碳酸盐质陆源碎屑岩,混积岩主要为泥灰岩、灰质砂岩和砂质白云岩。其中,碎屑矿物主要以细-粉砂级石英为主,碳酸盐矿物主要为泥晶方解石;粘土矿物组合主要为伊蒙混层,其次为伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石;且三者呈均匀混合的特征。同时通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜和储层流体包裹体观察,综合分析成岩作用表明,埋藏浅的沙三下亚段混积岩储层主要经历了压实、压溶作用、溶蚀作用、胶结交代作用,其中胶结交代作用较强,而研究区压实、压溶作用对比渤海湾盆地大部分埋藏较深的古近系地层都弱,储集空间以原生粒间孔为主,其次为粒内溶蚀孔和微缝。压实、压溶作用弱和溶蚀作用强是研究区沙三下亚段储层物性好的主要原因。     

涠西南凹陷X油田中块渐新统储层碳酸盐胶结物特征及孔隙演化模式

为了寻找南海北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷开发有利区,指导剩余油挖潜,以X油田中块渐新统涠洲组三段 (E3w3) 碎屑岩储层碳酸盐胶结作用为研究重点,并以凹陷中心和断裂附近为两大主体区域开展研究工作,通过粒度分析、薄片显微镜下鉴定、阴极发光、扫描电镜、岩芯常规物性分析及单井成岩作用数值模拟等技术手段,深入研究了碳酸盐胶结物类型、含量及分布特征,明确了涠洲组碎屑岩储层孔隙演化模式。结果表明,研究区涠洲组储层碳酸盐胶结物以方解石和白云石为主,主要形成于成岩作用早期阶段。受断裂分布和热流体活动影响,在平面和垂向上,碳酸盐胶结物分布特征具有明显规律性。断裂附近区域储层中碳酸盐胶结物更为发育,其损失孔隙占比约22.6%,占总胶结物损失孔隙度的67.0%;洼陷中心区储层中碳酸盐胶结较弱,其损失孔隙占比约7.9%,占总胶结物损失孔隙度的39.9%。因此,洼陷中心弱胶结作用区碎屑岩储层储集物性较好,可作为油气藏开发有利区的首选目标。     

Sequence stratigraphy,sedimentary facies and reservoir quality of Es4s,southern slope of Dongying Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Thin-bedded beach-bar sandstone reservoirs are common in the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es4s) of Niuzhuang Sag, along the southern gentle slope of the Dongying Depression. Here we report on the link between sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary facies and diagenetic effects on reservoir quality. Seismic data, wireline logs, core observations and analyses are used to interpret depositional settings and sequence stratigraphic framework. Petrographic study based on microscopic observation of optical, cathodoluminescence (CL), confocal laser scanning (LSCM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to describe the fabric, texture, allogenic and authigenic mineralogy of these highly heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs. The Es4s interval is interpreted as third-order sequence, composed of a lowstand systems tract (LST), a transgressive systems tract (TST) and a highstand systems tract (HST). On the fourth order, twenty-nine parasequences and seven parasequence sets have been identified. Sand bodies were deposited mainly in the shoreface shallow lake beach-bar (clastic beach-bar), semi-deep lake (carbonate beach-bar) and the fluvial channels. The depositional and diagenetic heterogeneities were mainly due to the following factors: (1) fine grain size, poor sorting, and continuous thin inter-bedded mud layers with siltstone/fine-sandstone having argillaceous layers in regular intervals, (2) immature sediment composition, and (3) even with the dissolution of grains and several fractures, destruction of porosity by cementation and compaction. Secondary pores from feldspar dissolution are better developed in sandstones with increased cementation. Grain coating smectite clays preserved the primary porosity at places while dominating pore filling authigenic illite and illite/smectite clays reduced permeability with little impact on porosity. Due to the high degree of heterogeneity in the Es4s beach-bar interval, it is recognized as middle to low permeable reservoir. The aforementioned study reflects significant insight into the understanding of the properties of the beach-bar sands and valuable for the comprehensive reservoir characterization and overall reservoir bed quality.     

西湖凹陷西斜坡平湖组储层特征及致密化过程分析

综合应用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、恒速压汞、流体包裹体和X衍射等分析技术,对储层岩石学、孔喉结构和成岩作用类型及特征进行深入研究,探讨储层致密化过程和物性演化。结果表明：平湖组储层砂岩类型主要为长石岩屑质石英砂岩,以细—中粒结构为主,分选性中到好;孔隙类型以溶蚀粒间孔为主,孔隙半径主要集中于130～190 μm,喉道半径主要集中于0.2～10 μm;埋藏压实是导致平湖组储层低渗-特低渗的主因,埋深、粒度及泥质决定了压实作用的强弱,而后期次生溶蚀及胶结作用的差异加剧了储层的非均值性。中成岩A期平湖组储层次生溶蚀规模受限于流体环境,细粒沉积不利于后期溶蚀是造成储层致密化的主因;进入中成岩B期,成岩环境呈碱性且逐渐封闭,大量含铁碳酸盐、呈丝状或弯曲片状伊利石等富集堵塞喉道,致使储层大规模致密。     

Quantitative impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality of the Triassic Chang 6 tight oil sandstones,Zhenjing area,Ordos Basin,China

The Upper Triassic Chang 6 sandstone, an important exploration target in the Ordos Basin, is a typical tight oil reservoir. Reservoir quality is a critical factor for tight oil exploration. Based on thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), stable isotopes, and fluid inclusions, the diagenetic processes and their impact on the reservoir quality of the Chang 6 sandstones in the Zhenjing area were quantitatively analysed. The initial porosity of the Chang 6 sandstones is 39.2%, as calculated from point counting and grain size analysis. Mechanical and chemical compaction are the dominant processes for the destruction of pore spaces, leading to a porosity reduction of 14.2%–20.2% during progressive burial. The porosity continually decreased from 4.3% to 12.4% due to carbonate cementation, quartz overgrowth and clay mineral precipitation. Diagenetic processes were influenced by grain size, sorting and mineral compositions. Evaluation of petrographic observations indicates that different extents of compaction and calcite cementation are responsible for the formation of high-porosity and low-porosity reservoirs. Secondary porosity formed due to the burial dissolution of feldspar, rock fragments and laumontite in the Chang 6 sandstones. However, in a relatively closed geochemical system, products of dissolution cannot be transported away over a long distance. As a result, they precipitated in nearby pores and pore throats. In addition, quantitative calculations showed that the dissolution and associated precipitation of products of dissolution were nearly balanced. Consequently, the total porosity of the Chang 6 sandstones increased slightly due to burial dissolution, but the permeability decreased significantly because of the occlusion of pore throats by the dissolution-associated precipitation of authigenic minerals. Therefore, the limited increase in net-porosity from dissolution, combined with intense compaction and cementation, account for the low permeability and strong heterogeneity in the Chang 6 sandstones in the Zhenjing area.     

渤海东部庙北地区沙一段储层特征及控制因素

钻井揭示庙北地区沙一段储层物性较差,该区是否发育优质储层直接影响着下一步的勘探决策。综合利用壁心、薄片、地震、钻井及分析化验等资料,分析储层特征和影响因素,探讨了优质储层分布,分析表明,庙北地区沙一段为低孔、低渗—特低渗储层,储集空间为粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔。碱性水体条件下的碳酸盐矿物强胶结、扇三角洲边缘相带和黏土矿物向伊利石的转化是导致储层物性差的主要因素,溶蚀作用是控制优质储层发育的决定因素。受沉积相带、溶蚀强度及异常高压等条件控制,同沉积断层下降盘的扇三角洲主河道区和水下隆起带上的碳酸盐岩浅滩为优质储层发育的有利区。研究成果对于该区油气勘探具有重要的参考意义。     

Quantitative evaluation of the reservoir potential and controlling factors of semi-deep lacustrine tempestites in the Eocene Lijin Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Ancient lacustrine storm-deposits that act as petroleum reservoirs are seldom reported. The Lijin Sag, which is located in the southeastern corner of the Bohai Bay Basin in East China, is a NE–SW trending Cenozoic half-graben basin. Some of its Eocene deposits (Bindong deposits) were interpreted as lacustrine tempestites. The Bindong tempestites, which developed in the lower part of the upper fourth member of the Shahejie Formation (Es4¹), constitute a new kind of petroleum reservoir and are novel petroleum exploration targets in the Bindong Area. However, the characteristics of the Es4¹ Bindong tempestite reservoirs and their controlling factors are poorly understood. Point-count analyses of thin sections, scanning electron microscope image analyses, X-ray diffractometry data, and the petrophysical parameters of the Bindong tempestite reservoirs were utilized to estimate the reservoir quality. The reservoirs have undergone significant diagenetic alteration, which can be divided into negative and positive aspects. The negative alteration includes compaction, authigenic minerals, and cementation such as carbonates, clay minerals and overgrowths of quartz and feldspar. The uneven distribution of carbonate cement increased the reservoir’s heterogeneity, with carbonate cement commonly precipitating along the sandstone-mudstone contacts. The primary porosity was severely reduced because of compaction and extensive carbonate cementation. Positive alteration includes dissolution, carbonate cementation, undercompaction and fractures. Carbonate cementation exhibited both positive and negative effects on the reservoir quality. Overall, the objective reservoir quality is quite poor. A quantitative evaluation of the reservoirs’ potential was conducted. The cutoff values of several of the reservoir’s parameters were calculated. The lower limits of the porosity and permeability are 8.35–5.85% and 1.2587–0.2753 × 10^–3 μm², respectively, depending on the depth. The upper limits of the carbonate and mud content are approximately 18.5% and 9–10%, respectively. A fundamental understanding of these characteristics will provide necessary information for extracting hydrocarbons from analogous subsurface reservoirs.     

Impact of sedimentology and diagenesis on the petrophysical properties of a tight oolitic carbonate reservoir. The case of the Oolithe Blanche Formation (Bathonian,Paris Basin,France)

The Oolithe Blanche Formation was studied in three quarries, located at the south-eastern edge of the Paris Basin (France). Heterogeneities in reservoir properties were assessed through a sedimentological, diagenetic and petrophysical study. The relationships between depositional settings, diagenesis and petrophysical properties were analysed using detailed petrographic studies, image analysis, Nano CT-scans and petrophysical measurements.The carbonate reservoir pore network is mainly controlled by intraparticle microporosity which ensures the connectivity with interparticle meso- and macroporosity.Early cementation vs. early compaction processes (mainly grain interpenetration) may have considerable influence on fluid-flow properties and parameters such as permeability, acoustic velocities and tortuosity. Better reservoir properties are found when compaction processes begin before cementation.From statistical analyses, e.g. Principal Component Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis, a sedimentological/diagenetic and petrophysical model is proposed that is in a good agreement with the geological model developed from field work.