New structural and geochemical data on the Dukuk gabbro-norite-cortlandite massif,Kamchatka

The Dukuk intrusive massif is considered as petrotype of the Ni-bearing gabbro-norite-cortlandite complex of Kamchatka. This paper advances a new concept of the structure of the Dukuk Massif and relations between its gabbroid and ultrabasic rocks. The study of the trace element distribution sheds light on the origin of the parental melt of the norite-cortlandite complex and on the prospects for the discovery of economic sulfide mineralization in it. New U-Pb data on the Dukuk intrusion specified the age of this massif and the entire complex.     

不同构造环境中双峰式火山岩的主要特征

总结了双峰式火山岩研究的最新进展。研究表明,双峰式火山岩可以出现在多种大地构造背景中,如大陆裂谷、洋岛、大陆拉张减薄、弧后扩张、造山后、洋内岛弧和成熟岛弧／活动陆缘等。流纹岩主要有两种成因,一种流纹岩与玄武岩来自同一源区,流纹岩通常是玄武岩浆演化的产物,出露面积相对很少,并与玄武岩具有的地球化学特征;另一种流纹岩与玄武岩不同源,流纹岩是地壳深熔作用形成的,流纹岩相比玄武岩常常是占优势的中双峰式并且     

The study of unfrozen water in volcanic ashes (Kamchatka)

The results of the study of unfrozen water in frozen volcanic ashes of different ages and mineral compositions from Kamchatka are discussed. The results of thermal analysis of chemical and granulometric composition are presented and discussed.     

A petrological and geochemical study on time-series samples from Klyuchevskoy volcano,Kamchatka arc

To understand the generation and evolution of mafic magmas from Klyuchevskoy volcano in the Kamchatka arc, which is one of the most active arc volcanoes on Earth, a petrological and geochemical study was carried out on time-series samples from the volcano. The eruptive products show significant variations in their whole-rock compositions (52.0–55.5 wt.% SiO₂), and they have been divided into high-Mg basalts and high-Al andesites. In the high-Mg basalts, lower-K and higher-K primitive samples (>9 wt.% MgO) are present, and their petrological features indicate that they may represent primary or near-primary magmas. Slab-derived fluids that induced generation of the lower-K basaltic magmas were less enriched in melt component than those associated with the higher-K basaltic magmas, and the fluids are likely to have been released from the subducting slab at shallower levels for the lower-K basaltic magmas than for higher-K basaltic magmas. Analyses using multicomponent thermodynamics indicates that the lower-K primary magma was generated by ~13% melting of a source mantle with ~0.7 wt.% H₂O at 1245–1260?°C and ~1.9 GPa. During most of the evolution of the volcano, the lower-K basaltic magmas were dominant; the higher-K primitive magma first appeared in AD 1932. In AD 1937–1938, both the lower-K and higher-K primitive magmas erupted, which implies that the two types of primary magmas were present simultaneously and independently beneath the volcano. The higher-K basaltic magmas evolved progressively into high-Al andesite magmas in a magma chamber in the middle crust from AD 1932 to ~AD 1960. Since then, relatively primitive magma has been injected continuously into the magma chamber, which has resulted in the systematic increase of the MgO contents of erupted materials with ages from ~AD 1960 to present.     

Cenozoic volcanic rocks of North Kamchatka: In search of subduction zones

Two belts of subaerial volcanic rocks—the Eocene Kinkil belt and the Neogene belt of the Sredinny Range—extend along the Kamchatka Isthmus. It is suggested that their formation is related to subduction of the oceanic lithosphere beneath the continental margin of North Kamchatka. The oceanic lithosphere consumed in the subduction zones could have been formed as a result of active spreading in the Komandorsky Basin. In the simplest case, both spreading and subduction reflect the northwestward motion of the lithosphere of the Komandorsky Plate relative to Kamchatka, the Shirshov Ridge, and the Aleutian Basin combined into one relatively immobile plate conventionally called the North American Plate. The authors perform a simulation of conjugate spreading and subduction. The most important parameter determining the regional geodynamics—the velocity of the Komandorsky Plate moving relative to the North American Plate—is taken as 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 cm/yr. The calculated ages of the onset and end of volcanic activity in the aforementioned belts are compared with the dates obtained with the isotopic and paleontological methods. For the Eocene Kinkil belt, where volcanism started 44 Ma ago, the model age of the onset of subduction depends on the accepted velocity of the motion of the Komandorsky Plate and varies from 54 Ma at the velocity of 2.5 cm/yr to 47.5 Ma at the velocity of 7.5 cm/yr. It can be assumed that the model of fast subduction in this age interval is most consistent with the geological data. For the Miocene-Pliocene belt of the Sredinny Range, assuming the velocity of the motion of the Komandorsky Plate at 5.0 and 7.5 cm/yr, multiple rifting at the boundary with the Shirshov Ridge should be assumed. Therefore, for the end of the Neogene, a model with low velocity (2.5–5.0 cm/yr, i.e., about 4.0 cm/yr) is preferable.     

Delineating volcanic aquifer recharge areas using geochemical and isotopic tools

Relative recharge areas are evaluated using geochemical and isotopic tools, and inverse modeling. Geochemistry and water quality in springs discharging from a volcanic aquifer system in Guatemala are related to relative recharge area elevations and land use. Plagioclase feldspar and olivine react with volcanically derived CO₂ to produce Ca-montmorillonite, chalcedony and goethite in the groundwater. Alkalinity, Mg, Ca, Na, and SiO_2(aq) are produced, along with minor increases in Cl and SO₄ concentrations. Variations in groundwater δD and δ¹⁸O values are attributed to recharge elevation and used in concert with geochemical evolution to distinguish local, intermediate, and regional flow systems. Springs with geochemically inferred short flow paths provided useful proxies to estimate an isotopic gradient for precipitation (??.67 δ¹⁸O/100?m). No correlation between spring discharge and relative flow-path length or interpreted recharge elevation was observed. The conceptual model was consistent with evidence of anthropogenic impacts (sewage and manure) in springs recharged in the lower watershed where livestock and humans reside. Spring sampling is a low-budget approach that can be used to develop a useful conceptual model of the relative scale of groundwater flow (and appropriate watershed protection areas), particularly in volcanic terrain where wells and boreholes are scarce.     

江苏土壤地球化学分区

土壤地球化学分区的实质就是依据不同地区土壤中元素含量等差异及其分布规律,划分地球化学特征一致或相似的土壤分布范围。以江苏1:25万区域生态地球化学调查新获得的大量土壤样品元素含量等测试数据为基础,从全省土壤元素含量等分布不均匀的现状出发,根据土壤中的元素组合、特殊元素含量差异、酸碱度差异等,并结合各地第四纪地质作用特点等要素,将江苏土壤划分为3个地球化学区、24个地球化学亚区,指出了部分土壤地球化学亚区的特殊用途,为江苏土地资源保护与利用提供了新的线索。     

Morphology of moon craters and cirques,compared to certain volcanic formations of Kamchatka

The author argues that detailed morphological analysis of lunar objects, and their comparison with meteoritic and volcanic forms (now possible with use of detailed, close-range photographs of the moon's surface) will enable investigators to decide whether the lunar relief was formed by volcanic or by meteoritic forces. --IGR Staff.     

Groundwater quality of Yemen volcanic terrain and their geological and geochemical controls

One hundred thirty boreholes of volcanic aquifers in rural Yemen Highland Groundwaters (YHGs) were chemically investigated to assess the suitability of water for drinking. Focus is to identify inorganic constituents of significant risk to health that occur in groundwaters of this area. Results showed that a number of boreholes contain, apart from fluoride, levels of nitrate, some heavy metals, total dissolved solids, and sulfates that could pose a health risk for consumers. The lateral variations of major ions with depth varied within the same aquifer based on the dynamic equilibrium of groundwater and hydrogeological conditions. The main inorganic groundwater contaminant in volcanic YHG is fluoride which is attributed to groundwater lithology and water type. Fluoride appears high in Ca-poor groundwater and where cation exchanges of Ca for Na are dominant. High F concentration in YHG is an extension of East African fluoride-rich groundwater. Majority of tube wells show that Fe concentration exceeds WHO guideline many folds. Much of the iron and manganese in groundwaters are naturally occurring, since the source rocks are enriched in ferromagnesian minerals. NO ₃ ^? and Cl^? concentrations that have been detected in some wells may indicate sewage and/or agricultural runoff. Elevated concentration of chemical constituents in groundwater is a sign of groundwater degradation.     

望天鹅火山岩石地球化学特征及其成因

东北吉林望天鹅新生代火山岩（7．04—1．86Ma）主要由玄武粗安岩和碱性流纹岩组成。玄武粗安岩的SiO2介于49．38％-53．31％之间;K2O＋Na2O为4．27％-7．72％;∑REE为163．69×10^-6-258．55×10^-6,Eu异常不明显,δEu为0．72～1．17;碱性流纹岩具高SiO2（70．39％～71．49％）含量,高碱（K2O＋Na2O为9．28％～9．49％）,高稀土总量（∑REE介于309．30×10^-6～465．03×10^-6之间）,明显的Eu负异常,3Eu为0．52～0．71。碱性流纹岩的微量元素含量较玄武粗安岩高,且具有明显的Sr、P、Ti负异常。望天鹅火山岩的^87Sr／^86Sr比值在0．705156-0．709029之间,而^144Nd／^143Nd比值变化较小,介于0．512295～0．512602之间;放射性成因Pb同位素变化范围也较小,^206Ph／^204Pb为17．254～18．090,^207Ph／^204Pb为15．460～15．507,^208Pb／^204Ph为37．278—38．048。综合分析火山岩的主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd—Pb同位素特点,初步认为望天鹅火山的玄武粗安岩和碱性流纹岩具有相同的地幔源区。玄武粗安岩起源于微弱富集上地幔,在上升过程中结晶分异形成了碱性流纹岩。     

Comparative petrophysical and geochemical characteristics of thermal and volcanic ash from southeastern India

This paper examines the difference in the geophysical and chemical characteristic of the volcanic ash and thermal fly ash to evaluate environmental pollution. Natural volcanic ash (VA) samples from Sagirelu, Cuddapah dist., Andhra Pradesh and thermal fly ash (FA) samples from the Thermal Power Station, Ennore, Chennai, were collected, analysed and compared. The particle sizes of the ash samples were determined using the laser particle size analyzer and the different surface morphological characters were studied using SEM analyses. The chemical components such as pH, major oxides, trace metals and mineral compositions were determined using pH metre, XRF and XRD methods. pH value of the volcanic ash varies from 8.5 to 8.9 indicating its alkalinity (8.5 to 9) in volcanic ash, while the thermal ash is neutral to mildly alkaline with pH varying from 6 to 7.5. Both the ash samples have higher concentration value in SiO₂ (VA - 69.25%, FA - 46%) in major oxides and Cl (VA - 0.8%, FA - 0.1%) in trace elements. Quartz is the dominant mineral in both the types of ash, however, the volcanic ash has amorphous silica, while the fly ash contains crystalline quartz.     

Formation of a third volcanic chain in Kamchatka: generation of unusual subduction-related magmas

The unusual development of three volcanic chains, all parallel to the trend of the subduction trench, is observed in Kamchatka at the northern edge of the Kurile arc. Elsewhere on the Earth volcanic arcs dominantly consist of only two such chains. In the Kurile arc, magmatism in the third volcanic chain, which is farthest from the trench, is also unusual in that lavas show concentrations of incompatible elements intermediate between those of the two trenchward chains. This observation can be explained by relatively shallow segregation of primary magmas and high degrees of partial melting of magmas in the third chain, compared to the conditions of magma separation expected from a simple application of the general acrossarc variation. Initial magmas in such an atypical third chain may be produced by melting of K-amphibolebearing peridotite in the down-dragged layer at the base of the mantle wedge under anomalously hightemperature conditions. Such an unusual melting event may be associated with the particular tectonic setting of the Kamchatka region, i.e. the presence of subductiontransform boundary. Such a mechanism is consistent with the across-arc variation in Rb/K ratios in the Kamchatka lavas: lowest in the third chain rocks and highest in the second chain rocks.     

Reactivity of iodide in volcanic soils and noncrystalline soil constituents

Reaction of iodide [I⁻(aq)] with a series of volcanic-ash soils was compared with reaction onto noncrystalline materials that constitute much of the inorganic fraction of these soils, Our hypothesis is that these high-surface-area materials account for iodide retention by providing sites for anion exchange. Iodide sorption onto imogolite and ferrihydrite is rapid (<30 min) but not particularly extensive; imogolite has a threefold to fourfold greater affinity for iodide compared to ferrihydrite on a mass basis. In contrast, rates of iodide retention by volcanic-ash soils were slow and did not attain a steady-state after 300 h. The extent of this largely irreversible reaction can be attenuated by sterilization, but it cannot be suppressed. The iodide retained by the soils can only be completely recovered by treatment with boiling 2 M sodium hydroxide. The amount of iodide retention by soils was inversely correlated with pH, but showed no relationship with organic matter concentration, surface area, or imogolite and ferrihydrite concentrations.

The reaction of iodide with the volcanic-ash soils is consistent with a rapid initial uptake by soil mineral surfaces, followed by a slower reaction of soil organic matter with oxidized forms of iodide. Under our experimental conditions, iodide is likely slowly oxidized by dissolved oxygen to molecular iodine. Solutions of molecular iodine [I₂(aq)] react relatively quickly with laboratory-grade humic acid solutions and the rate increases with increasing pH. The slow rate of iodination is consistent with the continual formation and reaction of I₂(aq)] or HOI(aq) by titration with soil organic matter.     

满洲里新右旗火山岩剖面年代学和地球化学特征

满洲里新巴尔虎右旗地区发育大面积中生代火山岩,通过典型火山岩剖面研究,本文认为该地区火山岩主要为粗面安山岩、粗面岩和流纹岩组合;剖面下、中部粗安岩和流纹岩基质40Ar/39Ar坪年龄分别为162.6±0.7Ma和162.0±0.8Ma,剖面上部粗安岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为149.5±1.7 Ma,表明满洲里新巴尔虎右旗地区火山岩形成于晚侏罗世,并可能存在两次火山喷发旋回,间隔大约10 Ma.地球化学测试表明,该剖面中基性火山岩具有相似的地球化学特征,SiO2含量介于56.23%～61.53%之间,具有较高的Al2O3(15.38%～16.62%)、K2O(2.72%～3.87%)和全碱(6.28～8.79),较低的MgO(0.91%～3.8%)和Mg#(0.10～0.32),为高钾钙碱性火山岩;稀土总量(∑REE)及LREE富集,LREE和HREE分馏较强,Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.72～0.90),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),而亏损高场强元素(HFSE),尤其强烈亏损Nb和Ta;(87Sr/86Sr)i变化范围为0.705078～0.705811,εNd(t)值变化范围为-0.5～1.3.而剖面中部的流纹岩具有高SiO2(79.88%～80.46%)、相对低MgO(0.04%)、FeO(0.26%)和Al2O3(9.61%～10.17%)的特征,负Eu异常明显(δEu=0.32),富集LILE而亏损HFSE,Sr、Ti、Ba和P强烈亏损,(87Sr/86Sr)i变化范围为0.710044～0.713891,εNd(t)值变化范围为-0.9～-0.7.本区剖面火山岩地球化学特征表明,下部和上部中基性火山岩因具有相似的地球化学特征,本文推测该类火山岩浆源于受早期俯冲洋壳流体交代的地幔楔或亏损地幔,粗面岩为中基性岩浆分离结晶的产物,流纹岩包含了大量的地壳物质,其成因可能与地壳混染或大陆中下地壳重融作用有关.结合前人资料,我们认为满洲里新巴尔虎右旗晚侏罗世火山岩形成于造山后阶段,是岩石圈伸展背景下被早期流体交代的岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融的产物.该区火山岩的形成与晚侏罗世蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合-造山后伸展作用有关.     

沽源火山盆地燕山期次流纹斑岩地质地球化学特征

燕山期次流纹斑岩主要分布在沽源火山盆地盖层的上侏罗统张家口组火山岩中,活动时间以燕山晚期为主.次流纹斑岩体在空间分布上受断裂构造和燕山晚期火山构造控制,与铀钼矿化关系密切,矿化主要产在次流纹斑岩体接触带或其顶部的隐爆角砾岩中.次流纹斑岩与围岩呈侵入接触关系,呈岩株、岩墙、岩脉等形态产出.岩石地球化学研究表明:次流纹斑岩...     

坦桑尼亚伦圭新生代火山岩的地球化学特征及岩石成因

伦圭新生代火山岩位于东非裂谷西支最南端,已有的大量地质与地球化学证据表明伦圭火山岩是典型的碱性双峰式火山岩,其SiO2含量在46％～56％之间出现明显的间断.基性火山岩和酸性火山岩均表现出富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素强烈分馏,无明显Eu异常的特征.基性岩大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、U、Sr富集,高场强元素Zr、H...