太湖流域流经不同类型缓冲带入湖河流秋、冬季氮污染特征

为研究太湖流经不同类型缓冲带的入湖河流水体氮污染特征,于2011年9 12月连续对流经4种不同类型缓冲带入湖河流沿程共32个样点进行采样,分析各样点的氮浓度及变化趋势.结果表明,流经农田型缓冲带入湖河流中总氮浓度由缓冲带外进入缓冲带内不断减小,到入湖河口处有轻微上升;流经养殖塘型、村落型缓冲带入湖河流中总氮浓度由缓冲带外进入缓冲带内变化不大,到接近入湖河口时浓度显著升高;流经生态型缓冲带入湖河流中各氮元素形态沿程不断降低.在流经4种类型湖泊缓冲带入湖河流中,流经农田型、养殖塘型和生态型缓冲带的入湖河流以硝态氮为氮元素的主要存在形态,而流经村落型缓冲带的入湖河流中硝态氮和铵态氮同为氮元素的主要存在形态.总氮浓度、铵态氮浓度与缓冲带类型均呈极显著正相关关系,外源污染排入对流经缓冲带的入湖河流中氮元素总量及形态产生较大影响.流经生态型缓冲带入湖河流净化效果最佳,总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮浓度削减率分别为60%、53%和61%.     

天津中心城区河网氮磷污染与富营养化特征

2013年底天津中心城区河道全部连通,形成中心城区河网.为了掌握河网形成后的水质状况,于2014年3月-2015年2月进行了为期1年的定点水质监测,并对其水体氮、磷时空分布及富营养化特征进行分析.结果表明,河网水体氮污染严重,以铵态氮(NH+4-N)为主;磷污染程度较轻,主要形态为磷酸盐(PO3-4-P);河网水体中氮、磷浓度顺水流方向均呈上游高、下游低的空间分布特征;氮、磷各项指标浓度时间变化趋势基本一致,3月均最高,10月均最低,冬季处于相对较低水平;与河网形成前相比,海河干流NH+4-N、总磷(TP)和PO3-4-P浓度年平均值分别下降6.5%、14.7%和16.4%,津河总氮、NH+4-N、硝态氮、TP和PO3-4-P浓度年平均值分别降低18.6%、34.5%、12.9%、31.6%和32.5%,表明河网形成后氮、磷污染程度较之前有所改善,其中津河改善较为明显;河网水体全年处于中度富营养状态,主要为磷限制性状态;河网富营养化防治应遵循以控制营养盐为主的控源、截污、水环境增容和生态补水策略.     

Net, actual, and potential sediment-water interface NH4 fluxes in the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOMEX): Evidence for NH4 limitation of microbial dynamics

A new approach, combining ¹⁵NH₄⁺ isotope dilution and continuous-flow techniques, provided estimates of “actual” and “net” NH₄⁺ flux and sediment NH₄⁺ demand (SAD) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOMEX). The sites included a hypoxic site (C6), two sites with intermediate oxygen levels (B7 and F5), and a normoxic site (CT). Control cores without isotope addition and other cores from the same site treated with ¹⁵NH₄⁺ labeled overflowing water differentiated between net and actual regeneration flux and actual vs. potential uptake flux of NH₄⁺. Experiments were conducted in 2008 before (July) and after (September) two successive hurricanes (Gustav and Ike) and in January and August, 2009. Actual regeneration was significantly higher than net flux at most sites. Net flux did not differ significantly in most sites/dates, but the actual regeneration, and the actual and potential uptake, showed temporal and spatial variation; the flux at the hypoxic site was more active than non-hypoxic sites. SAD, the difference between potential and actual NH₄⁺ uptake flux, was higher at the hypoxic site than at non-hypoxic sites before and after the hurricanes in 2008 and during the hypoxia season in 2009. SAD related negatively to bottom water DO values. Conclusions: (1) net flux often underestimated actual regeneration, (2) hurricane activity decreased N dynamics, and (3) microbial N limitation status at the hypoxic site related to NH₄⁺ removal processes that were independent of oxygen (e.g., anaerobic heterotrophic uptake or anammox). These results indicate a rather consistent NH₄⁺ demand at the SWI during the hypoxic season and suggest that reduced nitrogen may limit microbial dynamics in the region.     

Examining the fate of WWTP effluent nitrogen using δ 15N–NH4 +, δ 15N–NO 3 − and δ 15N of submersed macrophytes

The use of submersed macrophyte tissue δ ¹⁵N to quantify the level of WWTP effluent use in a highly urbanized and agricultural river was evaluated using several methods. Macrophytes, NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? were collected by canoe along two 10 km reaches of river, upstream and downstream of two major municipal WWTPs over 3 years. NH₄ ⁺ decreased in concentration while δ ¹⁵N–NH₄ ⁺ increased as a function of distance downstream of both WWTPs, changing in one survey from 13 to 31 ‰ over 1 km. This increase is attributed to the combined effects of volatilization, nitrification and uptake. While NO ₃ ^? concentrations increased downstream of the WWTP over one of the survey reaches, δ ¹⁵N–NO ₃ ^? showed no prominent trend with distance at either. Macrophyte tissue δ ¹⁵N increased with distance downstream of both WWTPs, with a slope not significantly different from that of δ ¹⁵N–NH₄ ⁺ suggesting that macrophytes incorporate effluent NH₄ ⁺ as their main N source in those areas. However, mixing models suggest that towards the end of the reach, where source separation is distinct, macrophytes may utilize background NO ₃ ^? . Our study indicates the difficulty of deriving precise estimates of effluent use by macrophytes in a system where the δ ¹⁵N of the effluent changes rapidly. It also illustrates the utility of macrophytes in describing those changes where the effluent is too attenuated to allow for direct isotopic analysis.     

不同水生植物对富营养化水体无机氮吸收动力学特征

采用浓度梯度法,研究了鸢尾(Iris louisiana)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)、茭白(Zizania latifolia)和水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens)对硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)吸收动力学特征.结果表明:4种水生植物对水体NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N吸收可用Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程描述,随溶液NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度增加,植物吸收NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N速率增加,当溶液NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度接近于2.0 mmol/L时,吸收速率增加趋缓;4种水生植物对NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N的V_max值大小为水芹 >茭白 >鸢尾 >狐尾藻,对NO₃^--N的K_m值大小为水芹 >鸢尾=茭白=狐尾藻,对NH₄⁺-N的K_m值大小为水芹 >狐尾藻 >茭白=鸢尾.根据吸收动力学参数(V_max,K_m)判断水芹适宜于净化NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度较高的水体,茭白、鸢尾和狐尾藻适合净化NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度较低水体;4种水生植物对NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N表现出不同的吸收偏好性,鸢尾吸收NO₃^--N的潜力大于吸收NH₄⁺-N的,但对NH₄⁺-N的亲和力大于NO₃^--N,表明能在NO₃^--N浓度较高环境中优先吸收NH₄⁺-N.狐尾藻和水芹对NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N能均衡吸收.茭白对NH₄⁺-N具有较高的吸收潜力与亲和力.     

城市污染河道沉积物可提取态氮的提取方式比较

以城市污染河道——南京仙林大学城九乡河表层沉积物为研究对象,探讨沉积物常用提取剂(1 mol/L KCl、2 mol/L KCl、4 mol/L KCl和0.01 mol/L CaCl2)在不同液土比(5∶1、10∶1、50∶1和100∶1)条件下,对城市污染河道沉积物可提取态氮(NH4+-N、NO3--N)测定的影响.结果表明:KCl的提取效果要优于CaCl2,二者NH4+-N提取量分别为312.17～479.23、177.52～339.31 mg/kg,NO3--N提取量分别为4.49～21.56、4.25～8.53 mg/kg;可提取态氮提取量随液土比增高而增大,其中1 mol/L KCl组,液土比100∶1时NH4+-N和NO3--N提取量分别比液土比5∶1时增加41.97%和187.08%;NH4+-N提取量随提取剂浓度增高而增大,NO3--N随提取剂浓度增高而降低;采用1 mol/L KCl提取剂、液土比100∶1的组合联合提取城市污染河道沉积物中的NH4+-N、NO3--N,提取效果较好.     

太湖霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) NH4+-N和PO43--P的潜在释放量

为了研究太湖底栖动物优势种类——霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)对于湖泊富营养化的影响,以温度和密度为模拟控制条件,对太湖霍甫水丝蚓进行营养盐释放的室内控制实验,研究温度和密度的变化对霍甫水丝蚓NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P释放率的影响,根据霍甫水丝蚓铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)释放率与温度的关系方程,结合太湖霍甫水丝蚓2007-2010年的生物量估算其对太湖水体氮磷的潜在贡献.结果表明,随温度升高太湖霍甫水丝蚓NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P的释放率均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,而密度变化对霍甫水丝蚓NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P释放率的影响均不显著,太湖霍甫水丝蚓NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P年平均释放量分别为1925.5和210.0 t,分别可达到全太湖沉积物-水界面NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P的年净通量的19.3%和23.3%,表明霍甫水丝蚓的营养盐释放对于湖泊生物地化循环和湖泊富营养化具有显著的影响.     

曝气充氧对城市污染河道内源铵态氮释放的控制

以城市污染河道沉积物和上覆水为研究对象,利用模拟实验方法,探讨不同曝气充氧方式(水曝气EW、底泥曝气ES)对污染河道內源铵态氮(NH4+-N)释放的影响.研究结果发现:从间隙水和沉积物中NH4+-N的削减效果来看,底泥曝气均要优于水曝气;实验结束后,底泥曝气组沉积物与间隙水中NH4+-N含量分别减少63.39%和43.33%,水曝气组分别减少了7.54%和13.98%;从沉积物-水界面NH4+-N的扩散通量变化来看,水曝气组界面通量高于对照组,其变化规律与对照组相似;底泥曝气组沉积物-水界面NH4+-N扩散通量变化过程完全不同于其它两组,在整个试验周期内(除第5 d以外),底泥曝气组的通量低于水曝气组,在第15 d最低,为13.73 mg/(m2.d),仅为水曝气组和对照组的14.68%和19.93%,表明底泥曝气组沉积物NH4+-N的释放潜力低于水曝气组沉积物.     

Collection of intact sediment cores with overlying water to study nitrogen- and oxygen-dynamics in regions with seasonal hypoxia

Settled particles of fresh, labile organic matter may be a significant source of oxygen demand and nutrient regeneration in seasonally-hypoxic regions caused by nutrient inputs into stratified coastal zones. Studying the dynamics of this material requires sediment sampling methods that include flocculent organic materials and overlying water (OLW) at or above the sediment–water interface (SWI). A new coring device (“HYPOX” corer) was evaluated for examining nitrogen- (N) and oxygen-dynamics at the SWI and OLW in the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOMEX). The HYPOX corer consists of a “Coring Head” with a check-valve, a weighted “Drive Unit,” and a “Lander,” constructed from inexpensive components. The corer collected undisturbed sediment cores and OLW from sediments at NGOMEX sampling sites with underlying substrates ranging from sand to dense clay. The HYPOX corer could be deployed in weather conditions similar to those needed for a multi-bottle rosette water-sampling system with 20 L bottles. As an example of corer applicability to NGOMEX issues, NH₄⁺ cycling rates were examined at hypoxic and control sites by isotope dilution experiments. The objective was to determine if N-dynamics in OLW were different from those in the water column. “Ammonium demand,” as reflected by potential NH₄⁺ uptake rates, was higher in OLW than in waters collected from a meter or more above the bottom at both sites, but the pattern was more pronounced at the hypoxia site. By contrast, NH₄⁺ regeneration rates were low in all samples. These preliminary results suggest that heterotrophic activity and oxygen consumption in OLW in the hypoxic region may be regulated by the availability of NH₄⁺, or other reduced N compounds, rather than by the lack of sufficient labile organic carbon.     

太湖西北湖区浮游植物和无机、有机氮的时空分布特征

以太湖重度蓝藻水华发生的西北湖区为研究对象,从河口至湖心区设置5个采样点,于2012年10月至2013年10月逐月采集表层水体样品,测定了水温、溶解氧和浮游细菌丰度,并分析了浮游植物群落结构的组成、溶解性无机氮(DIN)和有机氮(DON)浓度以及氮磷比.研究结果表明,太湖西北湖区浮游植物主要由蓝藻、硅藻、绿藻和隐藻组成.可能由于风、浪等混合作用使太湖西北湖区不同采样点之间蓝藻细胞密度没有显著差异.蓝藻生物量在浮游植物中所占比例最高为34%±15%,春季部分点位隐藻生物量高于50%,表明隐藻与蓝藻的相互竞争趋势显著.CCA排序图结果表明,DIN、DON浓度以及总氮∶总磷比(TN∶TP比)是影响西北湖区浮游植物优势属分布的重要环境因子.5个采样点铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)与DIN浓度具有显著差异,与DON浓度没有显著差异.夏季蓝藻水华暴发期间,可能由于蓝藻的吸收利用引起NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)浓度迅速降低.此外,由于NH_4~+-N浓度还可能受到沉积物NH_4~+-N释放的影响,因此,蓝藻细胞密度与NO_3~--N的相关系数和显著水平均高于NH_4~+-N.夏季TN∶TP比和DIN∶TP比降至最低,表明该湖区浮游植物,尤其是蓝藻的生长可能受到氮限制.蓝藻细胞密度与DON浓度呈显著负相关,表明在氮限制条件下,DON可能是蓝藻氮素利用的重要补充.     

Influences of watershed landscape composition and configuration on lake‐water quality in the Yangtze River basin of China

Lake‐water quality is highly dependent on the landscape characteristics in its respective watershed. In this study, we investigated the relationships between lake‐water quality and landscape composition and configuration within the watershed in the Yangtze River basin of China. Water quality variables, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), Secchi depth (SD), NO₂^?, NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, TN, TP, chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn), chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a), and trophic state index (TSI), were collected from 16 lakes during the period of 2001–2003. Landscape composition (i.e. the percentage of vegetation, agriculture, water, urban, and bare land) and landscape configuration metrics, including number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), largest patch index (LPI), edge density (ED), mean patch area (MPA), mean shape index (MSI), contagion (CONTAG), patch cohesion index (COHESION), Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), and aggregation index (AI), were calculated for each lake's watershed. Results revealed that the percentage of agriculture was negatively related to NO₂^?, TN, TP, Chl‐a concentrations, and TSI, while the percentage of urban was significantly correlated with EC, NH₄⁺, and COD_Mn concentrations. Among landscape‐level configuration metrics, only ED showed significant relationships with TN, TP concentrations, and TSI. However, at the class level, the PD, LPI, ED, and AI of agriculture and urban land uses were significantly correlated with two or more water quality variables. This study suggests that, for a given total area, large and clustered agricultural or urban patches in the watershed may have a greater impact on lake‐water quality than small and scattered ones. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantitatively distinguishing sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River using δ Eu<Subscript>N</Subscript>-ΣREEs plot

Sediment samples were collected from the lower channel of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River and the contents of rare earth elements (REEs) were measured. In addition, some historical REEs data were collected from published literatures. Based on the δ Eu_N-ΣREEs plot, a clear boundary was found between the sediments from the two rivers. The boundary can be described as an orthogonal polynomial equation by ordinary linear regression with sediments from the Yangtze River located above the curve and sediments from the Yellow River located below the curve. To validate this method, the REEs contents of sediments collected from the estuaries of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were measured. In addition, the REEs data of sediment Core 255 from the Yangtze River and Core YA01 from the Yellow River were collected. Results show that the samples from the Yangtze River estuary and Core 255 almost are above the curve and most samples from the Yellow River estuary and Core YA01 are below the curve in the δEu_N-ΣREEs plot. The plot and the regression equation can be used to distinguish sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River intuitively and quantitatively, and to trace the sediment provenance of the eastern seas of China. The difference between the sediments from two rivers in the δEu_N-ΣREEs plot is caused by different mineral compositions and regional climate patterns of the source areas. The relationship between δEu_N and ΣREEs is changed little during the transport from the source area to the river, and from river to the sea. Thus the original information on mineral compositions and climate of the source area was preserved. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40506016, 40576032, and 90411014)     

Seasonal study of uptake and regeneration of nitrogen on the Scotian Shelf

Nitrate and ammonium uptake and regeneration rates were measured in the euphotic zone of the Scotian Shelf during three cruises (spring, summer and late winter). Nitrate, as a portion of the total nitrogen assimilated (NO₃⁻ uptake/total (NO₃⁻ + NH₄⁻) uptake), decreased with increasing ambient NH₄⁺ concentration and depth. Values integrated through the euphotic zone averaged 30% in the summer, and 27% in the spring, indicating that a large portion of phytoplankton growth was supported by ‘regenerated’ production (NH₄⁺) during those periods. In winter, growth was supported primarily by ‘new’ production since NO₃⁻ uptake represented 67% of the total nitrogen uptake during that period. In all seasons the phytoplankton showed a consistent preference for NH₄⁺ utilization relative to NO₃, despite the abundance of NO₃ at times. In 21 of 23 measurements, NH₄⁺ remineralization exceeded uptake, suggesting that phytoplankton nitrogen requirements were met or exceeded by in situ NH₄⁺ regeneration. Remineralization rates covaried with both productivity (¹⁴C) and NH₄⁺ uptake rates within the euphotic zone. These relationships were most apparent during the summer when nitrogen and carbon fluxes and algal biomass (Chl a) were greatest. The experimental approach used in this study demonstrates a seasonal pattern of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ utilization previously unreported for Scotian Shelf waters.     

中国太湖物理—生物工程实验中菱对水质影响的模式

A model on a physico-biological engineering experiment for purifying water in Wulihu Bay of Lake Taihu by using Trapa natans var. bispinosa was constructed. The state variables in water in the physico-biological engineering were ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N); nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N); nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N); phosphate phosphorus (PO₄^3--P); dissolved oxygen (DO); nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in detritus; biomass density, N and P in phytoplankton and in Trapa natans var. bispinosa, N and P in the substance adsorbed by the membrane of the engineering and the rootstocks of Trapa natans var. bispinosa. The state variables in bottom mud layer were PO₄^3--P in the core water,exchangeable P and N. The external forcing functions were solar radiation, water temperature, NH₄⁺-N; NO₃^--N; NO₂^--N; PO₄^3--P; N and P in detritus; DO; phytoplankton concentrations in inflow water and the retention time of the water in physico-biological engineering channel. The main physical, chemical and biological processes considered in the model were:growth of Trapa natans var. bispinosa and phytoplankton; oxidation of NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N, of detritus break down; N and P sorption by the enclosure cloth of the experimental engineering and by the rootstocks of Trapa natans var. bispinosa in water; reaeration of water; uptake of P, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N by phytoplankton and Trapa natans var. bispinosa:mortality of the phytoplankton and Trapa natans var. bispinosa:settling of detritus; and nutrient release from sediment. Comparison of calculated results and observed results showed that the model was constructed reasonably for the experiment. The mechanism of purifying lake water in the experiment engineering was discussed by the use of the model.     

城市河流沉积物中氮素与好氧甲烷氧化菌群落特征响应关系

由于人类活动的影响大量未经处理的废污水汇入城市河流,高浓度的污染物影响了河流中微生物对生物地球化学物质迁移和转化的介导作用.本文选取典型的城市河流——北运河作为研究区域,分析了北运河沉积物中氮素形态以及含量的空间和季节差异性,并结合克隆文库分子生物学的方法,探讨了氮素形态和含量的差异对好氧甲烷氧化菌(aerobic methane-oxidizing microorganisms,MOB)群落特征的影响.结果表明:北运河沉积物中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为氮素的主要存在形态,存在显著的空间差异,其含量在下游显著高于上游,但季节差异不显著.NH_4~+-N含量的空间差异对MOB的群落结构和群落分布有显著影响,对群落多样性影响不显著.NH_4~+-N含量的空间分布特征与MOB的群落聚类特征一致,NH_4~+-N对MOB群落分布的影响显著高于其他形态的氮素,其含量越高,则与MOB群落分布的响应关系越紧密.北运河中NH_4~+-N的来源影响了沉积物中MOB的主要来源,MOB高同源性菌群的来源与NH_4~+-N等主要污染物的来源一致.沉积物中MOB物种之间联系的紧密程度依赖于氮素的主要存在形态及其含量水平.NH_4~+-N含量较高的下游沉积物中微生物彼此之间关系及集聚程度更强,受外界环境变化的干扰程度更强,受人类活动引起环境变化的敏感程度更高.城市河流中氮素的形态和含量差异对甲烷的氧化过程有显著影响.探究城市河流沉积物中高含量的NH_4~+-N对甲烷产生及消耗的影响过程是控制河流温室气体排放的关键.     

Thorium isotopes （22STh, 230Th, 232Th） and applications in reconstructing the Yangtze and Yellow River floods

In the past decades, the floods of the Yangtze and Yellow River introduced unexpected changes of the ecological community and sedimentary dynamics in the East China Sea （ECS）. To reconstruct the flood events in the ECS, 228Th, 230Th and 232Th have been examined in a sediment core. The specific activities of three thorium isotopes have good positive relations with fine fractions （〈63 μm）, indicating that Th activity concentrations heavily depend upon the sediment grain size. The size-normalized activities of 228Th, 23-Th and 232Th showed significant variations. Coincidences between the higher Th activities and historical floods of the Yangtze and Yellow River demonstrated that size-normalized Th recorded the two rivers＇ flood events. The activity ratios of thorium isotopes, i.e. 230Th/232Th and 228Th/232Th, also showed similar patterns to the historical river floods. In three periods （1740s, 1840-1860s and 1930-1960s）, characterized by frequent floods, the thorium activity ratios were fairly low and close to the Yangtze and Yellow River estuary sediments, coinciding with the less oceanic 228Th and 230Th contributions during the flooding periods. Accordingly, these results support the size-normalized Th activity and thorium ratios as proxies of the river floods in coastal seas.     

Impact of overlying water velocity on ammonium uptake by benthic biofilms

The effect of the overlying water velocity on ammonium (NH₄⁺) uptake by benthic biofilms was studied in a recirculating laboratory flume (260 cm long, 29 cm wide), packed with 5 cm of silica sand arranged into bedforms. NH₄⁺ uptake was determined as the reduction in NH₄⁺ concentration in the water at average overlying water velocities of 0.8, 2, 4 and 8 cm s^?1. NH₄⁺ uptake was relatively constant under laminar flow conditions but increased when the flow regime became turbulent (>4 cm s^?1). This pattern was observed for two biofilms differing in their total biomass and in the abundance of the ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria, thus indicating that NH₄⁺ uptake was strongly controlled by mass‐transfer processes. The near stoichiometric relationship between the rates of NH₄⁺ uptake and nitrate (NO₃^?) accumulation suggests that aerobic nitrification was the main route for NH₄⁺ uptake. Microelectrode measurements showed a sharp decline of oxygen concentrations and pH values within the biofilms, thus supporting strong nitrification activity within the surficial section of the benthic biofilms. The results of this study highlight the key role of hydrodynamic conditions in regulating NH₄⁺ uptake in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pollutant Concentrations in Mountain River Waters in the Upper Baksan Area (Prielbrus’e National Park) and Their Seasonal Variations

Materials of expedition studies in 2013 in the Prielbrus’e National Park were used to analyze the concentrations of a wide range of pollutants (SO₄^2-, Cl^?, Na⁺, K⁺, F^?, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺) in the water of mountain rivers forming the main artery of the region, the Baksan R. The analyzed data characterize seasonal variations in pollutant concentrations at seven sampling sections and their dynamics along the river down to the 35th km from the source in different seasons.     

长江的生物多样性危机——水利工程是祸首,酷渔乱捕是帮凶

长江是我国第一大河流,全长达6300 km.长江是一条生命之河,它的活力来自于干流、支流、湖泊和湿地的血脉沟通形成的独特生命系统.长江流域是世界生物多样性的热点区域,分布有鱼类400余种,其中纯淡水鱼类350种左右,特有鱼类多达156种.长江中下游是东亚季风气候下形成的洪泛平原区域,湖泊星罗棋布,并与江河相连,生活有珍稀水生哺乳动物——白鱀豚和江豚.1980s初中下游湖泊面积约有23123 km~2.1950—1970年间,沿江大建闸节制,除鄱阳湖(2933 km~2)和洞庭湖(2625 km~2)等外,绝大多数湖泊失去了与长江的自然联系,江湖阻隔使支撑长江鱼类的有效湖泊面积减少了76%.1981年,长江上建成了第一个大坝——葛洲坝;2003年,三峡大坝开始蓄水.长江干流的渔业捕捞量从1954年的43万t下降到1980s的20万t,最后到2011年的8万t(降幅为81%).与此完全不同的是,1950s以来,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖的渔产量分别在2~4万t之间徘徊.长江干流的饵料生物丰度不足两湖的1/7,因此干流对物种的承载力十分有限,以鱼为生的白鱀豚和江豚种群的衰退属于情理之中,加上酷捕误杀,白鱀豚已经灭绝,江豚也危在旦夕.葛洲坝的建设阻挡了鲟鱼和胭脂鱼等的生殖洄游通道,中华鲟和白鲟的灭绝已近在咫尺.长江上游建有1万多座水坝,大部分鱼类的生存受到威胁.根据对长江生物多样性危机成因的粗略估算,节制闸和水电站等水利工程"贡献"了70%,酷渔乱捕等其它因素"贡献"了30%.所谓的生态调度、鱼道或人工放流等也难以拯救膏肓之疾,即使在长江干流十年禁渔也难有根本改观.如果鄱阳湖和洞庭湖相继建闸,将使长江中下游的渔业资源量进一步衰退,江豚的灭绝在所难免,其它物种的灭绝将难以预料.长江在哭泣,众多的物种需要生态文明的呵护!     

Spatial and temporal patterns of stable water isotopes along the Yangtze River during two drought years

Changes in the level of the Yangtze River caused by anthropogenic water regulation have major effects on the hydrological processes and water cycle in surrounding lakes and rivers. In this study, we obtained isotopic evidence of changes in the water cycle of Yangtze River during the two drought years of 2006 and 2013. Isotopic evidence demonstrated that the δ¹⁸O and δD levels in Yangtze River exhibited high spatial heterogeneity from the upper to lower reaches, which were controlled by atmospheric precipitation, tributary/lake water mixing, damming regulation, and water temperature. Both the slope and intercept of Yangtze River evaporative line (δD = 7.88 δ¹⁸O + 7.96) were slightly higher than those of local meteoric water line of Yangtze River catchment (δD = 7.41 δ¹⁸O + 6.01). Most of the river isotopic values were located below the local meteoric water line, thereby implying that the Yangtze River water experienced a certain degree of evaporative enrichment on isotopic compositions of river water. The high fluctuations in the isotopic composition (e.g., deuterium excess [d‐excess]) in the middle to lower reaches during the initial stage of operation for the Three Gorges Dams (2003–2006) were due to heterogeneous isotopic signatures from the upstream water. In contrast to the normal stage (after 2010) characterized by the maximum water level and largest water storage, a relatively small variability in the deuterium excess was found along the middle to lower reaches because of the homogenization of reservoir water with a longer residence time and complete mixing. The effects of water from lakes and tributaries on the isotopic compositions in mainstream water were highlighted because of the high contributions of lakes water (e.g., Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake) efflux to the Yangtze River mainstream, which ranged from 21% to 85% during 2006 and 2013. These findings suggest that the retention and regulation of the Three Gorges Dams has greatly buffered the isotopic variability of the water cycle in the Yangtze catchment, thereby improving our understanding of the complex lake–river interactions along the middle to lower reaches in the future.