汉江中下游水华防控生态调度研究

汉江中下游1992-2021年冬春季节共计暴发了十余次大规模水华事件,水生态安全和饮用水安全频繁受到威胁.基于历次水华发生情况,分析总结了汉江中下游水华特征和暴发成因,根据水华与水文过程响应关系研究提出了抑制水华的关键指标及其调控阈值,构建了汉江中下游水利工程联合生态调度方案,明确了抑制水华的生态调度方式和调度持续时间...     

Prediction of algal blooms using genetic programming

In this study, an attempt was made to mathematically model and predict algal blooms in Tolo Harbor (Hong Kong) using genetic programming (GP). Chlorophyll plays a vital role in blooms and was used in this model as a measure of algal bloom biomass, and eight other variables were used as input for its prediction. It has been observed that GP evolves multiple models with almost the same values of errors-of-measure. Previous studies on GP modeling have primarily focused on comparing GP results with actual values. In contrast, in this study, the main aim was to propose a systematic procedure for identifying the most appropriate GP model from a list of feasible models (with similar error-of-measure) using a physical understanding of the process aided by data interpretation. Evaluation of the GP-evolved equations shows that they correctly identify the ecologically significant variables. Analysis of the final GP-evolved mathematical model indicates that, of the eight variables assumed to affect algal blooms, the most significant effects are due to chlorophyll, total inorganic nitrogen and dissolved oxygen for a 1-week prediction. For longer lead predictions (biweekly), secchi-disc depth and temperature appear to be significant variables, in addition to chlorophyll.     

基于遥感藻总量和气象因子的巢湖不同湖区藻华预测

湖泊能为人类提供不可或缺的资源,而全球普遍存在的湖泊富营养化导致的藻华频繁暴发正不断损害湖泊生态环境服务功能.为合理保护湖泊环境和防治藻华危害,需预测藻华暴发.以我国富营养巢湖为研究区,本文构建了一种基于遥感藻总量和气象因子的不同湖区藻华暴发概率预测方法.基于MODIS/Aqua数据,研究首先反演了2003—2019年日尺度的藻华分布和考虑垂向结构的水柱藻总量.然后,统计了西、中和东巢湖的藻华面积,判别了藻华/非藻华日,并匹配日平均藻总量和气象因子.最后,筛选出藻华形成的关键影响因子——藻总量、气温和水汽压,并构建了不同湖区日藻华暴发概率的Logistic预测模型.不同湖区月平均藻总量基本一致,但藻华暴发日占比呈“西高东低”特征.对西、中和东巢湖的藻华/非藻华检验样本,模型精度分别为90%、85%和89.5%,模型也适用于2020年夏秋季和冬春季藻华预测.湖泊藻华暴发是藻类大量增殖并在一定气象条件下的产物,故基于遥感藻总量和气象因子的藻华暴发概率预测科学合理,可推广应用于太湖等其他富营养湖泊.     

The legacy of river channel modification in wadeable,lowland rivers: Exploring overdeep rivers in England

Many lowland fluvial systems are suspected to possess a morphological legacy from a long history of channel modifications as a consequence of limited energy and sediment supply to facilitate recovery. We explore the extent of such modifications using a regionally extensive dataset of physical habitat surveys compiled by non-specialist surveyors. Representative photographs for each surveyed site were used to quality check channel width, depth and bed grain size information derived from Modular River Physical (MoRPh) surveys. Following checking, 1659 surveys were retained for analysis from alluvial sites, almost entirely in England. The photographs were also inspected for evidence of clear ‘overdeepening’ that would preclude frequent overtopping of the lower bank top. Results indicated that almost one-third of the sites were overdeepened, that width-to-depth ratios defined using the active bed width showed stronger discrimination of overdeepening than bankfull width, that highly statistically significant identification of overdeepened channels was possible in channels up to 10 m wide and with only minimal differences attributable to channel bed materials. Stepwise regression analysis estimated relationships between channel width-to-depth ratios and channel size for overdeepened and non-overdeepened channels. We demonstrate that large data sets collected by numerous non-specialist surveyors can, with careful filtering, generate statistically robust results of geomorphological value over areas larger than is otherwise practicable. Furthermore, we reveal a notable legacy of overdeepening in the analysed lowland rivers, which presents a significant ‘hydromorphological’ management challenge.     

太湖流域典型水源水库藻类水华的促发条件

藻类异常增殖引发的水华是威胁我国水源地水库的主要生态问题之一。探究水源水库中藻类异常增殖的促发因素是防控藻类水华水质问题的前提。本文以太湖流域两个大(Ⅱ)型中营养水库为例,通过周年浮游植物细胞密度、生物量及相关环境因子逐月监测,分析影响水库有害藻类生物量季节性异常增殖特征及其促发条件。结果表明,地处亚热带季风区的两个水源水库均存在蓝藻和硅藻阶段性异常增殖的风险,老石坎水库5月暴发了以曲壳藻为绝对优势种的重度硅藻水华现象,硅藻细胞密度达到6232×10⁴ cells/L,赋石水库则在6和9月均出现了蓝藻细胞数达到水华级别的异常增殖现象。冗余分析表明,总磷、水温和水位是影响水库硅藻、蓝藻异常增殖的关键因素。非线性回归等统计分析表明,两个水库中水体总磷浓度显著影响藻类异常增殖强度的临界值为0.024 mg/L,而水温高于16℃时,硅藻水华事件可能发生,硅藻水华发生的最佳温度为22℃水温高于20℃时,蓝藻水华事件可能发生,蓝藻水华发生的最佳温度为30℃持续低水位或水位快速波动过程中藻类水华暴发的风险较高。研究表明,太湖流域中营养水源水库藻类异常增殖或藻类水华的发生往往是营...     

Quantifying seasonal export and retention of nutrients in West European lowland rivers at catchment scale

To set accurate critical values for the protection of lakes and coastal areas, it is crucial to know the seasonal variation of nutrient exports from rivers. This article presents an improved method for estimating export and in‐stream nutrient retention and its seasonal variation. For 13 lowland river catchments in Western Europe, inputs to surface water and exports were calculated on a monthly basis. The catchments varied in size (21 to 486 km²), while annual in‐stream retention ranged from 23 to 84% for N and 39 to 72% for P. A novel calculation method is presented that quantifies monthly exports from lowland rivers based on an annual load to the river system. Inputs in the calculation are annual emission to the surface waters, average monthly river discharge, average monthly water temperature and fraction of surface water area in the catchment. The method accounts for both seasonal variation of emission to the surface water and seasonal in‐stream retention. The agreement between calculated values and calibration data was high (N: r² = 0·93; p < 0·001 and P: r² = 0·81; p < 0·001). Validation of the model also showed good results with model efficiencies for the separate catchments ranging from 31 to 95% (average 76%). This indicates that exports of nitrogen and phosphorus on a monthly basis can be calculated with few input data for a range of West European lowland rivers. Further analysis showed that retention in summer is higher than that in winter, resulting in lower summer nutrient concentrations than that calculated with an average annual input. This implies that accurate evaluation of critical thresholds for eutrophication effects must account for seasonal variation in hydrology and nutrient loading. Our quantification method thus may improve the modelling of eutrophication effects in standing waters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超声波和改性粘土集成技术在去除蓝藻水华上的应用

近年来,改性粘土除藻技术广泛应用于"水华"的治理当中,其原理是藻类与改性粘土絮凝后自然沉降.通过对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、集胞藻(Synechocystis sp.)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的絮凝比较,发现具气囊的铜绿微囊藻比其他两种藻发生再悬浮的幅度更大,次数更多.针对我国的水华藻类是以微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)等为主的情况,研究超声波和改性粘土集成技术对藻类的去除效果.结果表明,超声波和改性粘土集成技术能将藻类去除率明显提高,该法的絮体稳定性比单一絮凝法明显增强,且对群体形态的藻的去除率提升效果更好.另外,在40kHz、160W超声辐照下,铜绿微囊藻的气囊去除率在95%以上,但细胞壁保持完好,细胞活性不变,藻毒素不会因细胞破裂而释放,因此超声波和改性粘土集成方法,是治理我国蓝藻水华的有效方法.     

巢湖湖滨带藻类水华期异味物质的空间分布规律及其影响因素

为探究湖滨带藻类水华期水体异味物质的空间分布规律,2019年6—10月对巢湖湖滨带水体理化参数和异味物质进行月度调查,分析湖滨带水体异味物质的空间分布特征,并探讨影响其空间分布差异的主要因素。结果表明：巢湖湖滨带藻类水华期水体异味物质浓度在空间上总体表现为西北部湖区最高,南部湖区次之,东北部湖区和北部湖区最低的分布特征,藻类生物量高低及其分解是水体异味物质产生空间分布差异的主要原因。风向和风速间接影响了湖滨带水体异味物质的空间分布,其中北部湖区受风速和风向的影响最为明显,其次是南部湖区和东北部湖区,西北部湖区影响最小。此外,湖滨带植被通过影响该区域藻类水华堆积及消散过程加剧了水体中异味物质的富集。     

湖泊蓝藻水华防控方法综述

由于人类活动和全球气候变化的叠加影响,湖泊富营养化和蓝藻水华仍是未来相当长一段时间内的水生态环境问题.蓝藻水华暴发会引发湖泊生态系统的灾害和饮用水安全风险,因此湖内蓝藻水华防控必不可少.现有蓝藻水华防控长效方法主要基于营养盐控制理论、浅水湖泊稳态转换理论和生物操纵理论,技术措施包括内源营养盐控制、生态修复、生物操纵.应...     

典型风力条件及水力调度下太湖藻华高频时空动态监测

湖泊藻华问题已成为全球水生态环境领域面临的长期挑战,风力条件变化和引调水工程的水力调度能改变湖体水动力结构,对藻类的生长和聚集过程产生影响,进行该过程的精细化监测和机制分析对于湖泊藻华预报预警和应急处置具有重要意义。本研究基于Hiamwari-8/AHI卫星遥感高频监测数据,对比分析了归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)和浮游藻类指数(FAI) 3种不同指数对太湖藻华的反演效果,开展了典型风力条件下和水力调度下太湖藻华生消过程的持续监测分析。结果表明,FAI对藻华区域和非藻华区域的区分更加明显,其阈值提取的藻华面积与基于MODIS图像解译的藻华面积的相对误差最低,为-2.27%。当营养盐充足且水温持续保持在蓝藻大量生长增殖的阈值以上时,风力条件是导致太湖藻类迁移聚集的关键因子,风向主要影响藻类的水平迁移,使其进行方向性迁移并逐渐形成大面积藻华区域。风速主要影响藻类的垂向迁移并存在临界阈值,当风速低于约2.5 m/s的临界风速时,藻华面积随风速增加而增加;当风速高于临界风速时,藻华面积随风速增加而降低。水力调度对距离较近的贡湖湾区域具有显著影响,主要通过水动力扰动来影响...     

Hydrological characterization of dammed rivers in the NW Mediterranean region

Water scarcity and climatic variability in the Mediterranean region have traditionally required the construction of dams to guarantee water supply for irrigation, industrial and urban uses and hydropower production. Reservoirs affect the hydrology of the river downstream, but the magnitude and persistence of these effects are still poorly unknown. Understanding the magnitude of these effects is the objective of this paper, in which we analyse the flow regimes of twelve rivers located in the NW Mediterranean region. Different temporal scales (daily, monthly and annual) are used for the analysis and also to estimate flow variables associated with flow magnitude, frequency, duration and variability. It is shown that dams alter the hydrological regime of most of the studied rivers, with special influence on monthly flows and flood magnitude and frequency. The most altered rivers (Muga and Siurana, NE Iberian Peninsula) experience a complete overturn in their flow regime with, for instance, flood reduction reaching up to 76% for the 2‐year flood event. Other rivers showed lower changes in hydrology (e.g. Orb and Têt). Annual runoff showed a pattern of decrease in all the studied rivers (regulated and non‐regulated) indicating that besides dams (i.e. reservoir evaporation), other factors likely affect water yield. A general recovery downstream from dams is also observed at all temporal scales, mainly because of the inflow from tributaries. Although dams have a clear impact on the hydrology of Mediterranean rivers, water withdrawals and diversions for irrigation and other consumptive uses also affected the hydrological patterns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential effect of sedimentary iron-phosphorus accumulation on frequent algal bloom in the Pearl River Estuary

Based on laboratory culture of harmful alga on iron and phosphorus uptake, and the study of accu-mulation of iron-phosphorus in cores and release of iron and phosphorus from surficial sediments collected in the Pearl River Estuary, the reasons of the high frequency of phytoplankton bloom therein are discussed. The results show that Fe starvation can make algal growth rate slow down and the peak of cell number decrease. Fe and P contents in algal cell bear a significant correlation and the molar ratio of P:Fe is ~356:1, suggesting that algal uptake of Fe and P is synergistic. Total Fe and total P in sediments are positively correlated and Fe-P is the main species of inorganic sedimentary P. Through continuous leaching with agitation, 34.26%―80.21% of exchangeable P and 4.04%―22.52% of ex-changeable Fe are released from surficial sediments, implying that the accumulation of Fe-P in sedi-ments is available for providing nutrients (P and essential Fe) for the demand of phytoplankton bloom. These factors might be responsible for a higher frequency of red tides than other marine regions.     

太湖水质时空特性及其与蓝藻水华的关系

以太湖2005-2007年的连续监测资料为基础,运用聚类分析和自相关分析方法,针对总无机磷,总无机氮、水温等环境理化因素与叶绿素a进行时空序列分析,初步归纳了当前太湖水质指标变化的空间特点、时问周期性及其与蓝藻水华暴发的关系.结果表明,太湖水质的空间分布大致分为三个人湖河口、四个湖湾、湖心区、西部湖区、东部湖区等十个区...     

微囊藻水华期间水体及藻体上细菌的动态

通过对水体中及附着在藻类上的细荫数量、代谢活性细菌、Chl.a浓度等的研究,探讨了藻类与细菌之间的代谢耦联关系,结果表明:1)水体中细菌的丰度随着Chl.a浓度的增加而逐渐增大(r2=0.466,P<0.05),但其峰值滞后于Chl.a;附在藻体表面上的细菌也呈现出相似的变化规律;2)水体中代谢活性细菌数量与总细菌数量显著相关(r2=0.678,P<0.05);附着在藻体上的代谢活性细菌虽然总数量低于水体中的代谢活性细菌,但二者之间亦存在显著的相关性(r2=0.836,P<0.05).3)藻类表面附着细菌的数量取决与藻类的生长状况,附着在藻类体上的代谢活性细菌的比率均高于水体中代谢活性细菌的比率,且在水华盛行期间呈逐渐增加的趋势.     

巢湖蓝藻水华时空分布(2000-2015年)

巢湖是我国五大淡水湖之一,近年来水体富营养化严重,蓝藻水华频繁暴发.通过收集2000-2015年晴好天气下2478景MODIS Terra和Aqua影像,利用浮游藻类指数,提取巢湖蓝藻水华时空分布数据.结果显示,巢湖蓝藻水华覆盖面积、暴发频率以及持续时间都在增加,每年最初暴发时间提前.从分布上来看,西巢湖依然严重,中巢湖、东巢湖水华暴发面积较以往大大增加;过去16年内巢湖蓝藻水华暴发频率持续增长,其中2007年最为严重,2008-2010年暴发频率出现缓和,此后又出现增长趋势.这些研究结果有助于掌握蓝藻水华的情况,为巢湖科学治理提供了数据支持.     

Unravelling the hydrological effects on spatiotemporal variability of water chemistry in mountainous rivers from Southwest China

Understanding the effects of hydrological processes on solute dynamics is critical to interpret biogeochemical processes. Water chemistry and isotopic compositions of surface water (δ¹⁸O_w and δD_w) were investigated in rivers from Southwest China to study the effects of hydrological variability on biogeochemical processes. The inverse relationship between deuterium excess (d-excess) and δ¹⁸O_w could be ascribed to non-equilibrium fractionation processes, and the slope of the Local River Water Line was much lower than the Local Meteoric Water Line, suggesting the post-precipitation evaporation pattern. The evaporation fraction (1–f) was estimated by the d-excess method, varying from 0.01 to 0.18. (1–f), was a function of water temperature and drainage mean elevation, indicating that evaporation easily occurs at high temperatures in low-elevation regions. The hydrological processes co-varied with solute dynamics in the river network, and fluid transit time and temperature were likely responsible for the co-variations. Also, we found that hydrological processes played an important role in solute dynamics through shifting the geochemical processes (e.g., enrichment, water-rock reaction, photosynthesis, and secondary mineral precipitation). This study highlights that biogeochemical processes co-vary with hydrological processes, and we suggest that investigating hydrological processes can help to understand biogeochemical processes.     

1980s以来巢湖藻华物候时空变化遥感分析

蓝藻水华暴发时间变化一定程度上表征了藻华物候特征,研究藻华物候变化可为湖泊水环境健康问题治理和缓解水生生态系统环境退化提供科学依据。以往巢湖蓝藻水华遥感监测主要基于2000年以来的MODIS卫星数据,限制了对巢湖蓝藻水华暴发时空变化过程的理解。本文利用Landsat扩展时间序列,联合MODIS数据,基于浮游藻类指数和阈值分割技术提取巢湖蓝藻水华,在评估二者藻华提取结果一致性的基础上,获取并分析了巢湖1987-2020年蓝藻水华暴发物候的规律及影响因子。结果表明：(1) 2000年前,巢湖蓝藻水华暴发规模较小,2000年后面积显著上升,大面积蓝藻水华出现频繁,2011年达到最高峰(608.4 km²);(2)1987-2020年间,巢湖蓝藻水华暴发可以分为3个阶段：(1)1987-2004年,巢湖蓝藻水华年暴发开始时间显著提前,暴发持续时间显著增加;(2)2005-2010年,藻华年暴发开始时间显著延迟,但暴发持续时间变化不显著;(3)2011-2020年,巢湖藻华暴发开始、结束和持续时间呈现年际波动,年暴发开始时间、结束时间和持续时间有所提前,但不显著;(3)巢湖...     

分层异重流背景下降雨对三峡水库香溪河水华消退的影响

为探究在三峡水库特殊分层异重流背景下降雨对水华消退的影响,以香溪河为例,对库湾降雨前后水动力、生态环境因子开展连续三维立体跟踪监测。结果表明:降雨对水华的消退作用显著,降雨后香溪河库湾叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度明显下降。热分层稳定指数(RWCS/H)变化不大,库湾近河口处分层较弱、中上游分层较强的特性并未随此次降雨发生较大变动。受降雨影响,藻类在表层水体聚集程度降低,藻类聚集度指数(MI)、微藻群体平均深度(MRD)下降。库湾流态随降雨发生而变得复杂,库湾水体浊度明显增加,异重流倒灌形式由近表层倒灌向中下层倒灌转变,雨后又逐渐转变为中层倒灌,长江干流水体倒灌进入库湾的影响范围、潜入深度增加。水体水平输移增强,分散下沉的藻类易随水体环流流出库湾,水华消退。雨后库湾入库流量增加,大部分上游来流依旧由上层流向河口,与中层倒灌异重流形成逆时针环流,藻类无法在表层水体稳定生长,库湾Chl.a浓度能在较长时间内保持较低水平,不会再次迅速暴发水华。     

底泥和藻体对太湖湖泛的诱发及水体致黑物的供应潜力

为确定底泥和藻体在太湖湖泛形成过程中对致黑物形成的贡献,采用室内模拟系统,研究底泥、蓝藻以及底泥+蓝藻3种处理,模拟湖水在不同厌氧程度下湖泛特征参数(黑度、铁及硫形态)的变化,分析不同处理以及受不同聚藻程度影响区(八房港、焦山)底泥对湖泛的诱发作用及致黑物供给潜力.结果表明,各处理组诱发太湖湖泛发生的难易顺序为:底泥+蓝藻处理组底泥处理组蓝藻处理组.底泥+蓝藻处理组中Fe2+浓度为蓝藻处理组的11~94倍,其平均浓度为后者的33倍,而底泥+蓝藻处理组中还原性硫浓度为其他处理组的2~56倍.研究还发现,聚藻区底泥较非聚藻区更易发生湖泛,这是由于聚藻区底泥富集了更高浓度的铁、硫等还原性物质,但厌氧处理与非厌氧处理在诱发湖泛发生的风险差异不明显.以上结果证实,厌氧环境下低价铁硫供应潜力的差异是决定湖泛发生的主要物质来源,加强对聚藻区底泥及蓝藻的控制是有效防控太湖湖泛发生的主要措施之一.