成都地面气温与风速年极大值的渐近分布及参数估计

利用１９３３－１９９２年期间成都地面最高气温和地面最大风速年极值的记录，通过统计推断，找出了成都地面最高气温年极值和地面最大风速年极值遵循的渐近分布－Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布和Ｇｕｍｂｅｌ分布，并讨论了它们的参数估计方法。     

成都地面最低气温年极值的渐近分布

利用成都１９３３～１９９２年间的地面最低气温年极值记录，采用韦伯分布和耿贝尔分丰，分别对其进行了渐近分布拟合，通过统计推断，找出了成都地面最低气温年极值所遵循的最佳渐近分布－韦伯分布。     

广西一定重现期气象极值的离散特征分析

本文通过对广西四个站点三十六年最大风速,极端最高气温和极端最低气温的耿贝尔分布的拟合和优度检验,以及各极值的抽样误差和耿贝尔分布各估计参数的相关关系的统计,对一定重现期下气象极值的离散特征进行初步分析。     

内蒙古东部电网最大风速及其重现期极值分布特征

利用内蒙古东部48个气象站有自记式风速仪记录以来的逐年10 min最大风速资料,采用极值Ⅰ型计算方法,给出了该地区重现期30年、50年和100年的极值风速分布图,并分析了近30年最大风速和极值风速的分布特征。结果表明：近42年来内蒙古东部年最大风速具有明显的阶段性下降趋势, 减小速率约为每10年14 m/s;最大风速的年内变化为双峰型,年最大风速主要出现在春季;偏西风的最大风速较大,出现年最大风速的频率高达70%;年最大风速值和极值风速的分布总体呈自西向东减小趋势,但也存在明显的区域性分布特征。该结果将为内蒙古东部电网的设计、运行和维护提供重要的参考依据。     

近半个世纪辽宁省气温、降水极值特征分析

利用辽宁省53个气象站近半个世纪以来的气温、降水极值资料,分析了辽宁省气温、降水极值的时空变化特征。结果表明:辽宁省累年极端最高、最低气温具有区域性,辽西极端最高气温最高,辽东极端最低气温最低,累年极端日降水的局域性较强;最高气温极值多发生在6~8月,但有很多地区都出现在6月,最低气温极值最易发生在1月,降水极值在7月或8月出现最多;最高气温极值和日降水极值的趋势性较弱,而最低气温极值的升温趋势十分显著,且远大于平均气温的增幅;最高(低)气温极值异常主要存在5(4)个空间型,各空间型均存在一定的时间变化特征;最高、最低气温和日降水极值具有不完全一致的长、短周期,但分别以9年、18年、11年左右的周期振动最强;近46年来三个极值要素均出现过增温或减少的突变。     

三明市气候要素及极值变化特征分析

根据三明市1959～2009年51年间主要气候要素及极值的年序列(共13个),通过趋势分析,研究了三明市气候要素及极值的变化特征.结果表明:三明市4项气温要素(平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、极端最低气温)前3项表现出一致的缓慢升温趋势,而极端最高气温则表现出降温趋势;4项降水要素变化中的3项(降水量、最大日降水...     

最大风速变化特征及再现期极值估算

利用枣庄市1971~2008年各月10 min最大风速资料,对枣庄最大风速统计分析。发现38年中枣庄春季、夏季、秋季、冬季和全年的最大风速都呈下降趋势,年最大风速以每10年1.47 m/s的幅度下降,冬季下降最快,达到每10年降低1.67 m/s,夏季、秋季降低幅度很接近,都小于年平均最大风速降幅,春季最大风速下降最慢,且最大风速极值主要出现在春季。枣庄各月最大风速变化曲线呈递减的"两峰两谷"形。用柯尔莫哥洛夫方法对耿贝尔分布函数进行拟合优度的检验,其显著水平达到0.05,因此利用耿贝尔分布函数估算出枣庄未来若干年的最大风速极值,以满足生产建设规划与设计中对最大风速极值的要求。     

1954-2013年湖北省黄石市极值气温变化特征分析

利用黄石市气象台1954年1月1日至2013年12月31日共60a的地面观测资料,选取逐日的平均气温、最高气温和最低气温做为研究对象,采用气候趋势分析、相关分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验分析和小波分析等方法对黄石市极值气温变化特征进行分析,结果表明:(1)1954-2013黄石市年平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温呈波动上升的趋势,其中年平均气温和平均最低气温上升趋势显著,对于近60a黄石市年平均气温的升高,年平均最低气温的贡献是主要的;(2)近60a黄石市极端最高气温和极端最低气温均呈波动上升的趋势,其中极端最低气温上升趋势显著,1984-2013年极端最低气温的升高是造成近60年极端最低气温显著升高的主要原因;(3)近60a黄石市年最大日较差呈波动下降的趋势,但不显著,平均最低气温的上升速度明显大于平均最高气温的上升速度,极端最低气温的上升速度明显大于极端最高气温的上升速度,这造成了气温日较差的不断减小;(4)近60a黄石市气温(年平均气温、年最高\最低气温、极端最高\最低气温)的显著升高,与最高气温出现在20℃以上的天数增加和出现在20℃以下的天数减少有关,与最低气温出现在10℃以上的天数增加和出现在10℃以下的天数减少有关,其中T0℃的高温日数和低温日数的显著减少以及20≤T30℃的低温日数的显著增加贡献最大。     

新疆冬季日最低气温分布规律

在对新疆近60个气象测站30年冬季逐日最低气温资料分析基础上，总结出新疆冬季日最低气温的统计特征和日最低气温的频率分布特征，在此基础上，揭示了日最低气温的分布规律，因而确定了年极端最低气温的极值分布为Ⅰ型（耿贝尔）分布。这个结论在全疆大多数地区都适用。这对于异常寒冷气温的预测和工程设计及稠油沥青高等级路的抗裂性影响评估等具有实用价值。     

广东省风速极值I型分布参数估计方法的比较

利用广东省86个气象站1951—2003年的年最大风速序列资料,应用极值I型分布函数对各站的年极值风速进行了概率计算,计算过程中极值I型分布函数分别采用了3种参数估计方法矩法、耿贝尔法和极大似然法,结合3种表征参数估计优良性的指标,对不同的参数估计方法进行了比较,结果表明大多数情况下采用耿贝尔法时拟合效果最好,即使在矩法或极大似然法为优的情况下,其拟合优良性指标与耿贝尔法也较为接近。     

ON ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTIONS FOR EXTREMES OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE WIND IN CHINA

According to statistical inference method,the asymptotic distributions,concretely,Weibull and Gumbeldistributions,for yearly extremes of surface temperature and wind in China were discovered.In this study weused the data of 173 stations for yearly maximum surface temperature and 158 stations for yearly minimumsurface temperature and 83 stations for yearly maximum surface wind during the period from 1951 to 1982.Finally,the characteristics of the asymptotic distributions were discussed briefly.     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SEA SURFACE WIND ALONG THE COAST OF GUANGDONG PROVINCE IN CHINA

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of sea surface wind in Guangdong''s coastal areas were analyzed with data from four offshore observational stations between 2012 and 2015. The results are shown as follows: (1) The probability distribution of wind speed was basically consistent with Gaussian distribution characteristics; winds of Beaufort force 6 or higher were observed mainly in far offshore stations from October to March. (2) The probability distribution of wind direction was represented well by Weibull distribution. The deviation of wind direction of far station was relatively small for it was mainly controlled by monsoon over the South China Sea, while the near offshore station had a relatively large diurnal variation because of the influence of local synoptic systems such as sea-land breeze. (3) There were significant seasonal differences in wind speed and direction observed by different offshore observational stations. In strong wind seasons, the deviation of wind direction was relatively small while the deviation of wind speed was relatively large, and vice versa. In contrast with Class I station, the other three stations exhibited approximately normal distribution of wind direction and wind speed deviations. (4) Wind direction diurnal variation was moderate in windy periods, while it was obvious in relatively lower speed conditions. The deviation of wind speed in windy periods was generally greater because it was influenced by mesoscale weather systems for 10-20 h, and the influence was complicated, resulting in greater local differences in wind speed.     

新疆气象站年均风速均一化订正与基本风压估算初探

为了较好地开展风能资源的详查与综合评价工作,根据新疆各风区挑选的参照站历史风况资料序列特点,在参考测站历史"元数据"直接进行非均一性检验与一致性订正基础上,对其中4个长期无自记风记录参照站采用标准正态均一性检验、Potter检验、平行累计和等客观方法对1970～2009年的年平均风速序列进行了非均一性检验与均一化订正,同时对测站无自记风时期年最大风速序列的时距换算进行了初步探索。结果表明:1)布尔津、淖毛湖、红柳河站的年平均风速存在因测站环境改变或其它不明原因而使序列间断的现象。从年平均风速序列SNHT非均一性订正结果以及测站四周建筑群体的发展规模看,布尔津测站受测站环境变化等不明原因的影响程度最大,三度间断,累积订正量平均达0.9m.s-1左右。淖毛湖站两度间断,其中1次与近距迁站而又未进行迁站订正有关,订正量约为0.1～0.2m.s-1。红柳河站的1次间断,也与未进行迁站订正有关,订正量约为0.1～0.2m.s-1。2)在构建测站无自记风时期历年最大风速序列的时距时次经验公式中,十三间房站适于西北统一经验公式,其余3站适于在一定阈值风速条件下,根据有自记风时期2min时距平均风速与10min时距最大风速的相关比值系数进行订正。     

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE FROM GMS-5 INFRARED CLOUD IMAGERY AND SURFACE RAIN RATES DURING THE RAINING SEASONS OF FUJIAN PROVINCE

1INTRODUCTIONInrecentyears,theinfraredcloudimageryfromtheGMSseriessatelliteshasusedmoreandmoreinstudiesofheavyprecipitationintheyearlyfirstrainingseasonsinChina.Theuseintheanalysisofheavyrainprocessesandquantitativeestimationofrainfallisoneoftheaspectsthatwitnesswideapplication.Quantitativeestimationofrainfallwithsatellitecloudimageryhasbeenanimportantresearchsubjectformeteorologistsathomeandabroad.Inhiseffortstostudyingwaysofestimatingsevereconvectiveprecipitation,Scofield(1987)usesthe…     

A discussion of statistical methods used to estimate extreme wind speeds

Summary Wind speeds in extra-tropical latitudes are known to be approximately Weibull distributed. Hence a Weibull distribution fitted to all available data is often used to predict extreme winds. The most extreme values then, however, have little influence on the estimated parent Weibull distribution, and the accuracy of the extreme value predictions obtained in this manner may be questioned. In the present paper such a “Weibull method” is compared to a method based on statistical extreme value theory, “the annual maxima method”. The comparison is based on 30 years of 10 minute wind speed averages measured hourly at 12 meteorological stations located at airports in Sweden. Results show that the Weibull method generates incorrect estimates of the tails of the distributions of wind speeds and of the distribution of yearly maximum wind speed, and that serial dependence of individual measurements has to be taken into account. In addition, it is inherent in the Weibull method that it does not provide any confidence bounds for the estimates. The annual maxima method avoids these problems. The measurements were rounded, first to entire knots, and then to m/s. A further, “technical”, result is that if this rounding were disregarded in the estimation procedure, then the computed standard errors of the parameter estimates would be erroneously low. Hence, if rounding is done, it should be taken into account in the estimation procedure. We also believe this to be a clear indication that rounding of the data decreases estimation accuracy.     

数值与统计方法在广东核事故应急系统中的应用

根据研究区域（310km×220km）三年的气象资料,将每天的天气按季节、天气状况和风向与风速及其日变化等因子划归为具有代表性的不同天气类型,然后用中尺度气象模式模拟这些天气类型的风温场,使得模拟的风温场能反映下垫面动力和热力不均匀性的影响,并以此统计出研究区域内关心点的天气状况、风向和风速与天气类型之间的相关关系和相关判据。在已知关心点的季节、天气状况、风向和风速后,依据这种相关关系,找出相应天气类型的风温场,并用以预报核泄漏物的污染路径、强度和范围。     

深圳湾公路大桥设计风速的推算

从资料的完整性和合理性、方法的规范性等几方面着手，对深圳湾公路大桥设计风速进行推算。利用深圳市气象站1954～2001年逐年年最大风速资料，通过时距、高度、地形等订正后得到相当于开阔平地上方10 m高度10 min年最大风速48年序列，使之符合建筑抗风指南或规范的要求。再利用极值Ⅰ型计算出不同重现期的基本风速，同时用耿贝尔的参数估算法和修正后的矩法参数估计法计算出不同重现期（200、120、100、60、50、30、10年）的基本风速。研究发现桥位区自动气象站与深圳市气象站最大风速正相关显著，前者是后者的1.1倍，从而可将基本风速外推到桥位区，进一步根据规范将该值放大1.11/2（1.049）倍至海面上，最终得到设计风速。还利用近地层风的指数和对数曲线推算出150 m内每10 m高度层的最大风速。     

冬季扬溧高速路桥面的低温差异性特征研究

利用江苏扬溧高速公路润扬大桥段2012—2015年交通气象监测站逐分钟监测资料和同期邻近气象观测站逐时气象观测资料,开展了冬季路桥面温度的差异性特征及成因分析研究,结果表明:(1)冬季相同天气条件下,不同类型下垫面的夜间温度分布表现为“桥面温度＜路面温度＜地面温度”;同一路段上,桥面与相邻路面的温度差值最大可达-5.7 ℃,出现最大差值的时间比达到最低温度的时间早近1 h。(2)冬季不同天气条件下夜间路桥面温度变化规律相似,晴天变幅最大、阴天和雨天居中、雪天最小;桥面温度一般比路面温度提前2 h降至0 ℃以下,桥面维持低温时间比路面长3 h,低温维持阶段桥面温度低于路面温度约2 ℃。(3)冬季夜间雪天桥面平均降温速率最小,较其他三类天气条件下小一个量级;同一天气条件下桥面的平均降温速率明显高于路面。(4)冬季夜间晴天条件下,桥面热通量最大(-55.6 W/m2),阴天和雨天次之,雪天最小(约为晴天的1/2);四种天气条件下夜间桥面与路面的热通量差值都近似为-10 W/m2,桥面热通量的变幅更大;与桥面相比,夜间路面还受到路基的热补偿作用,这种作用强于空气对路面的潜热输送和流体运动热交换,所以桥面温度低于路面温度。这也是冬季夜间桥面更容易、更早出现结冰现象的根本原因。      

近50年来全球海温异常对我国东部地区冬季温度异常影响的诊断研究

利用1951－1997年全球海温、风场月平均资料和我国东部地区100个测站的冬季地面气温等资料，分析了我国东部地区冬季温度异常的时空特征和变化规律，探讨了全球海温异常与我国东部地区冬季温度异常的关系。发现赤道印度洋、赤道东太平洋、黑潮区是影响我国东部地区冬季温度异常的关键海区。前期夏、秋季赤道印度泣、赤道东太平洋海温异常与我国东部地区冬季温度异常有较好的相关关系，对预测我国东部地区冬季温度异常有一定的前兆意义。且不同关键海区的海温异常在不同季节对我国东部地区冬季温度异常产生影响的区域不同。     

Investigation of meteorological extreme events over coastal regions of Iran

In this study, in order to detect probable trends and effects of climatic extreme events of precipitation and temperature as well as maximum relative humidity, dew point temperature, sunshine hours, and wind speed, 12 stations on the northern and southern coastlines of Iran were investigated from 1977 to 2007. For this purpose, 27 indices of precipitation and temperature, which are specified by the Expert Team of the World Meteorological Organization and Climate Variability and Predictability, were calculated by using RClimDex software. The Mann?CKendall method was also used to detect possible trends in the data time series. The results indicate that temperature indices are absolutely consistent with warming. Warm nights, hot days, and hot day and night frequencies increased, while cold spell and cool day and night frequencies declined. The minimum temperature experienced a considerable rise both in its maximum and minimum values. The minimum temperature had a higher increase than the maximum temperature. Therefore, diurnal temperature ranges have experienced dramatic declines. In the northern coastal sites, hot day frequency and hottest day temperature showed higher magnitudes than those of the southern sites as a result of the significant increase in the maximum sunshine hours in northern stations. This enhancement led to a considerable increase in the maximum wind speed. Consequently, relative humidity declined in the northern sites. Precipitation indices indicate few significant trends over the studied period. Temporal precipitation distribution was different from station to station. Three precipitation patterns were detected at individual stations, although an overall regional rainfall pattern was not detectable. On the whole, the results of this study emphasize that the water resources in the studied area are going to become problematic.