试论山地高梯度效应——以横断山地的自然-人文景观效应为例

山地是地球表面具有显著起伏度和坡度的三维地貌体,由于自然要素及受其影响的人类活动随海拔高度和相对高度的变化而产生了梯变现象,形成了山地高梯度效应.山地高梯度效应是表征山地随海拔高度和相对高差变化而导致的自然-人文景观的梯次变化现象,是山地地域系统演变的综合集成效应.横断山区是我国典型的高山峡谷区,山地高梯度效表现显著.山地高梯度效应的内涵包括了能量(山地重力势能、热能、生物质能等)高梯度效应、气候高梯度效应、气候地貌高梯度效应、自然带谱高梯度效应、人文社会经济活动(如土地利用等)高梯度效应、人居环境高梯度效应等.山地高梯度效应研究是响应IGBP、IHDP、GTOS等提出的“全球变化与山区-山地研究倡议”的重要行动,也是山地综合研究的重要途径和方法,对山区自然资源利益、社会经济发展、生态环境建设、山区可持续发展等有着重要的意义和价值.     

The variety of landslide forms in Slovenia and its immediate NW surroundings

The Post-Forum Study Tour following the 4th World Landslide Forum 2017 in Ljubljana (Slovenia) focuses on the variety of landslide forms in Slovenia and its immediate NW surroundings, and the best-known examples of devastating landslides induced by rainfall or earthquakes. They differ in complexity of the both surrounding area and of the particular geological, structural and geotechnical features. Many of the landslides of the Study Tour are characterized by huge volumes and high velocity at the time of activation or development in the debris flow. In addition, to the damage to buildings, the lives of hundreds of people are also endangered; human casualties occur. On the first day, we will observe complex Pleistocene to recent landslides related to the Mesozoic carbonates thrust over folded and tectonically fractured Tertiary siliciclastic flysch in the Vipava Valley (SW Slovenia), serving as the main passage between the Friulian lowland and central Slovenia, and thus also an important corridor connecting Northern Italy to Central Europe. A combination of unfavourable geological conditions and intense short or prolonged rainfall periods leads to the formation of different types of complex landslides, from large-scale deep-seated rotational and translational slides to shallow landslides, slumps and sediment gravity flows in the form of debris or mudflows. The second day of the study tour will be held in the So?a River Valley located in NW Slovenia close to the border with Italy, where the most catastrophic Sto?e landslide in Slovenia recently caused the deaths of seven people, and the nearby Strug landslide, which is a combination of rockfall, landslide and debris flow. The final day of the Post-Forum Study Tour will start in the Valcanale Valley located across the border between Slovenia and Italy, severely affected by a debris flow in August 2003. The flow caused the deaths of two people, damaged 260 buildings; large amounts of deposits blocked the A23 Highway, covering both lanes. In Carinthia (Austria), about 25 km west of Villach, the Dobra?/Dobratsch multiple scarps of prehistoric and historic rockslides will be observed. Dobratsch is a massive mountain ridge with a length of 17 km and a width of 6 km, characterized by steep rocky walls. The 3-day study tour will conclude with a presentation of the Poto?ka planina landslide, a slide whose lower part may eventually generate a debris flow and therefore represents a hazard for the inhabitants and for the infrastructure within or near the village of Koro?ka Bela.     

Evaluation of relative tectonic activity of Buin Zahra-Avaj area,northern Iran

Present active tectonics is affecting central Alborz and created various dynamic landforms in Buin Zahra-Avaj area, northern Iran. The area, located between the southern central Alborz and the edge of northwestern central Iran, is the result of both the Arabian–Eurasian convergence and clockwise rotation of the south Caspian Basin with respect to Eurasia in which most of the steep fault planes have a left lateral strike-slip component and most of the dip-slip faults are reverse, dipping SW. Since this region consists of several residential and industrial areas and includes several fault zones, the assessment of the structures of the present activity is vital. Six significant morphometric indices have been applied for this evaluation including stream length–gradient (SL), drainage basin asymmetry factor (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), drainage basin shape (Bs), and mountain front sinuosity (Smf). The combined analyzed indices, represented through the relative tectonic activity (Iat), were used. The study area was divided into four regions according to the values of Iat. These classes include class 1 (very high activity,18%), class 2 (high, 20%), class 3 (moderate, 44%), and class 4 (low, 18%). The results of these indices are consistent with field observations on landforms and the deformation of Quaternary deposits.     

How can the epikarst zone influence the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour?

The role of an epikarst zone in the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour was brought into focus in our studies referring to the catchment area of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia). This study points out the significance of effects of the fast preferential flow—epiflow, which is the main factor controlling solute/contaminant transport towards the aquifer saturated zone. The so-called epikarstic hypothesis is verified on the basis of the most significant research results that are supported by the most important findings from the literature.     

试论红色岩溶概念及其科学价值

岩溶地貌在全球广泛分布,造就了丰富多彩的地貌形态及自然景观。在我国湘黔鄂渝交界区存在着极具观赏性的特殊岩溶地貌,其形态特征有别于常见的岩溶地貌。但当前对这套特殊岩溶地貌的名称及其地学价值尚未深入探讨。该类型地貌具有四个基本特点:红颜色、层状凹凸形态、泥质灰岩的成景岩性、土下环境差异溶蚀成因。在对比分析它与红色系地貌、已认识的岩溶形态、常见岩溶地貌的差异性基础上,文章采用“外观特征”+“地貌类型”的命名原则将它命名为“红色层状凹凸岩溶地貌”,简称“红色岩溶”,并提出其科学定义及界定标准。红色岩溶具有重要的地学价值,其极具观赏性的独一无二形态使得红色岩溶具有重要的旅游经济价值。      

Flow and solute transport monitoring in the karst aquifer in SW Slovenia

The role of the unsaturated zone in the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour was brought into focus in these studies of the catchment of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia). The variations of natural tracers in precipitation and in groundwater during a summer storm event made it possible to trace local flow and solute transport in the observed aquifer. The results produced data on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on mechanisms that affected them, which reflects a karst groundwater dynamics also at a regional scale. They point out the significance of effects of the fast preferential flow—epiflow that is the main factor controlling solute/contaminant transport towards the aquifer saturated zone. Numerous arguments indicate that the karst aquifer flow and solute transport mechanisms depend on the hydraulic behaviour of the epikarst zone.     

The vulnerability of karst springs—a case study of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia)

The hydraulic behaviour of the karst aquifer in the Hubelj spring catchment area (SW Slovenia) was studied by using an indirect research method based on natural tracers. The variations of natural tracers (in precipitation and in groundwater) during the storm event made possible the separation of the Hubelj spring storm hydrograph by the three-component separation technique. The results produced information on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on the mechanisms that affected them. They verified the so-called epikarst hypothesis presuming that an important part of a karst aquifer recharge reaches rapidly and intensively from the epikarst zone. It was demonstrated that epikarst water could occupy up to 50% of the spring discharge during precipitation events. This phenomenon could have important consequences on protection and management of the problems of karst aquifers, including engineering problems in karst areas. With this respect the results could give way to new engineering ideas.     

西藏自治区旅游资源概况

西藏地区经历了复杂的地质作用，造就了其地形的独特性，从而形成了独有的地貌特征，自然资源中具有旅游开发价值的为数不少。在旅游业兴盛繁荣的今天，挖掘并开放西藏的旅游资源已显得相当重要。本文在介绍西藏旅游资源概况的基础上，讨论了开发西藏自治区旅游资源的意义和作用。     

Human occupation of the continental shelf during the late pleistocene/early Holocene: Methods for site location

Archaeological sites containing significant information not available from terrestrial sites occur along former land surfaces now submerged and buried on the continental shelf. Although sites may occur anywhere along these former land surfaces, factors essential to man's survival, such as fresh water and food resources, make site locations somewhat predictable. Landforms such as rivers, lakes, and bays represent locations where one or more of the basic subsistence factors are provided. These relict landforms on the continental shelf can be detected easily using high-resolution seismic profilers. Physical sampling of landforms targeted as potential site areas is usually the only method for confirming the presence of an archaeological site. Sediment samples from a potential site are subjected to a series of sedimentary analyses which discriminate between archaeological deposits and natural sedimentary deposits. These methods for locating inundated and buried archaeological sites on the continental shelf were tested in a Gulf of Mexico study funded by the United States Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. The study suggests that at least two locations sampled along the ancient Sabine River Valley represent archaeological deposits dating from the Late Wisconsinan period of lower sea stand.     

Groundwater nitrate vulnerability assessment in alluvial aquifer using process-based models and weights-of-evidence method: Lower Savinja Valley case study (Slovenia)

This paper describes the implementation of process-based models reflecting relative groundwater nitrate vulnerability of the shallow alluvial Lower Savinja Valley (LSV) aquifer in Slovenia. A spatially explicit identification of the potentially vulnerable priority areas within groundwater bodies at risk from a chemical point of view is being required for cost-effective measures and monitoring planning. The shallow LSV unconfined aquifer system consists of high-permeable Holocene and middle- to low-permeable Pleistocene gravel and sand, with a maximum thickness of about 30 m, mainly covered by shallow eutric fluvisoils or variously deep eutric cambisoil. The hydrogeological parameters, e.g. the depth to the groundwater, hydrological role of the topographic slope, etc. usually used in different point count schemes are, in the case of the lowland aquifer and shallow groundwater, spatially very uniform with low variability. Furthermore, the parametric point count methods are generally not able to illustrate and analyze important physical processes, and validation of the results is difficult and expensive. Instead of a parametric point count scheme, we experimentally used the Arc-WofE extension for weights-of-evidence (WofE) modelling. All measurement locations with a concentration higher than the value of 20 mg NO₃ ⁻ per litre of groundwater have been considered as training points (173), and the three process-based models generalized output layers of groundwater recharge (GROWA), nitrate leached from the soil profile (SWAT) and groundwater flow velocity (FEFLOW), served as evidential themes. The technique is based on the Bayesian idea of phenomena occurrences probability before (prior probability) and after consideration of any evidential themes (posterior probability), which were measured by positive and negative weights as an indication of the association between a phenomena and a prediction pattern. The response theme values describe the relative probability that a 100 × 100 m spatial unit will have a groundwater nitrate concentration higher than the training points’ limit values with regard to prior probability value. The lowest probability of groundwater nitrate occurrence is in the parts of the LSV aquifer, which are known as anoxic condition areas with very likely denitrification processes. The cross-validation of the dissolved oxygen and dissolved nitrate response theme confirmed the accuracy of the groundwater nitrate prediction. The WofE model results very clearly indicate regional groundwater nitrate distribution and enable spatial prediction of the probability for increased groundwater nitrate concentration in order to plan the groundwater nitrate reduction measures and optimize the programme for monitoring the effects of these measures.     

火星水成地貌研究进展

液态水在火星地表的塑造过程中起到了重要的作用,形成了峡谷网、外流河道、古湖泊以及三角洲和冲积扇等多种多样的水成地貌,它们一直是火星探测与研究的热点和焦点。本文对火星水成地貌的探测历史、地形地貌特征、时空分布等方面的研究进展进行总结,探讨水成地貌对火星气候演化及天体生物学研究的指示意义。在此基础上,提出当前火星水成地貌研究存在的问题,认为需要在火星水成地貌的水源类型、水成地貌所指示的火星水环境特征、亚马逊纪水成地貌的成因、火星水成地貌与我国柴达木盆地地貌的类比等方面开展进一步研究,为更深入的认识火星水成地貌,了解火星气候变化及宜居性提供支持。     

Features and values of geological heritage resources in Shunping County,Hebei Province

Hebei Province is rich in geological heritage resources due to its diverse landforms and unique natural conditions. However,detailed investigation and study of the resources are still limited,and a systematic survey conducted on a small scale has not been fully implemented. In this paper,the resource types and characteristics of the geological heritage in Shunping County are systematically discussed,on the basis of field investigation and scientific evaluation. With reference to the existing criteria for geological heritage resources survey,the heritage values and corresponding levels were assessed by using multi-factor quantitative evaluation approach. The results show that there are 33 geological heritage sites in Shunping County,which fall into 3 categories,10 classes and 17 subcategories. Among them,2 heritage sites are above the provincial level,14 heritage sites are at the provincial level and 17 ones are below the level. These heritage sites are not only natural resources with great tourism potential,but also valuable asset in geological research,human history,ecological conservation,scientific education and some other aspects. It is hence of great significance to conduct the scientific and reasonable appraisal for having a better understanding,good protection and development of the geological heritage resources in Hebei Province.     

Environmental aspect of radon potential in terra rossa and eutric cambisol in Slovenia

Terra rossa and eutric cambisol soils were surveyed in Slovenia. At both sites, 6–13 boreholes were drilled in a regular 24 m × 24 m square grid. Soil samples from various depths were taken for gamma spectrometric analysis, and radon in soil gas was measured at a depth of 80 cm using an AlphaGuard instrument. The following ranges of activity concentration (Bq kg⁻¹) were obtained for ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs: in terra rossa, 64–74, 70–84, 45–49, 293–345, 20–30 and, in eutric cambisol, 55–80, 132–147, 50–57, 473–529, 106–272. Radon activity concentrations in both soils ranged from about 100 kBq m⁻³ to 370 kBq m⁻³.     

青藏高原多灾种自然灾害综合风险管理

青藏高原是中国自然灾害多发、频发重点区域,区内地震、滑坡泥石流、冰湖溃决、雪灾等灾种广泛发育,其灾害分布较广,灾损及其影响巨大,已成为高原经济社会可持续、健康发展的一个重要制约因素。高原自然灾害风险等级具有明显的空间异质性。整体上,地震、滑坡泥石流、冰湖溃决灾害高危区位于高原南部和东部边缘大片区域,该区域也是高原多灾种频发地带,许多路网和管网均处于该频发地段,其潜在危害巨大。青藏高原地形地貌复杂、气候变化空间异质性较强、冰冻圈发育,交通等基础设施广布,经济条件较差,这些因素形成了多灾种自然灾害发育的主要致灾因子和孕灾环境。高原受多致灾因子共同影响,各灾种承灾体多有重叠之处,亟须加强多灾种自然灾害综合管控研究。综合风险管控主导思路是决策者利用多灾种成灾机理研究结果,通过工程和非工程措施,以及各部门联防联控理念,全过程防范、减缓或规避自然灾害综合风险。具体综合风险管控策略如实时监测/观测、信息共享、部委会商、群测群防、防灾教育培训、保险承担、灾前规划。     

中国主要沼泽草炭土的形成环境及分布特征

沼泽草炭土作为一种特殊的腐殖质土,其形成是多种地理因素共同作用的结果。通过对我国主要沼泽草炭土地区地形地貌、气候、水文地质和植被条件等形成环境的对比研究发现,这些地区有着共同的生成环境特征：地形平缓,多宽谷地貌和微地貌,气候湿润,水源充足,“隔板”效应显著,共同形成了积水潮湿环境;一方面使沼泽植被生长茂盛,另一方面低温环境使微生物活性受到不同程度抑制,植物残体分解能力下降,最终使沼泽草炭土不断堆积和发育并呈规模分布。     

The submarine landscape of the ‘Jurassic Coast’ World Heritage Site,Dorset, UK and its Setting

This paper reviews recent studies of the seabed offshore from the Jurassic Coast and discusses their significance for understanding landforms of the World Heritage Site’s Setting as well as adding to understanding of the structures exposed in the cliffs. The processes of coastal formation as sea-levels rose and fell during the Pleistocene and in the recent post-glacial period are critical for this as they reveal the landforms which preserve former shorelines. Detailed surveys of the seabed provide evidence of the low slope of much of this seabed and so enhance the potential to interpret older terrestrial landforms which have been attributed to uplift of former sea beds. Considering both the seabed and the coast from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene means that it is possible to assess the human impact on these landforms and processes, as well as the natural timescale within which changes occur. The paper describes the seabed geomorphology, relating this, where appropriate, to both the coastal landforms and the exposed structures. Current interpretations of the seabed features and their implications for our understanding of the recent evolution of the Site and Setting are explored. The features of the coast and adjacent sea bed at different phases of the changing coastal environment are discussed to the extent that the available evidence makes this possible, but for much of the area this remains speculative.     

Geomorphology and geomorphological heritage of the Ifrane–Azrou region (Middle Atlas,Morocco)

Geomorphological heritage is a widely used term in European and North-American countries, but is still scarcely mentioned in Africa. Nevertheless, the attractiveness of the African countries is often intimately connected to its breathtaking and endless geological landscapes. Morocco is one of those countries that has the widest diversity in landscapes and landforms, ranging from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts over the Rif, Middle Atlas, High Atlas and Anti-Atlas mountain chains to the great rocky and sandy deserts in the South. A wide variety of geological units hosting different types of important economic mineral deposits cover a temporal range from Late Precambrian to Quaternary. A detailed geomorphological study has been carried out in the region of Ifrane and Azrou (Middle Atlas, Central Morocco) using a combination of high resolution satellite data and direct field observations integrated by geological maps and scientific literature. In order to describe and evaluate the geomorphological heritage of this area, 40 geomorphosites have been selected comprising springs, karst landforms (polje, dolines, caves, sinkholes, stone forests, cryptokarstic dolines), carbonate depositional landforms (travertines and waterfalls), fluvial landforms (meanders, canyons, palaeo-valleys, etc.), structural landforms (triangular facets, hogbacks, cuestas, residual outcrops, etc.) and volcanic landforms (volcanoes, caldeira, pyroclastic cones, lava tube). The results of this research have been summarised in a thematic map, representing the geomorphosites related to various landscape units.     

Geomorphological survey for mass-movement hazard assessment

Most natural disasters in mountainous area are caused by mass-movement, which is a process of geomorphic changes. Therefore geomorphological survey is very useful for hazard assessment of mountainous area. The Geographical Survey Institute of Japan has been conducting such geomorphological hazard assessment survey paying attention to dissection process, and has been preparing geomorphological maps to help estimate the disaster potential. In case of the national highway disaster measure survey, 1:5,000 detailed geomorphological maps are made with special emphasis on the mass-movement landforms such as the dissection fronts, i.e., continuous kick lines where landslidings are concentrated, landslide forms, the stream bed deposits, piedmont landforms indicating past debris flows, etc.     

第四纪研究的非线性科学方法

第四纪研究中最常用的非线性科学方法可能是分形理论、时间序列分析及混沌动力学。振荡在新构造运动和古气候变化中都是普遍存在的,它是介于有规振荡和混沌之间的中间阶段和过渡。分形理论可以描述地貌的状态和演化特征,混沌吸引子的分维又是混沌的一个重要参量。在时间序列分析中计算混沌吸引子的关联维、李雅普诺夫指数、赫斯特指数、柯尔莫果洛夫熵等可以更深入地揭示时间序列的性质,加深对演化过程的认识。     

岩溶地区旅游生态安全评价及趋势分析——以广西为例

岩溶地区拥有丰富的旅游资源,但是生态环境相对脆弱,根据岩溶地区旅游发展的特点,以"压力-状态-响应"（PSR）模型为基础,同时从生态安全的概念出发,涵盖生态风险、生态健康和生态足迹指标,建立了岩溶地区旅游生态安全评价指标体系。调整的主要指标包括:土地压力指标、旅游经济密度、年平均气温和年平均降雨量指标、旅游空间密度、游客密度指数、旅游收入指标等。采用综合指数法和熵权法,分别引入2012年和2007年两年的数据,对广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全的现状、发展趋势及变化趋势的内在原因进行了分析。实证结果表明:（1）从现状评价看,2007、2012年广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全水平总体较低,处于安全级别的城市主要位于广西中部区域,其他城市则处于不安全级别;（2）从影响指标看,经济状态和旅游生态状态对当地的旅游生态安全影响较大;（3）从变化趋势看,广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全状态逐渐好转,广西中部地区保持安全状态,紧邻广西中部地区的地市处于持续危险区域,但综合指数呈上升趋势;梧州和贵港两个位于广西东部的城市同样处于持续危险区域,但是旅游生态安全综合指数呈小幅下降趋势;（4）旅游生态安全状态和趋势与岩溶分布没有显著的相关关系。