东亚地强震活动的50年周期

本文在研究了中国及东亚地区的地震资料后，指出：东亚地区存在５２－５３年的地震重复周期，简称东亚地区强震活动的５０年周期，在进一步研究后，发现根据全球８级以上的巨大地震的矩震级来看，全球地震活动亦存在５４年的周期，从而表明了东亚地震活动与全球地震活动之间的联系。     

全球及各地震区带强震活动周期特征

基于地震活动周期谱的Morlet小波分析,确定了全球和13个地震区带的强震活动周期及其置信度.结果显示全球地震活动存在着多个显著稳定的活动周期,而各地震区带除了存在着与全球整体地震活动基本一致的周期外,还存在着特有的活动周期成分.本文研究为探讨全球及区域强震活动趋势及其动力源提供了基础数据.     

全球巨大地震活动性分析

通过分析全球巨大地震活动周期、活跃时段和活动空间分布特征,探讨未来全球发生巨大地震的活跃时段和主体区域.结果表明:① 全球地震活动存在着置信度远超过95%的50年左右显著活动周期,此外还存在80——100年左右显著性不强的活动周期;② 通过对全球地震MSge;8.3时间序列图和MSge;8.0应变能时间序列图分析,得到活跃期10——14年,平静期39——41年,2004年后又进入了巨大地震的强活跃期,可能会一直持续到2018年;③ 强活跃时段内发生的MSge;8.5巨大地震存在着一定的相关性,太平洋板块北边界（美国阿拉斯加附近区域——阿留申群岛——千岛群岛）是发生8.5级以上地震最关注的地区,其次是太平洋板块的南美洲边界(尤其是秘鲁及其周边区域),应对这两个地区进行重点关注和监测．本文从地震活动性角度研究巨大地震的强活跃期问题,并推测全球发生8.5级以上地震的活跃时段和主体地区,而对于其机理问题值得进一步深入研究．      

基于小波变换的动态地震活动周期分析

利用Ｍｏｒｌｅｔ小波变换对华北、中国大陆和陕西的地震活动进行了动态周期分析。结果表明，地震活动既存在比较稳定的周期，也有一定时变性，如华北近５００ａ来存在比较稳定的３００ａ周期和６０ａ左右周期，陕西近２０ａ来存在比较稳定的２￣３ａ周期，中国大陆５级以上地震在１９１０￣１９８０年普遍存在３０ａ左右周期，但在１９８０年后变为２０ａ左右周期，小波分析揭示的地震活动周期时变性，一方面提示在依据周期规律外推     

长周期潮汐与全球地震能量释放

采用1850-2012年期间USGS全球M≥5.0地震目录资料,构成全球地震能量-时间序列,进行小波变换和准周期分析. 结果表明,全球地震能量释放的时间序列存在9年、19年和45年的3个准周期,其中,45年准周期最为突出. 结合起潮力周期的物理背景,对长周期潮汐起潮力与地震能量释放准周期的关系进行了探讨,没有发现全球地震活动的能量释放与潮汐短周期相关的准周期.     

全球及主要构造带大震活动状态研究

在定性分析全球、环太平洋地震带、低纬度环球剪切带和大三角地区(我国大陆西部及邻区)地震活动特征的基础上,使用 Morlet小波变换对其周期成分进行了定量计算,并应用 Nowcasting方法对各研究区域当前大震风险进行定量评估.结果显示,①全球大震活动显著周期为48.6 年,8.5 级以上地震的潜在危险性评分为 0.91.2004年开始的大震活跃时段可能仍将持续,发生 8.5 级以上地震危险性较大.②环太平洋地震带地震活动显著周期为48.6 年,其大震活动起伏特征与全球大体一致,8.5 级以上地震的潜在危险性评分为 0.91.2010 年开始的8.5级以上地震活跃时段持续时间尚短,发生 8.5 级以上地震的危险性较大.③低纬度环球剪切带地震活动显著周期为33.1 年,反映了该区8.0级以上地震的起伏活动,8.0级以上地震的潜在危险性评分为0.46.2004年开始的活跃时段可能趋于结束,未来 10年左右该区发生 8.0级以上地震的可能性较小.④大三角地区地震活动显著周期为 23.4年,发生 7.8级以上地震的潜在危险性评分为0.72.2001 年以来该区 7.8 级以上地震活跃,其活动状态与 20 世纪前 50年类似.23.4年的周期成分反映了20世纪前50年7.8级以上地震活动韵律特征.2015 年兴都库什7.8级地震后,该区可能进入了 7.8级以上地震相对平静时段,该时段可能持续 7～12 年,未来几年存在发生 7.8 级以上地震的可能,但危险性较小.     

基于小波变换的全天山和新疆各地震带地震活动周期对比分析

利用连续小波变换对全天山地区1790年1月至1997年12月的地震活动情况进行分析和研究。结果表明，全天山地震活动即存在约11O年的大震活跃周期和50年左右的地震活动幕，也存在与太阳黑子活动相关的周期，并且这些周期是随时间变化的。与此同时，新疆南、北天山等地震带1893年以来也普遍存在相对比较稳定的11年和50年左右地震活动周期，只是在不同年份有较大的波动。连续小波变换揭示了新疆地震活动周期的时变性。根据新疆大震活动的11年左右周期可推测2006～2007年左右新疆地区有可能再次发生7级左右大地震，2002～2005年之间地震活动相对偏弱，Ms≥4．7级中强震次数偏少，活动强度为5级和6级地震。     

台湾地区强震活动特征分析

基于定性分析和Morlet小波分析方法，研究了我国台湾地区的主要构造带和强震分布特征。1900年以来台湾地区M_S≥7.0地震存在三个活跃时段：第一个活跃时段为1902—1925年，长达近23年；第二个活跃时段为1935—1978年，约43年；第三个活跃时段为1986—2006年，时长20年。台湾自2006年12月26日恒春海域发生M_S7.2地震之后，M_S≥7.0地震平静已近16年，为历史最长平静时段，存在开始新的活跃时段的可能。从区域分布看，台东地震带M_S≥6.9地震具有六个活动周期，大部分活动周期平均约为16年，每个活动周期均包含活跃和平静时段，所有M_S≥6.9地震均发生在活跃时段，统计显示台东地震带的活动强度自2002年进入第六个活动周期后逐渐减弱，直到2022年9月份台湾东带才再次发生M_S6.9地震，可能进入了新一轮活跃时段。台湾西带M_S≥6.0地震存在92年左右和14年左右的周期，1901—1993年为一个活跃-平静大周期(9...     

全球、中国大陆和华北地区地震活动韵律性时变特征及趋势分析

基于Morlet小波变换，提出一种新的定量划分地震活跃期或平静期的分析方法，形成了根据复小波变换得到不同周期累加能谱极大值点变化、实小波变换振动周期谱时频分布以及指定周期的小波振动周期随时间变化的极值分布规律来研究地震活动韵律性及其时变特征的物理思路。通过对全球、中国大陆和华北地区浅源地震年释放能量的时间序列分析。对研究区强震活动的韵律性及其时变特征有了新的认识。根据目前强震活动具有的韵律性，结合历史地震活动情况，对未来研究区地震趋势进行了初步分析。     

全球地震活动周期的黄金分割特征

刊用黄金分割对全球及美国西海岸、太平洋西北缘、大洋岛弧、亚欧4条洲际地震带大震活动性进行了研究.研究的主要内容是针对地震活动的能量释放周期、A(b)指数进行的.研究的方法是采取地震活动的几个主要周期相比,若其值约为0.618,则认为它符合黄金分割性.研究表明,全球及各洲际地震活动的主要周期是符合黄金分割的.这项研究可利用地震活动的黄金分割性对全球及各洲际的地震活动高潮作出预测,但为什么地震活动会符合黄金分割性的物理实质的解答尚有一定的困难.文中还利用同样方法对中国华北地区的地震活动性进行了讨论,并对其今后的地震发生作了预测.认为2006年前后华北有发生7级地震的可能性,如不发生,则华北地区就进入长期无大震的平静期.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.