一种新的垂直速度计算方法

在流体的不可压缩条件下,本文通过连续方程给出了一种新的垂直速度计算方法,称为z方法。通过实验得出:z方法下同样可以得出水平涡度与垂直运动的关系,即水平涡度矢量逆时针旋转时,对应上升运动,顺时针旋转时对应下沉运动。通过有效性验证得出:本文的方法在高层具有比较高的可靠性,在低层可靠性比高层稍弱,在中层则不甚理想。通过与p方法求解出的垂直速度的效果进行比较,得出p方法略好于z方法。     

HLAFS和T63数值预报产品在暴雨分析中的应用

首次使用ＨＬＡＦＳ数值预报产品对黑龙江省暴雨进行分析，结合Ｔ６３数值预报产品，利用两者提供的物理一０８时和２０时的实况场和预报场格点资料，对黑龙江省一次暴雨过程进行分析，找出了暴雨发生的物理机制，指出深厚的水汽条件以及水汽的辐合，强烈的上升运动和不稳定能量的存贮和释放是产生暴雨的关键因素。     

春季急行冷锋结构之分析

台湾地区冬末春初间偶有急行冷锋通过，带来雷雨及强风，甚至降雹，对农业造成不小的损失，深值我气象人员注意，作者就１９９２年４月１９日上午通过台湾省中南部地区的急行岭锋，利用雷达资料分析其垂直结构和水平结构。     

A NOVEL METHOD FOR CALCULATING VERTICAL VELOCITY: A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORIZONTAL VORTICITY AND VERTICAL MOVEMENT

The present work provides a novel method for calculating vertical velocity based on continuity equations in a pressure coordinate system.The method overcomes the disadvantage of accumulation of calculating errors of horizontal divergence in current kinematics methods during the integration for calculating vertical velocity,and consequently avoids its subsequent correction.In addition,through modifications of the continuity equations,it shows that the vorticity of the vertical shear vector(VVSV) is proportional to-ω,the vertical velocity in p coordinates.Furthermore,if the change of ω in the horizontal direction is neglected,the vorticity of the horizontal vorticity vector is proportional to-ω.When ω is under a fluctuating state in the vertical direction,the updraft occurs when the vector of horizontal vorticity rotates counterclockwise;the downdraft occurs when rotating clockwise.The validation result indicates that the present method is generally better than the vertical velocity calculated by the ω equation using the wet Q-vector divergence as a forcing term,and the vertical velocity calculated by utilizing the kinematics method is followed by the O'Brien method for correction.The plus-minus sign of the vertical velocity obtained with this method is not correlated with the intensity of d BZ,but the absolute error increases when d BZ is =40.This method demonstrates that it is a good reflection of the direction of the vertical velocity.     

“莫拉克”台风螺旋雨带与水平涡度的关系

利用实况资料和WRF模拟资料,分析2009年8月6—10日"莫拉克"台风在台湾地区造成强降水过程中台风螺旋雨带与水平涡度的关系。结果表明:模式较好地模拟出了本次台风暴雨的发生发展过程。在7日00时—9日00时,台风外围有两条螺旋雨带,一支位于台湾的中部偏南,一支位于台湾的南部,暴雨主要位于这两支螺旋雨带上;暴雨出现在环流上升支附近,在中低层,雨带对应着较大的指向东的水平涡度,且随着水平涡度大值区移动而移动,显示出两者较密切的联系;水平涡度的大值区与垂直涡度的大值区也有较好的对应关系,存在水平涡度向垂直涡度的转化;水平涡度的旋度正值区对应上升运动区,其旋度的大值区对应强的螺旋雨带与降水。当水平涡度减小时,若水平涡度的旋度正值区存在,雨带仍然可以维持。     

2011年6月18日常州大暴雨成因分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料对2011年6月18日常州大暴雨过程从中尺度分析,物理量场诊断和雷达回波等进行了成因分析,结果表明:(1)中低层切变线、梅雨锋是本次暴雨过程产生的重要影响系统。(2)地面中尺度辐合线是造成常州、金坛出现强降水的主要原因之一,而中尺度辐合线和中尺度气旋的共同作用则是溧阳出现强降水的重要因素。(3)此次暴雨过程中,常州地区位于高能区,层结不稳定。强降水发生时,水汽明显加强,边界层的抬升运动也明显增强,存在较强的垂直上升运动。(4)西南急流为本地输送充沛的水汽和大量的不稳定能量,东北急流提供冷空气,促使冷暖气流强烈交汇,从而导致了暴雨的发生。(5)中γ尺度和中β尺度系统长时间维持,有利于连续强降水的产生。     

水平涡度与夏季风环流变化

在斜压涡度发展理论的基础上，讨论了大尺度大气运动中水平涡度向垂直涡度转化的情况，并用以刻划夏季风变动。将声坐标中涡度方程的有关项在2坐标中分离出水平涡度向垂直涡度转化的主要项，经尺度分析得出，在对流层中、高层，这些转化项中的水平分量是大尺度大气斜压性涡度发展的主要因子。通过对1998年4—8月的GAME(GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment，全球能量和水分循环试验(GEWEX)的子试验：亚洲季风试验，简称GAME)再分析资料进行实际计算发现，转化项在东亚夏季风上升支的600 hPa及以上层次对P坐标垂直涡度的局地变化贡献很大，不能忽略。同时发现水平涡度向垂直涡度的转化对南海季风爆发和江淮梅雨入梅及其发展过程均有指示性意义。南海季风爆发以后，在中国东南部地区，转化项的大小与夏季风的活跃和中断等活动吻合，转化项的变化反映了西太平洋副高在中国大陆的活动规律。     

2003年7月4～7日淮河流域特大暴雨等熵位涡分析

利用等熵位涡理论对 2 0 0 3年江淮梅雨期 7月 4～ 7日淮河流域特大暴雨进行了天气动力诊断分析。发现 :等熵面上的西风急流将高位涡向下游输送 ,强西北气流穿越等压线形成强下沉气流 ,将高层和高纬的高等熵位涡向南输送 ,使得强降雨区维持高等熵位涡 ,是强雨带持续的重要原因。等熵位涡高值区与强暴雨有较好的对应关系 ,并具有预报指示意义     

强降水过程中热力切变平流参数的诊断分析

在以往研究的基础上, 本文把对流涡度矢量的垂直分量、水平散度和广义位温的垂直梯度有机地结合起来, 引入热力切变平流参数的概念。本文针对两次强降水过程, 利用NCEP/NCAR全球最终分析资料对热力切变平流参数进行诊断分析, 结果表明, 热力切变平流参数能够比较准确地综合表征雨区上空水平风场切变和湿等熵面漏斗状向下伸展等动力学和热力学典型的垂直结构特征, 因而该参数与降水系统的发展演变密切相关, 与观测的6小时累积地面降水区存在一定的对应关系; 在空间水平分布和时间演变趋势上, 热力切变平流参数的异常值区覆盖着观测的6小时累积地面降水区; 该参数在降水区内表现为强信号, 而在非降水区表现为弱信号。影响热力切变平流参数发展演变的因素分析表明, 该参数倾向方程中通量散度项的异常值区覆盖着观测的6小时累积地面降水区, 表明雨区内通量散度项导致的热力切变平流参数变化比较明显, 其中纬向风速与经向风速相互作用的贡献是不容忽略的。     

The zonal structure of the Hadley circulation

A discussion of the mass transport of the Hadley circulation is presented, with regard to its longitudinal structure. Data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set for the period 1948–2005 is examined, focusing on the solsticial seasons of June–August and December–February. Quantitative estimates have been extracted from the data to observe connections between the zonal mean of the upper tropospheric north/south mass transports and their relationship to the driving factor of tropical precipitation (implying latent heat release) and subsidence in the subtropical high pressure belts. The longitudinal structure of this flow is then examined with regard to these three main variables. The poleward upper tropospheric transport has four (JJA) or three (DJF) main branches, which link regions of major precipitation with corresponding regions of large subsidence, and one (June, July, August) or two (December, January, February) reverse branches. This structure has remained stable over the past sixty years. Although the total upper tropospheric transport in each season is less than the total sinking transport in the target subtropical high pressure belt, this does not apply to the individual branches, the balance being made up by the upper tropospheric reverse transports. An analysis of correlations between all of these various components shows, however, that the complete picture is more complex, with some precipitation regions being linked to subsidence regions outside their own branch.     

New Evidence for Improving Omega Estimation by Explicitly Considering Horizontal Divergence简

It is well known that the quasi-geostrophic （QG） omega equation with only two contributors respectively associated with vorticity advection （VA） and temperature advection is derived for midlatitude synoptic-scale systems only.Based on reliable reanalysis data,new evidence revealed by cyclonic and anticyclonic cases indicates that forecasters might sometimes experience problems by paying too much attention to the 500-hPa VA when estimating vertical motions not only in subtropical systems but also in systems meeting all the assumptions of the QG omega equation.Our investigations also showed that explicitly considering the vertical profiles of horizontal divergence could allow for better interpretation of vertical motions and weather in these real cases,suggesting that this equation might not be sufficient due to the presence of only two horizontaldivergence-related （HDR） mechanisms and the absence of other HDR mechanisms,e.g.,frictional force,mountain barriers,diabatic/adiabatic processes,and acceleration/deceleration of air flows.     

多台风的相互作用和水平涡度与垂直涡度的关系

利用WRF模式较成功地模拟出2009年发生在西太平洋上的三个台风("天鹅"、"莫拉克"和"艾涛"),并在此基础上,对三个台风中的水平涡度、垂直涡度及它们的相互作用进行分析和诊断。结果发现,在这三个台风演变过程中,水平涡度与垂直涡度的合矢量有较固定的模式,在900 h Pa以下低层有水平涡度的辐合,900~800 h Pa左右有水平涡管的流出,800~700 h Pa有水平涡管的流入,当有多个风速中心存在时,在风速中心之下有水平涡管向台风中心辐合、之上有自中心向外的辐散。特别是在低层通过涡管形成的垂直环流相互作用,这种环流主要由自西向东、或自东向西的水平涡度矢量构成,其上升支有云和降水产生,多从左台风的东北部流向右台风的西南部。由完全涡度方程分析可见,在850 h Pa以下的最大风速中心附近有水平涡度向垂直涡度转化,其转化最剧烈的时期与台风的风速增长期一致,涡度平流的作用与之相反,起到减弱台风的作用。800~600 h Pa有垂直涡度向水平涡度转化,低层最大风速之上风速减小。     

INTERACTIONS OF MULTIPLE TYPHOONS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL VORTICITY

Three typhoons, Goni, Morakot and Etau which were generated in Western Pacific in 2009, are successfully simulated by the WRF model. The horizontal and vertical vorticity and their interaction are analyzed and diagnosed by using the simulation results. It is shown that their resultant vectors had a fixed pattern in the evolution process of the three typhoons: The horizontal vorticity converged to the tropical cyclone (TC) center below 900 hPa level, flowed out from it at around 900 to 800 hPa, and flowed in between 800 hPa and 700 hPa. If multiple maximum wind speed centers showed up, the horizontal vorticity converged to the center of the typhoon below the maximum wind speed center and diverged from the TC center above the maximum wind speed center. At low levels, the three typhoons interacted with each other through vertical circulation generated by the vortex tube. This circulation was mainly generated by the eastward or westward horizontal vorticity vectors. Clouds and precipitation were generated on the ascending branch of the vertical circulation. The vortex tubes often flowed toward the southwest of the right TC from the northeast of the left TC. According to the full vorticity equation, the horizontal vorticity converted into the vertical vorticity near the maximum wind speed center below 850 hPa level, and the period of most intense conversion was consistent with the intensification period of TC, while the vorticity advection was against the intensification. The vertical vorticity converted into the horizontal vorticity from 800 hPa to 600 hPa, and the wind speed decreased above the maximum wind speed region at low levels.     

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC SPIRAL RAINBANDS AROUND THE LANDING OF TYPHOON HAITANG (2005)

By using WRF mesoscale model, this paper carries out a numerical simulation and diagnostic analysis of the structural characteristics of the asymmetric spiral rain bands around the landing of Typhoon Haitang during the period of July 19 to 20, 2005. The result indicated that the two rainbands associated with the precipitation centre was mainly located northeast of the typhoon centre. The movement and intensity of the southern rainband corresponded well with the 850-hPa positive vorticity band from 0200 to 1800 UTC July 19, 2005. Under the effect of cyclonic circulation, the positive vorticity band at 850 hPa connected with a southern rain band, leading to the intensification of rainfall in the southern centre of the precipitation. The southward rainband gradually moved toward and then merges with the northward one, strengthening the rainfall in the northern centre of the precipitation. Besides, the relationship between the heavy rainfall and the divergence field of vertical shear wind in the high altitude is analyzed. Finally, the relationship is revealed between the development of the vertical component of convective vorticity vector and the rainfall near the two centres of precipitation in the low altitude.     

台风“桑美”的数值模拟和地形敏感性试验

用WRF模式对0608号台风“桑美”进行了数值模拟研究,较为成功地模拟出了台风路径和降水,但模拟的台风中心气压远高于实况。为研究“桑美”登陆期间地形的抬升作用对其降水及结构的影响,通过改变特定区域内的地形高度设计了一组敏感性试验。结果表明,台风登陆过程中地形抬升作用对台风降雨量有显著的增幅作用;台风中心位势涡度、气流垂直上升速度、水平水汽通量散度明显增大;地形抬升机制在台风登陆时刻达到最强。     

湿位涡诊断分析在河南台风远距离降水中的应用

应用湿位涡理论,分析了两个发生在河南的台风远距离降水个例,讨论了湿位涡与台风远距离降水形成的关系。结果表明：两个个例中,河南具有有利于强降水发生的湿位涡特征;异常暴雨的发展与湿位涡的变化有很好的对应关系：湿位涡的异常区域对应着最强的降水,对流层高层ζMPV1（湿位涡的垂直分量）正值区与低层ζMPV2负值区相互作用,即高层下滑的干冷空气与中低层由东南急流输送的高温高湿空气交汇,容易储存和释放湿对流不稳定能量,有利于强降水产生。湿位涡理论在河南台风远距离降水诊断中有很好的应用前景。     

The Dynamical Characteristics and Wave Structure of Typhoon Rananim （2004）

Typhoon Rananim (2004) was one of the severest typhoons landfalling the Chinese mainland from 1996 to 2004. It brought serious damage and induced prodigious economical loss. Using a new generation of mesoscale model, named the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system, with 1.667 km grid horizontal spacing on the finest nested mesh, Rananim was successfully simulated in terms of track, intensity, eye, eyewall, and spiral rainbands. We compared the structures of Rananim to those of hurricanes in previous studies and observations to assess the validity of simulation. The three-dimensional (3D) dynamic and thermal structures of eye and eyewall were studied based on the simulated results. The focus was investigation of the characteristics of the vortex Rossby waves in the inner-core region. We found that the Rossby vortex waves propagate azimuthally upwind against the azimuthal mean tangential flow around the eyewall, and their period was longer than that of an air parcel moving within the azimuthal mean tangential flow. They also propagated outward against the boundary layer inflow of the azimuthal mean vortex. Futhermore, we studied the connection between the spiral potential vorticity (PV) bands and spiral rainbands, and found that the vortex Rossby waves played an important role in the formation process of spiral rainbands.     

新疆北部持续暖区暴雪过程动力特征分析

利用常规观测、地面自动气象站逐小时观测及NCEP/NCAR逐日4次1°×1°再分析等资料,对比分析2016年11月中旬新疆北部暖区暴雪过程中两个强降雪中心裕民与青河物理量特征,重点讨论暴雪的动力耦合机制,结果表明：此次强降雪为典型暖区暴雪的天气系统配置,500 hPa新疆北部在西伯利亚低涡底部强锋区内,700hPa和850hPa有偏西低空急流和切变线,新疆北部受地面暖低压控制。上升运动和垂直螺旋度主要集中在700hPa以下,低层辐合、中层辐散是上升运动的动力维持机制。两种情况下可使上升运动增强,降雪强度增大：一是当垂直螺旋度呈“上负下正”结构、垂直螺旋度的绝对值增大时;二是当暴雪区上空湿位涡MPV1呈“上正下负”、MPV2＜0,且θse密集陡立带向暖区倾斜、垂直涡度增长时。涡度对上升运动的发展亦有正贡献。     

一个新动力因子在登陆台风“凤凰”强降水过程中的应用

根据波动和风场辐合辐散与登陆台风强降水密切相关的特点,利用高分辨率的数值模拟资料,采用分别表征强降水区波动特征和辐合辐散特征的两个动力参数——位势散度波作用密度和散度垂直通量,对登陆台风"凤凰"的强降水过程做诊断分析;同时结合波扰动和辐合辐散两特征,发展了一个新的物理量——热力切变散度参数,并据此对台风"凤凰"的强降水过程做进一步诊断分析,结果表明在整个研究时段内,地面雨区被热力切变散度参数的异常值区始终覆盖,二者具有较一致的空间分布和时间演变趋势。基于GFS(Global Forecast System)预报产品的动力释用分析表明,利用数值预报场计算的热力切变散度参数的强信号出现在强降水区,而弱信号出现在非降水区,该参数对强降水落区有较好的指示作用。     

江西一次暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、地面与探空资料、卫星资料等,对2012年5月12日发生在江西省中部的一次暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：本次暴雨过程发生在冷锋南侧地面倒槽区,由高层西风槽、低层低空急流及切变线、低涡共同影响所致。中低层西南气流的加强,一方面使暴雨区有充足的水汽输送,同时也使该区对流不稳定度加大,加强了暴雨区上空的对流上升运动。中尺度辐合线是强对流暴雨的触发机制,而冷锋影响使地面东风气流加强,冷空气入侵致中尺度辐合线演变为中尺度低压,中尺度低压是江西短时强降水长时间持续的机制;500hPa高空槽东移,槽前正涡度平流向江西上空输送,利于低层低涡生成和维持、上升运动加强,从而导致降水增强。冷空气影响初始阶段,〉10mm·h-1 的中尺度雨团产生在中尺度辐合线及其所演变成低压的1、2象限即中尺度辐合线或中尺度低压偏北一侧,随着冷空气的进一步入侵,中尺度雨团产生于中尺度低压的偏南一侧。