大口径离轴非球面镜预应力环抛方法研究

提出了一种加工离轴非球面的预应力环抛方法,基于预应力加工方法的基本原理,利用环抛机来磨制离轴非球面.设计了一套专门的加载装置,将拼接镜面中具有不同离轴量的非球面子镜转化成曲率半径相同的球面子镜进行磨制,可以在同一台环抛机上进行抛光.利用这种方法,花费连续40 h的时间,磨制了一块按照中国30 m极大口径望远镜(CFGT)主镜参数比例缩小的离轴抛物面,顶点曲率半径21.6 m,离轴量3.6 m,离轴口径为330 mm,最大非球面度为16μm.试验表明该方法效率高,适用于批量加工,特别是极大口径天文望远镜拼接主镜的大批量非球面子镜研制.     

2.4m天文望远镜光学系统的设计及副镜检验的几种可能方案

详细说明了2.4m天文望远镜分别采用主镜焦比f/1.5和f/3时光学系统的设计：针对主镜焦比为f/3的凸非球面副镜，阐述了运用4种不同检验方案的设计结果；重点介绍了计算全息法。并对几种方案作了比较。     

2.4m天文望远镜光学系统的设计及副镜检验的几种可能方案

详细说明了 2 .4m天文望远镜分别采用主镜焦比f/1 .5和f/3时光学系统的设计 :针对主镜焦比为f/3的凸非球面副镜 ,阐述了运用 4种不同检验方案的设计结果 ;重点介绍了计算全息法。并对几种方案作了比较     

大型光学望远镜扇形子镜支撑方法的探讨

基于对大型光学望远镜子镜的要求,比较六边形和扇形两种子镜的优缺点.用有限元法分析扇形子镜在自重下的变形,确定扇形子镜的支撑点数和排列方式.并具体分析了通过18点、24点、27点三种支撑点的排列方式,分别计算不同支撑点下的子镜变形.通过计算表明,27点的支撑方式可以满足子镜的镜面RMS小于10nm的技术要求,并讨论子镜的轴向和侧向支撑方案.计算了在轴向和侧向支撑的条件下,各子镜在水平,垂直以及45°三个极限位置的镜面RMS值.     

对参数形式的严格分析式表示的施米特改正镜非球面的光线追迹

作为光学元件,施米特校正板已不仅是施米特系统的元件,并已使用于其他天文光学系统中.本文作者曾在文献[1]中给出了若干种不同类型的施米特改正镜非球面曲线的参数形式的严格分析解.其中非球面朝向球面镜的施米特改正镜(校正板)可由其系统本身组成校正板非球面的检验光学系统.在光学设计中人们愿意使用解决了检验问题的非球面.针对由参数形式严格表达的这种非球面,本文详细推导了对它的光线追迹公式,并给出了便于安排计算的格式.在推导求解过程中在一定程度上运用了经验和技巧,简化了计算.     

构建实时三维太阳光谱望远镜的建议

提出了一种新型太阳光谱望远镜的建议，这种望远镜能够同时记录太阳日面观测区域的两维空间的色散（三维光谱），即一系列同步狭窄带通的光谱图像。借助该望远镜我们可以得到高时间分辨率的光谱图（10ms），进而能够做细致的光谱分析。该望远镜由一组子望远镜组成，每个子镜负责记录观测区域的一个事先设计好的透过带，所有透过带覆盖了所研究谱线的整个光谱波段，可以用来诊断不透明的低层大气物质流的三维速度场、重构太阳活动区（即太阳耀斑区）的三维结构。此外，若每个子镜都加栽上偏振仪时，则能够得到精确的矢量磁场，这种矢量磁场能够作为第二代视频磁场测量仪。此望远镜由一组紧密排列的子镜组成，文章分别给出了两种不同排列子镜的方式。描述了用来观测的每个子镜的透过带的样品光学表，并且提出了不同探测器的同时成像技术。最后，我们把该望远镜和ATST（Advanced Technology Solar Telescope）进行了比较。     

离轴二次曲面面型参数测量归算方法的研究

为了在制造过程中保证离轴非球面的光学特性,需要对其主要的面型参数进行严格控制,除了常规形式的顶点曲率半径和非球面系数外,还需要控制镜面的离轴量和离轴角.本文基于普通的二次曲面方程,推导了在新坐标系下的二次曲面表达式,并在这个坐标系下,利用Powell共轭方向法求取镜面的顶点曲率半径、二次曲面系数、离轴量和离轴角.通过对抛物面和双曲面两种形式不同外形的镜面数据的计算,拟合的RMS值可以达到10nm的精度,从而表明该测量计算方法可以有效地控制离轴面加工时的参数误差.     

大型光学望远镜扇形子镜拼接设计及仿真分析

目前,国际上大型望远镜拼接镜面采用的拼接子镜几乎都是六边形而没有采用扇形。比较六边形子镜和扇形子镜各方面的优缺点,建立六边形和扇形子镜的有限元模型,均采用18点轴向支撑,优化支撑方式,计算各子镜在自重作用下,镜面在水平位置,倾斜45°和垂直位置时的变形参数RMS值。结果表明在面积和支撑点数目均相同的条件下,扇形子镜在理论上可以获得与六边形子镜近似的镜面RMS值,但是在实际应用中扇形子镜的支撑,镜面调控与六边形子镜相比将更加复杂困难。     

满足一定约束条件的登月飞行轨道的设计

讨论满足约束条件的登月飞行轨道的设计问题，将约束条件分类为只与太阳，月球，地球，飞行器和观测站之间的相对位置有关的运动学约束条件以及小及到飞行器轨道云动的动力学约束条件，在考虑登月飞行轨道的特征后，给出一种设计满足约束条件的标准飞行轨道的方法，并将方法应用于不同约束条件下的我国登月飞行以及月球卫星的轨道预测计。     

满足约束条件的月球卫星飞行轨道的初步设计

讨论满足约束条件的月球卫星飞行轨道的设计问题，将约束条件分类为只与太阳，月球，地球，飞行器和观测站之间的相对位置有关的运行学约束条件以及涉及到飞行器轨道运行的动力学约束条件，在考虑月球卫星轨道的受力情况后，给出一种准确快速地计算和设计满足约束条件的标准飞行轨道的方法，并应用于不同约束条件下月球卫星的轨道预设计，初步讨论了轨道设计的误差分析，轨道跟踪及实时精密定轨等正在进行的其它相关工作。     

LAMOST子镜镀膜研究进展

对大口径光学/红外天文望远镜而言,为保障其稳定高效运行,镜面镀膜是重要的维护环节之一.镀膜质量的好坏直接影响镜面光学反射率的高低,也严重影响到天文望远镜的成像质量、观测效率.国家重大科技基础设施—大天区面积多目标光纤光谱天文望远镜(Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope, LAMOST,又名郭守敬望远镜)自2009年6月通过国家竣工验收并逐步投入巡天观测,目前已进入第2个5 yr巡天计划阶段,取得近两千万的光谱产出和大批高显示度的科学成果. LAMOST共拥有24块施密特改正镜子镜和37块球面主镜子镜,为了确保在野外恶劣观测环境下镜面反射率维持在较高水平,每年要对大批子镜进行镀膜.主要介绍了镀膜需求、镀膜设备,并基于大量实验和多年的完善探索出一套可行的镀膜工艺流程,确保了LAMOST子镜极高的镀膜质量.镀膜后子镜平均反射率高达90%以上,满足了LAMOST光谱巡天的镜面反射率要求.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Shaping planetary nebulae: is it different for [WR] stars?

This review discusses the physics of the formation of planetarynebulae around low mass WR stars, or [WR] stars. It especially focuseson the differences which can be expected due to the differentcharacter of the fast winds from these [WR] stars. Their fast windsare more massive and are highly H deficient and metal enrichedcompared to the winds of normal central stars of planetarynebulae. This is expected to lead to faster expansion velocities forthe nebulae and a longer momentum-driven phase in the evolution of thewind-driven bubble, leading to more turbulent nebulae. Theobservational evidence also shows that the process which produces the[WR] stars is unlikely to influence the onset of aspherical mass loss,something which can be used as a test for models for aspherical massloss from AGB and post-AGB stars. Finally it is shown that thenebular characteristics rule out a very late He shell flash as theorigin of most [WR] stars.     

Asymmetry and inhomogeneity in proto- and young planetary nebulae

I study some effects of aspherical mass loss during the last stages of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) on the appearance of proto-planetary nebulae (proto-PNs) and young PNs. The aspherical mass loss can be small-scale inhomogeneities, and/or axially symmetric mass-loss geometry. I first examine the role of the dust opacity in the optical band on the appearance of proto-PNs. I conclude that large optical depths will be found in proto-PNs that are post-AGB stars having high equatorial mass-loss rates, which require a stellar binary companion for their existence. In these cases light from the central star will reach larger distances along and near the polar directions, leading to the appearance of an elongated reflection nebula. These proto-PNs will become bipolar PNs, i.e., PNs with two lobes and an equatorial waist between them, or extreme ellipticals, e.g., a ring but no lobes on the two sides of the equatorial plane. I then derive the conditions for the enhancement of non-radial density inhomogeneity by the propagation of the ionization front at the early PN stages. The ionization will proceed faster in the radial direction along low-density regions. The low-density regions will be heated earlier, and they will expand as a result of their higher pressures, reducing further their densities. The opposite occurs in high-density regions. The condition for this ionization instability to develop is that the ionization time difference between two directions at the same radius is longer than the sound crossing time between these two regions. This condition for the ionization front instability can be expressed as a condition on the mass-loss rate inhomogeneity, i.e., its dependence on direction.     

Hypernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts

The nature of very energetic supernovae (hypernovae) is discussed. They are the explosive death of stars more massive than ~20–25M _⊙, probably linked to the enigmatic Gamma-Ray Bursts. The optical properties of hypernovae indicate that they are significantly aspherical. Synthetic light curves and late-phase spectra of aspherical supernova/hypernova models are presented. These models can account for the optical observations of SNe 1998bw and 2002ap. The abundance patterns of hypernovae are characterized by large ratios (Zn, Co)/Fe and small ratios (Mn, Cr)/Fe, indicating a significant contribution of hypernovae to the early Galactic chemical evolution.     

Navier-Stokes and direct Monte-Carlo simulations of the circumnuclear gas coma: III. Spherical, inhomogeneous sources

We pursue our program of comparative simulations of the cometary gas coma by the two most advanced techniques available: (1) numerical solution of Navier-Stokes equations coupled to the Boltzman equation in the surface boundary layer, and (2) direct Monte-Carlo simulation. Here, we consider two different spherical but compositionally inhomogeneous nuclei, at three very different levels of gas production. The results show the same excellent agreement between the two methods in a domain adjacent to the surface as found precedingly, practically down to free-molecular conditions. A wealth of coma density patterns with non-intuitive structure is obtained. Some of these structures appear even under free-molecular effusion from the surface. The physical origin of all structures is discussed, and their evolution with changing gas production is studied. The computed comae are compared to those computed by various authors precedingly. Intercomparison of the present results demonstrates that differing inhomogeneity patterns may lead to similar structures in the gas coma. Comparison between these structures and those created by homogeneous, aspherical surfaces shows that it is not possible to guess from empirical rules which one of the two processes is responsible for the creation of a given structure. The implications for the interpretation of future high resolution images, or of future in situ mass spectrometric samplings of the near-nucleus gas coma are discussed.     

Low-mass binary-induced outflows from asymptotic giant branch stars

A significant fraction of planetary nebulae (PNe) and protoplanetary nebulae (PPNe) exhibit aspherical, axisymmetric structures, many of which are highly collimated. The origin of these structures is not entirely understood, however, recent evidence suggests that many observed PNe harbour binary systems, which may play a role in their shaping. In an effort to understand how binaries may produce such asymmetries, we study the effect of low-mass  (<0.3 M_⊙)  companions (planets, brown dwarfs and low-mass main-sequence stars) embedded into the envelope of a  3.0-M_⊙  star during three epochs of its evolution [red giant branch, asymptotic giant branch (AGB), interpulse AGB]. We find that common envelope evolution can lead to three qualitatively different consequences: (i) direct ejection of envelope material resulting in a predominately equatorial outflow, (ii) spin-up of the envelope resulting in the possibility of powering an explosive dynamo-driven jet and (iii) tidal shredding of the companion into a disc which facilitates a disc-driven jet. We study how these features depend on the secondary's mass and discuss observational consequences.     

Light scattering by nonspherical ice grains: An application to noctilucent cloud particles

The light scattered by noctilucent cloud particles is nearly fully polarized at scattering angles in the vicinity of 90 . This was one of the reasons to conclude that the upper limit of their sizes is not larger than about 0.12 m. Nevertheless, this estimate was made on the basis of the Mie scattering theory for spherical particles, whereas many investigators noted usefulness of highly aspherical shapes of noctilucent cloud particles. In this paper, we used rigorous light scattering theory for randomly oriented nonspherical particles to calculate the degree of linear polarization of the scattered light for ice grains of different shape. By comparing these calculations with rocket polarization measurements of noctilucent clouds, we show that, as for spherical particles, the upper limit of particle equal-volume radii for slightly flattened and elongated grains is of about 0.12 m, while for highly aspherical plate-like and needle-like particles this upper limit is substantially larger and is of about 0.18–0.20 m. We also report calculations of the volumetric scattering cross-section for particles of different shape and show that randomly oriented spheroids have (slightly) smaller scattering cross section per unit particle mass than equal-volume spherical grains. Nevertheless, if in noctilucent clouds plate-like and needle-like grains grow to much larger sizes than spherical particles, their scattering efficiency may be much greater.     

Ballistic capture into distant retrograde orbits around Phobos: an approach to entering orbit around Phobos without a critical maneuver near the moon

This paper discusses an approach for designing missions to Phobos that do not require a critical maneuver in proximity of the moon. A low-energy transfer is designed that utilizes the aspherical mass distribution of Phobos to capture a spacecraft into a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) for the mission duration. The process for generating stable DROs in the Mars–Phobos system is discussed along with the method for generating and surveying a set of ballistic capture trajectories (BCTs) for DROs with altitudes between 0.5 and 14 km above Phobos. Statistical analysis of the BCT set reveals options for designing a mission to the desired DRO. This approach can be used in any three-body system when a significant perturbation is present, such as Phobos’ aspherical co-rotating gravity field.     

Modelling the circumnuclear coma of comets: objectives,methods and recent results

We investigate whether the modelling of the immediate vicinity of an active nucleus—currently unobservable—can, as the modelling of the outer, observable coma, be based on unrealistic simple assumptions such as those of nucleus and dust grains sphericity. We point out the inconsistency of models based on such assumptions, which, to manage compatibility with the observations, have to introduce additional assumptions that conflict with the previous ones, such as the existence of active areas of the nucleus. We argue that, while the outer coma models being phenomenological in nature, can perhaps tolerate such inconsistencies, the circumnuclear coma models must be predictive, having to obviate the lack of observational data, and therefore must exclude implausible and ad hoc assumptions, and advocate only well-understood physical processes and duly validated modelling methods. We describe the first steps of development of a predictive circumnuclear coma model, and present a set of results obtained with parameters fitted to comet P/Wirtanen, the target of the Rosetta mission, but of a quite general significance. Considering, first an inhomogeneous spherical nucleus with spherical dust grains, and then an aspherical homogeneous nucleus with spherical dust grains, we show that, in both cases (1) the surface temperature and initial gas parameters differ considerably from the Hertz–Knudsen values; (2) the near-surface gas and dust flows are not in general vertical, (3) the gas and dust density do not always monotonically decrease outwards, (4) the gas and dust velocity vary strongly from point to point, (5) shock structures are formed, which result in the formation of pseudo-jets of dust grains originating from various points of the surface. No simple method to distinguish between dust structures created by the surface inhomogeneity and by the surface orography is found. We show, for the first time, the deformation of the near-nucleus dust coma during a full rotation of an homogeneous, aspherical nucleus. We also show that identical active regions located at different points of an inhomogeneous spherical nucleus produce very different dust distributions, suggesting that the dust distribution is also strongly deformed during the rotation of such a nucleus. Finally, we consider, for the first time, a spherical homogeneous nucleus emitting aspherical dust grains. We show that, in such a case, the terminal grain velocity depends upon the shape, initial position, and even possibly upon the initial orientation of the grain at the surface, so that there cannot exist a precise relation between terminal velocity and dust grain mass. We conclude that, far from giving an approximate or average representation of the circumnuclear coma, the classical modelling approach yields in this region predictions that are in total conflict with the real behaviour of the gas and dust. As a most dramatic consequence, the use of this classical approach may have obscured completely the significance of the few direct and of the many indirect informations acquired hitherto on the nucleus activity.