吉林省德惠市土壤特性空间变异特征与格局

Based on regionalized variable theory, semivariograms of geo-statistics were used to research the spatial variation of soil properties quantitatively. The results showed that the semivariogram of soil organic matter is best described by spherical model, the best model for semivariograms of soil total N and available K is exponential models and that of available P belongs to linear with sill model. Those soil properties have different spatial correlations respectively, the lag of organic matter is the highest and that of available P is the lowest, the spatial correlation of N and available K belongs to moderate degree. Spatial heterogeneities are different too, the degree of organic matter and total N are higher, the degree of available K is in the next place and that of available P is the lowest. Influenced by the shape, topography and soil of the study area, all isotropies of available P are obvious in all directions while anisotropies of others are manifested. According to the analytical results, supported by GIS, Kriging and IDW methods are applied to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of soil properties. The results indicate that soil organic matter, total N and available K are distributed regularly from northeast to southwest, while available P is distributed randomly.     

Spatial variability and pattern analysis of soil properties in Dehui city, Jilin province

Based on regionalized variable theory, semivariograms of geo-statistics were used to research the spatial variation of soil properties quantitatively. The results showed that the semivariogram of soil organic matter is best described by spherical model, the best model for semivariograms of soil total N and available K is exponential models and that of available P belongs to linear with sill model. Those soil properties have different spatial correlations respectively, the lag of organic matter is the highest and that of available P is the lowest, the spatial correlation of N and available K belongs to moderate degree. Spatial heterogeneities are different too, the degree of organic matter and total N are higher, the degree of available K is in the next place and that of available P is the lowest. Influenced by the shape, topography and soil of the study area, all isotropies of available P are obvious in all directions while anisotropies of others are manifested. According to the analytical results, supported by GIS, Kriging and IDW methods are applied to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of soil properties. The results indicate that soil organic matter, total N and available K are distributed regularly from northeast to southwest, while available P is distributed randomly.     

吉林省德惠市土壤特性空间变异特征与格局

基于区变量理论,通过地统计学的半变异函数定量研究吉林省中部德惠市土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和速效磷的空间异质性特征。表明土壤有机质的理论模型属于球状模型、全氮和速效钾的理论模型为指数模型、速效磷则属于有基台值的线状模型。空间结构上,有机质具有很强的空间相关性,全氮和速效钾的空间相关性属于中等程度,而速效磷则具有弱相关性。四种土壤养分的空间自相关范围具有明显的差异,有机质和全氮的有效变程最大,速效钾次之,速效磷的有效变程最小。受研究区形状、地形及土壤母质区域性差异的影响,速效磷各向同性显著,其他养分各向带状性比较明显。根据空间分异的分析结果,在GIS支持下,采用Kriging和IDW两种插值方法,分析研究区土壤养分的空间格局,表明土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾均自东北向西南有规律地分布;速效磷分布的随机性较强,较前三者结构性特征不明显。     

苏南典型区土壤基本性质的时空变化--以昆山市为例

以昆山市为例对苏南典型区土壤基本性质的时空变化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)与第二次土壤普查相比,该区土壤酸化严重,土壤上层pH值的平均值由7.20下降到6.42,土壤上层pH值小于6.0的样点多达36.51%;土壤有机质含量呈下降趋势,土壤上层有机质含量平均值由31.4 g/kg下降到28.3 g/kg,小于20 g/kg的土壤样品由0.56%上升到11.11%;速效磷含量总体上呈现明显的升高趋势,平均值由6.4mg/kg上升到89.1 mg/kg;阳离子交换量(CEC)由19.3 cmol/kg下降为17.8 cmol/kg。(2)不同功能区、不同地貌区及不同剖面层次的土壤基本性质存在较为明显的空间变化。     

Spatial variability of soil nutrients and GIS-based nutrient management in Yongji County,China

Integrated nutrient management is important for sustainable agricultural production and protecting environment quality and has been widely investigated around the world. In this article the spatial variability of soil nutrients was investigated and a regionalized nutrient management system was developed using geostatistics and geographic information system technologies. A total of 511 GPS-referenced soil samples were taken in Yongji County, Shanxi province, China, and analysed for major soil nutrients: soil total nitrogen (TN), Olsen extractable phosphorus (OLSENP) and extractable potassium (EXTK). Low concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were found and they are likely to be the main limiting nutrients for crop growth in this county. Within the county moderate spatial dependence was found for all three soil variables, but at different spatial scales. The spatial distributions of TN, OLSENP and EXTK were estimated by using kriging interpolation. The cropped areas of the county were divided into fertilizer management categories consisting of four classes of TN, three classes of OLSENP and two classes of EXTK. For the targeted crop yields, regionalized fertilization maps of N, P and K in the county were produced using geographic information system. In 3-year field verification trials in two villages the crop yields of the wheat–maize rotation system increased by 10–20%, and farmers' cash income increased by 1550–2610 RMB ha^?1 year^?1 where regional fertilization recommendations were implemented, in comparison with traditional farmers' practices. The regionalized maps are a practical alternative to site-specific soil nutrient management approaches in areas where it is not practical, because of small farm size or other constraints, to use intensive soil sampling and chemical analyses.     

克拉玛依干旱生态农业区土壤质地的空间异质性研究

土壤具有高度的空间异质性,而地统计学方法已经被证明是研究土壤空间分布的最有力工具,质地作为一项重要的土壤物理特征,研究其在空间上的异质性在农业中具有重要意义。应用地统计学方法,对克拉玛依干旱生态农业区0～30 cm、30～60 cm、60～100 cm土层进行了土壤质地的半方差函数分析,结果表明:在整个研究区范围内,不同粒径土壤颗粒组成特点类似,均以粉粒平均含量最高,通体土壤颗粒的变异性都很强,尤以砂粒最为突出。研究区内除底层粉粒外,变异半方差模型都为球状模型,各土层土壤颗粒都表现出较强的空间结构性,空间相关距在6～9 km左右。基于半方差模型,用普通克里格法对研究区0～30 cm土层不同粒径土壤颗粒进行插值,表明土壤颗粒的分布情况和研究区地质地貌的分布特点相吻合。     

1983-2019年黑龙江省春季土壤湿度时空变化特征及影响因素

春季土壤湿度是影响东北粮食产量和品质的重要因素.在气候变暖的背景下,东北春季土壤湿度如何变化,鲜有研究.本文基于1983-2019年黑龙江省22个农业气象站的土壤湿度和气象观测资料,采用方差分析、突变分析及空间分析等方法,分析20世纪80年代以来黑龙江省春季土壤湿度的时空变化特征及其影响因素.结果 表明:1983-20...     

三工河流域绿洲土壤有机碳的空间分布

为理解大尺度下土壤有机碳的空间分异特征,运用遥感与GIS技术,结合地统计学方法研究了三工河流域农业绿洲0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳的空间格局特征。结果表明:①流域尺度的土壤有机碳含量的理论变异函数符合球形模型,F检验达到极显著水平,在2~20 km的中尺度上具有中等强度的空间变异性和自相关性;②流域空间尺度上,土壤有机碳主要变化在4.5~6 g\5kg-1和10.5~12 g\5kg-1范围中,阜康绿洲区土壤有机碳含量明显要高于阜北绿洲区。土壤有机碳平均含量耕地最高,其次为草地,最低的为裸地。流域空间土壤有机碳储量为17.07×105 t,单位面积土壤有机碳储量:阜康绿洲>全流域>阜北绿洲。     

科尔沁不同类型沙地土壤水分在降水后的空间变异特征

采用地统计学的方法,研究了科尔沁沙地受轻度干扰的沙质草场、禁牧半流动沙地和受重度干扰的丘间低地在降水后的土壤含水量空间变异性。结果表明,土壤含水量变异幅度是丘间低地>半流动沙地>沙质草场。半流动沙地和丘间低地的表层与亚表层土壤水分空间结构差异较小,但土壤水分空间变异性都要高于沙质草场表层。沙质草场表层与亚表层空间结构差异明显,两层土壤含水量变程分别为181.80 m4、.55 m,分维数为1.91、1.99,表层变异性小,亚表层变异性大。半流动沙地表层、亚表层的土壤含水量由随机因素引起的空间变异性,分别占各自总空间变异性的50%和48%,主要表现在1 m以下的小尺度范围内。丘间洼地两层土壤含水量变异特征差异较小,空间变异性大,土壤水分空间格局图表现出由洼地中心向四周递减的分布趋势,但存在一定的尺度范围。由于自然环境的改变和人类活动的干扰,影响着沙地植被、地形小尺度分布格局在大尺度上的配置格局,降水后的沙地土壤水分格局也发生相应的变化,而地形状况、植被条件和小尺度的人为局部干扰在该变化中有着深远的影响。     

干旱区典型流域土壤微量元素的空间变异特征研究

采用地统计方法,以新疆三工河流域为例,研究了干旱区流域土壤微量元素的空间异质性特征。结果表明,四种微量元素为对数正态分布;流域内土壤微量元素的空间异质性明显,微量元素含量绿洲区普遍高于荒漠区;其中,有效铁和有效锌含量基本属正常范围,有效锰含量处于普遍缺乏状态,有效铜含量较高;微量元素变异系数在42.28%~83.24%;四种微量元素含量空间变异具有各向异性特征,为中等强度的空间自相关性,表现为二阶趋势效应。用简单克立格法进行最优内插,考虑各向异性及趋势效应,制作研究区土壤微量元素含量的等值线图,分析结果表明其具有明显的空间分布规律。利用地统计学方法,对认识本区土壤微量元素的空间变异结构,流域农业生产合理布局、土壤资源综合治理都具有重要的意义。     

塔里木河源流区绿洲土壤含盐量空间变异和格局分析——以岳普湖绿洲为例

基于区域变量理论,在GPS和GIS技术支持下,通过地统计学的半变异函数和Kriging空间插值,以岳普湖绿洲为例,定量分析塔里木河源流区绿洲不同层次土壤盐分的空间异质性。结果表明:0~30cm、30~60cm和60~100cm土壤盐分半方差函数的理论分布模型属于指数模型,100~200cm属于球状模型。不同土层之间的空间自相关范围具有明显的差异,由表层至深层,土壤盐分的自相关范围逐渐增大。土壤盐分的空间格局分析表明,在水平方向上,研究区各层土壤盐分的高值区主要集中分布在人类活动强烈、靠近河渠水源和地势较为低洼区域;在垂直方向上,土壤表层盐分含量最高,向深层逐渐减少。     

中国低碳城市评价与空间格局分析

城市是人类生产和消费活动最为集中的区域,带来了大量的能源消耗和碳排放,低碳城市受到国内外学者广泛探讨。本文从低碳开发、低碳经济、低碳环境、城市规模与能源消耗5个方面22个指标构建了低碳城市评价体系,引入遥感影像中的DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据集与PM2.5浓度反演影像;利用因子分析、聚类分析及空间相关性分析,将2006年及2010年284个地级及以上城市按照低碳水平分为低碳、相对低碳、相对高碳、高碳四类城市;根据驱动力分为环境主导型、居民主导型、城镇化主导型及产业主导型四种城市类型;空间上识别出京津冀、长三角、山东省及珠三角地区具有低碳城市发展集聚效应;低碳城市发展水平受城市行政等级、产业转型等因素影响。     

中国土壤土层厚度的空间变异性特征

以全国第二次土壤普查的1627个土壤剖面资料为基础,在地质统计学和地理信息系统的支持下,以变异函数为基本工具初步分析中国土壤土层厚度的空间变异特征,并应用普通克里格法进行最优无偏线性插值,制作出分辨率为30km×30km的中国土壤土层厚度的空间分布图。结果表明:中国土壤土层厚度具有较好的可迁性和空间结构性特点,实验变异函数值的变化趋势基本上随着距离的增加逐渐上升,拟合变程在680km以上,土壤厚度的相关性可大于680km,土层厚度具有明显的块状或连续分布的特点     

基于空间插值分析的指标空间化及吉林省玉米种植区划研究

以吉林省为例,构建玉米种植区划指标体系,并利用空间插值技术和辅助信息对降水、土壤和玉米单产等指标的空间模拟进行重点研究。其中,将多元回归+残差内插相结合对气象站点观测的降水数据进行了空间模拟;将相关性较高的变量作为协因子,并结合土壤类型数据,利用Cokriging插值,获取了土壤属性空间模拟数据;利用耕地质量空间分布数据对玉米统计单产数据进行修正得到玉米单产空间模拟数据。然后,开展吉林省玉米种植适宜性评价和区划研究,将吉林省分为高度适宜区、中度适宜区、低度适宜区和不适宜区4个等级;并结合农业综合分区,得到13个不同的玉米种植区域。     

临泽绿洲农田土壤肥力质量时空变化特征

干旱区荒漠绿洲农田土壤肥力质量的研究是绿洲功能和生产力评价的一个重要方面。通过1982年和2008年临泽绿洲农田287个样点耕层土壤（0~20 cm）有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾数据,利用地理信息系统和地统计学分析手段,研究了26 a来土壤肥力质量的变化特征。结果表明,研究区土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量为13.8 g·kg-1、0.81 g·kg-1、64.4 mg·kg-1、32.3 mg·kg-1、199 mg·kg-1,较1982年分别提高了13.5%、7.8％、9.3%、225.6％和26.8％;土壤肥力指标的变异性较大,变异系数均大于25%;模糊数学综合评价方法适合研究区土壤肥力质量评价,土壤肥力质量综合值由1982年的强度空间变异发展为中等空间变异;根据全国农业地力等级划分标准,研究区土壤属于4、5、6、7级,较1982年的土壤肥力呈上升趋势。土壤肥力综合值分布图可以为该区域土壤资源的合理利用提供理论依据。     

金沙江干热河谷不同植被坡面土壤水分时空分布特征

于2016年7~12月和2017年4月的旱、雨季期间,以金沙江干热河谷苴那小流域内的银合欢（Leucaena Benth）林地、车桑子（Dodonaea angustifolia）灌丛地和扭黄茅（Heteropogon cantortus）草地为研究对象,通过网格法和土钻法采集并测定了（0~100 cm）土层的土壤含水量,应用经典统计法和地统计学方法分析该区域不同林草植被下坡面土壤水分的动态变化特征。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤含水量总体较低,雨季显著大于旱季,旱、雨季均表现为灌丛地>草地>林地,呈中度至强度变异（0.07~0.28之间）。（2）不同林草植被下旱、雨季土壤水分具有相似的空间自相关性,自相关系数均由正向负转变,但由正向负转变的滞后距离有所不同,且雨季大于旱季,呈中等或强等空间自相关性。（3）不同林草植被下的土壤水分空间结构不同,林地、灌丛地和草地旱雨季最佳拟合模型均为球状模型;相同林草植被下各土层旱、雨季土壤水分的空间分布特征相似,但旱季的分布格局差异更显著,不同林草植被下深层土壤水分分布比表层土壤水分的分布更为复杂,土壤水分呈明显的斑块或条带状分布,含水量高值区和低值区位置不固定。总之不同林草植被类型会改变局部地段土壤水分空间分布,降雨会加强这种差异的趋势,但土壤水分仍具一定空间连续性。     

黔西南脆弱喀斯特生态环境空间格局分析

西南喀斯特地区是我国四大生态脆弱带之一。黔西南具有典型的喀斯特生态环境,是西部大开发中生态环境的重点治理区。长期以来,由于人类不合理的开发利用使得喀斯特地区出现了严重的土地石漠化、土壤侵蚀以及森林生态系统退化等生态问题,制约着地区生态-经济的持续发展。本文根据已有的研究成果,在GIS技术的支持下,分析了研究区内主要生态退化问题的现状和空间格局及其影响因素,运用空间叠加分析功能,构建了生态脆弱度指标,并将研究区分为四个亚区,为生态环境治理提供科学依据。     

甘肃灌漠土土壤肥力的空间变异性典型研究

结合传统统计与地统计学方法对甘肃省河西地区武威灌漠土土壤肥力的空间变异性进行了分析。描述性统计结果显示，该地土壤肥力具有较大的空间变异，土壤NH4^ -N的变异系数最高，为62．656％，速效磷的变异系数次之，为47．369％，pH的变异系数最小，仅为1．284％，有机质和速效钾的变异系数分别为13．208％和38．075％。地统计学分析表明该区域土壤特性的块金方差／基台值比值[C0／(C0 C)]在0．0413％～13．7801％之间，说明该土壤性质的各项指标均有强烈的空间相关性，其中NH 一N和pH值的空间相关性相对最强，[C。／(G C)]分别为0．0413％和0．0978％；速效磷相对最弱，[C0／(C0 C)]为13．7801％；有机质与速效钾居中。土壤肥力性质的相关距变化范围为176～294m。该土壤性质的克立格插值结果显示出一定的空间相似性，显示地统计学方法可用于分析土壤肥力在空间上的变异。     

Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau, China

The degree of spatial variability of soil moisture and the ability of environmental attributes to predict that variability were studied at the Da Nangou catchment (3·5 km²) in the semi-arid loess area of China. Soil moisture measurements were performed biweekly at five depths in the soil profile (0–5 cm, 10–15 cm, 20–25 cm, 40–45 cm and 70–75 cm) from May to October 1998 and from May to September 1999 using Delta-T theta probe. Results indicated that with increasing soil depth, the mean soil moisture content increases significantly for five layers and the coefficients of variation (CV) also increases with depth from 10–15 cm. It was observed that heavier rains and higher mean moisture contents are often associated with lower spatial variability (CV). Environmental attributes such as land use and topography play controlling roles in the spatial distribution of soil moisture content. However, the relative roles of these environmental indices vary with soil depth. The dominant controls on spatial variability of the time-averaged soil moisture changes from land use, aspect, relative elevation and hillslope position in the surface soil (0–5 cm) to relative elevation, hillslope position and aspect in the subsurface soil (10–15 cm, 20–25 cm), and to land use, relative elevation and slope gradient at larger depths (40–45 cm, 70–75 cm). The dynamic behavior of influences of different environmental indices on the layer-averaged soil moisture depends on several factors. In general, the correlation of soil moisture with slope gradient shows a more significant increase following a greater amount of antecedent precipitation (except for the extremely heavy storms), and declines afterwards. The relation of soil moisture with relative elevation and hillslope position exhibits an opposite trend. It was observed that the influence of land use corresponds to the difference in vegetative characteristics, with a stronger influence in June and August with a greater difference in vegetation. A significant influence of cos(aspect) was found during early spring and autumn with a rapid transient in solar irradiation. Finally, it was found that the sample size is adequate to estimate the catchment mean soil moisture at all five depths and on all 10 observations in 1999 (81 sites), while it is only enough for the upper soil layers (0–5 cm and 10–15 cm) in 1998 (26 sites).     

渭北旱塬土壤水分空间变异性

渭北旱塬是陕西省重要的苹果生产基地，探讨该区不同土地利用的土壤水分时空变异特征，对农业生产布局、种植业结构调整和减少径流、控制侵蚀具有特殊的现实意义。本文用地统计学的理论和方法，分析了渭北旱塬区3种主要土地利用类型农地、苹果地和苜蓿地3个土层深度(0～20cm、60～80cm、280～300cm)的土壤水分空间变化趋势。变异函数分析结果表明，3种土地利用类型的土壤水分具有明显的空间变异特性。在0～20cm土层，空间变异性尺度为9～16m，60-80cm土层为5～12m，280-300cm土层深为5～10m，空间变异性程度随尺度变化。自相关尺度为1～17m，自相关部分的空间变异性在0～20cm、60～80cm和280-300cm分别占总空间变异性的90．0％～94．0％、84．0％～98．0％和85．0％～94．0％，明显大于随机部分的空间变异性。从苜蓿地、苹果地到农地，空间自相关的尺度逐渐增大。各向异性分析表明，农地和苜蓿地在表层(0～20cm)具有明显的各向异性，而苹果地的土壤水分含量接近各向同性。