花尾胡椒鲷与胡椒鲷5种同工酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板梯度凝胶电泳的方法,对花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorhynchus cinctus)和胡椒鲷(Plectorhynchus pictus)7种组织中的5种同工敏(EST,LDH,MDH,ME,POD)进行比较研究,对所研究的5种同工酶在2种鱼的组织分布、位点表达及活性作了分析和总结。结果表明,2种鱼的ME同工酶谱非常相似,只在活性上略有差异;EST,LDH,MDH和POD酶谱存在不同程度的种间差异。可作为花尾胡椒鲷和胡椒鲷的遗传鉴定标记。     

5种石鲈科鱼类细胞色素b基因序列及分子系统分析

测定了石鲈科的花尾胡椒鲷Plectorhynchus cinctus、少棘胡椒鲷Diagramma pictum、斜带髭鲷Hapaloge-nys nitens、大斑石鲈Pomadasys maculates和点石鲈Pomadasys kaakan5种鱼类的线粒体细胞色素b基因的部分序列402bp,选用鲤Cyprinus carpio作外群,生成代表石鲈科4个属鱼类的数据集,采用邻接法和最大简约法构建了分子系统树,结果显示髭鲷属Hapalogenys和胡椒鲷属Plectorhynchus之间的亲缘关系较近,这2个属与石鲈属Pomadasys亲缘关系相近;少棘胡椒鲷属Diagramma与其它3个属的亲缘关系较远,支持把少棘胡椒鲷从胡椒鲷属归入到少棘胡椒鲷属的分类。     

基于S7核糖体蛋白基因部分序列的10种石鲈科鱼类的系统发育关系

分析了石鲈科4属10种鱼类S7核糖体蛋白基因内含子1部分序列特征,采用MP法和NJ法构建系统发育树.结果表明,在分子系统树上,10种石鲈科(Haemulidae)鱼类共组成两大类群,其中髭鲷属(Hapalogenys)鱼类和胡椒鲷属(Plectorhynchus)鱼类聚成一类群,石鲈属(Pomadasys)鱼类和仿石鲈属(Haemulon)鱼类聚成一类群,两类群再聚成一支,10种石鲈科鱼类构成单一分支类群.髭鲷属鱼类跟胡椒鲷属鱼类的亲缘关系较近.基于遗传距离分析表明,相对于石鲈属,髭鲷属鱼类跟仿石鲈属鱼类的遗传距离较小.因此,研究结果支持髭鲷属的分类地位是介于胡椒鲷属和仿石鲈属之间,未能从石鲈科中独立出来形成髭鲷科(Hapalogeniidae).     

卵磷脂对花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响

为探索卵磷脂影响幼鱼生长存活的作用机制，采用不同卵磷脂添加量的配合饲料投喂花尾胡椒鲷（Plectorhynchus cinctus)幼鱼，采用孔雀绿比色法同步测定幼鱼的Ca^ -ATP酶和Na^ ,K^ -ATP酶活性，结果表明，饲料中 加适量卵磷脂可显著提高花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼Ca^2 -ATP酶和Na^ ,K^ -ATP酶活性，且卵磷脂含量为3％的配合饲料投喂的花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼Ca^2 -ATP酶活性最高，而卵磷脂含量为2％的Na^ ,K^ -ATP酶活性最高。     

基于ND1基因序列的16种胡椒鲷鱼类分子系统进化关系研究

本研究基于线粒体DNA分子标记NADH脱氢酶亚基1基因(ND1)部分序列分析了印度-西太平洋海域的胡椒鲷属及少棘胡椒鲷属共16种胡椒鲷鱼类的系统进化关系。采用最大简约法及最大似然法构建了系统进化树。进化树上,16种胡椒鲷鱼类共形成两个形态特征截然不同的类群,其中类群一的种类体表具有各种鲜艳的颜色与多变的斑纹,主要分布在西太平洋地区;类群二的种类颜色灰暗单一,少数体表具有暗色斑点与条纹,大多数分布在印度洋地区。此外,进化树上,少棘胡椒鲷属的种类都位于胡椒鲷属的类群一内部,与斑胡椒鲷,暗点胡椒鲷形成的姐妹种有较近的亲缘关系。基于遗传距离的数据,少棘胡椒鲷属与胡椒鲷属间的平均遗传距离小于胡椒鲷属内部种间的遗传距离,显示出少棘胡椒鲷属与胡椒鲷属有非常近的亲缘关系,支持少棘胡椒鲷归类于胡椒鲷属的观点。     

12种石鲈科鱼类线粒体16S rRNA基因的部分序列分析

分析了5属12种石鲈科鱼类的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列特征,并参照RNA二级结构模型区分配对区和非配对区。结果表明,配对区对G有偏好(33.5%),非配对区对A有偏好(38.5%);与配对区相比,非配对区存在更多的变异和系统发育信息。从序列的Jukes-Cantor遗传距离结果看,石鲈科胡椒鲷属Plectorhynchus、矶鲈属Parapristipoma、石鲈属Hapalogenys、髭鲷属Pomadasys、Haemulon属5个属属间的差异水平都接近或超过了其与外类群科间的差异水平。从构建的ME系统发育树结果看,石鲈科鱼类分成二大分支,未能形成单一类群。在亲缘关系上,胡椒鲷属和矶鲈属较近,石鲈属和Haemulon属较近,髭鲷属与其它4个属较远,髭鲷属在鲈亚目中的分类地位可能应提高到科的水平。初步确定研究中选用的16S rRNA基因片段基本适用于石鲈科属间和属内种间关系的研究。     

花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼内、外源性氮和总氮排泄率的研究

1998年6-11月对温度、体重和摄食水平对花尾胡椒鲷Plectorhynchus cinctus Tem-minck连续剧鱼总氮排泄率的影响及排泄物中内、外源性氮的排泄率进行了研究，结果表明，对饥饿和饱食的花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼来说，排泄率（U）与体重（W）间都存在幂函数式的相关关系；U=aW^b(U:J.d^-1)，不同体重组饥饿和饱食鱼的排泄率都是在22℃时最低，在28℃或31.5℃时达到最大，由于排泄物的来源不同，致使温度对饥饿鱼排泄率的影响程度比对饱食鱼的大。排泄率与日粮水平（C）间呈线性正相关，花尾胡椒鲷幼鱼的排泄率模型为：U=9.4624W 0.0172C，饱食鱼排泄物中的外源性与内源性氮的比值介于0.53-3.15之间。     

湛江海域养殖与野生鱼类肌肉中5种激素含量的分析和比较

采用放射免疫分析法测定了养殖与野生黑鲷Sparus macroccephalus、花尾胡椒鲷Plectorhynchus cinctus、军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum、青鲈Nibea japonica、白鲳Pampus argenteus5种湛江海域常见养殖鱼类肌肉中生长激素、雌二醇、孕酮、睾酮及绒毛膜促性腺激素的含量。结果表明,同一种激素含量依鱼种类的不同而有差异。5种激素在5种养殖与野生鱼类中的含量是,生长激素以养殖与野生青鲈最高,雌二醇以养殖黑鲷、野生军曹鱼最高,孕酮以养殖与野生军曹鱼最高,睾酮以养殖与野生白鲳最高,绒毛膜促性腺激素以养殖青鲈、野生花尾胡椒鲷最高。同一种激素含量在同种的养殖与野生鱼类中有显著差异(p<0.01),养殖黑鲷肌肉中5种激素含量分别是野生黑鲷的6.94、4.01、2.81、2.42、2.99倍;养殖花尾胡椒鲷分别是野生花尾胡椒鲷的5.68、2.51、2.15、2.13、1.93倍;养殖军曹鱼分别是野生军曹鱼的46.11、1.71、1.63、5.50、2.91倍;养殖青鲈分别是野生青鲈的6.60、2.75、2.83、3.58、5.38倍;养殖白鲳分别是野生白鲳的2.55、2.67、2.49、2.52、2.70倍。实验结果提示,放射免疫分析法可作为检测水产品中激素含量的有效手段。     

南海主要珊瑚礁水域软骨鱼类的组成与分布

利用1998年3~5月和1999年5~6月在西沙和南沙的12座珊瑚礁水域渔业资源专业调查资料以及1998年2月~1999年12月在南沙群岛水域进行的渔业资源监测调查资料,分析讨论了南海珊瑚礁水域软骨鱼类的组成与分布。专业调查结果:捕获软骨鱼类14属16种,渔获量计64尾2 844.1kg,优势种为大眼角鲨、鼬鲨、日本燕、侧条真鲨、灰六鳃鲨;监测调查表明南沙珊瑚礁水域的软骨鱼类在全年均可捕获,产量的变动主要与捕捞努力量相关。综合2种调查知:软骨鱼类在南海珊瑚礁水域总体分布范围较广,单鱼种在各个岛礁表现出一定的地域分布性;南海珊瑚礁区捕获软骨鱼类的主要作业方式为延绳钓和大型流刺网。     

夏季北部湾九种经济鱼类的食性类型及营养生态位初步研究

应用Shannon-Wiener指数、Levins指数和均匀度指数,分析了北部湾2012年7月9种个体数量占优势的经济鱼类的食物组成和食性类型,并对其营养生态位进行了初步研究。研究表明,这9种经济鱼类可划分为3种食性类型:日本发光鲷Acropoma japonicum、日本竹筴鱼Trachurus japonicus、蓝圆鲹Decapterus maruadsi和六指多指马鲅Polydactylus sextarius为浮游生物食性,主要以桡足类为食;二长棘犁齿鲷Evynnis cardinalis、日本鲱鲤Upeneus japonicus和刺鲳Psenopsis anomala为底栖生物食性,主要以长尾类为食;多齿蛇鲻Saurida tumbil和白姑鱼Pennahia argentata为游泳动物食性,以鱼类饵料占较大优势。9种鱼中,白姑鱼的营养生态位宽度值最高,多齿蛇鲻的营养生态位宽度值最低。夏季北部湾这9种经济鱼类的营养生态位宽度与其摄食习性和饵料基础密切相关。     

秋季黄海中南部鱼类群落对饵料生物的摄食量

研究鱼类与饵料生物之间食物定量关系进而为多鱼种资源评估提供依据,2000~2002年秋季(10~11月)在黄海中南部海域进行了定点底拖网调查,应用Eggers模型,计算了带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)、小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)、黄(Lophius litulon)、细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)等23种鱼类在秋季对饵料生物的摄食量。结果表明:黄海中南部23种鱼类在秋季对饵料生物的总摄食量约为309万t,其中,鱼(Engraulis japonicus)的摄食量最高(在250万t以上),占总摄食量的80.9%。中上层和底层鱼类对饵料生物的摄食量分别为262万t和47万t左右,占总摄食量的84.7%和15.3%,鱼和细纹狮子鱼分别是中上层和底层鱼类中最主要的捕食者。磷虾类是中上层鱼类最主要的食物来源,其次是桡足类、端足类和毛颚类;虾类和鱼类是底层鱼类最主要的食物来源,其次是磷虾类。太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifica)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、细长脚虫戎(Themisto gracilipes)、脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)和鱼同时是黄海中南部被摄食量最高的5种饵料生物,它们被摄食的生物量之和约为233万t,占总摄食量的75.5%。     

Food and feeding of small fish in the Rakaia River,New Zealand

Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish species were collected at monthly intervals during a 12‐month period, from 3 areas of the lower Rakaia River. The composition and abundance of the benthos and stomach contents of the fish were analysed for seasonal trends, food niche breadth and overlap between pairs of fish species, and overlap between the benthos and the diet of each fish species. The diets of bluegilled bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), upland bully (G. breviceps), juvenile longfinned eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), Galaxias brevipinnis, G. paucispondylus, and juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were similar to the proportions of prey species in the benthos. Deleatidium and chironomid larvae dominated the benthos in all seasons and formed the majority of food items in the diet of these species. Food niche overlap between these species was high, indicating potential competition, but preferred habitat and feeding habit differences plus low fish population density and abundance of main prey items probably eliminate the occurrence of any serious competition. The diet of the other fish species differed from this pattern. The common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae and fish eggs than occurred in the benthos; torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae than occurred in the benthos; and quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) depended largely upon prey species of terrestial origin, such as adult Deleatidium and dipterans.     

厦门东海域鱼类食物网研究

本文分析了厦门东海域58种鱼类的营养关系.根据对它们的食性分析,并依其食料生物的生态类群,将厦门东海域的鱼类食性类型分为:浮游生物食性、底栖生物食性、游泳动物食性、浮游生物和底栖生物、底栖生物和游泳动物食性等5种.该海域鱼类的营养级可分为4级:杂食性鱼类、低级肉食性鱼类、中级肉食性鱼类和高级肉食性鱼类,其中低级肉食性鱼类占优势,为63.79%.本文还分析了厦门东海域鱼类的食物网及其能量流动途径,并提出合理利用和保护厦门东海域鱼类资源的建议.     

黄海鱼类食物网的研究

于1985年3月—1986年10月和1988年5月间,对黄海海域40科69属80种鱼的食性及其相互关系进行了较系统地调查、分析。结果表明:1.黄海鱼类饵料分为4个生态类型;2.黄海鱼类摄食有明显的季节变化;3.黄海鱼类基本属于第二—第四营养级;4.日本鳀、脊尾褐虾、太平洋磷虾等优势饵料生物在黄海鱼类食物网中起着举足轻重的作用;5.黄海多数鱼类间的食物竞争关系基本是协调的。     

东山湾鱼类食物网研究

本文分析了东山湾８５种经济鱼类的食物关系，结果表明，东山湾鱼类的食性类型可分为：浮游生物食性；底栖生物食性；游泳动物食性；浮游生物和底栖生物食性；底栖生物和游泳动物食性及浮游生物，底栖生物和游泳动物食性等６种，这些鱼类可分为４个营养级：（１）杂食性鱼类；（２）低级肉食性鱼类；（３）中级肉食性鱼类；（４）高级肉食性鱼类，其中低级肉食性鱼类占优势。东山湾 鱼类食物网的能量流动可简要归纳为６种途径，小公     

南海鱼类生物多样性与区系分布

分析了南海鱼类生物多样性与区系分布的生态地理条件,鱼类生物多样性特征。校核整理了南海鱼类2 321种,分属于六鳃鲨等35目,以鲈形目占绝对优势(979种),并以珊瑚礁栖,典型暖水种的隆头鱼科为优势科(占117种),而蝴蝶鱼和石斑鱼分别达到34种、31种,列为优势属,从而构成南海富有潜势的群落结构。文中进一步论述了南海鱼类区系属于以印度-西太平洋为主体的区系特征。     

Fish Assemblages in Shallow Marine Caves of the Salento Peninsula (Southern Apulia, SE Italy)

Abstract. Fish assemblages of three shallow marine caves from the Salento Peninsula (Apulia, SE Italy) were investigated in July 2000. Data were collected in situ by using visual census. A total of nineteen fish species were recorded inside the caves. The species richness generally displayed a similar pattern in all three caves, decreasing from the entrance towards the innermost sections, whereas the patterns of total fish abundance differed among caves. Apogon imberbis (mainly represented by juveniles) was the most important species in terms of number of individuals (accounting for more than 85% of the censused fish) and showed a fairly even distribution inside the investigated caves. Without the numerical contribution of A. imberbis , fish abundance decreased from the entrance to the inner sections and this pattern was common to all three caves. Juvenile fishes of economic interest ( e. g., Diplodus vulgaris and Epinephelus marginatus ) were also recorded inside. The present study suggests that: (1) environmental constraints could affect distribution patterns in fish species richness and in the abundance of several fish along the axis of "blind caves" (with a single entrance), as already observed for sessile benthos and plankton assemblages; (2) shallow marine caves of the Salento Peninsula could exert the role of refuge and/or nursery for some littoral fish species during the adult and/or juvenile stages of their life histories.     

Temporal variability in predator presence around a fin fish farm in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Recently, aquaculture has generated worldwide interest as a result of the overexploitation of wild stocks combined with a growing international demand for fish and seafood products. Wild fish attracted to the marine fish farms, together with the presence of the farmed fish, are powerful attractants to predators that normally feed on similar or identical fish stocks in nature. This 9‐year study describes for the first time in Mediterranean waters the temporal variability of mammalian and avian predators in a coastal fin fish farm. In all, 99 months (1062 days during 36 consecutive seasons) were spent in the field. By examining the results of this study, it is clear that species as seagulls, shags, bottlenose dolphins and grey herons (considered to cause economic loss in aquaculture owing to direct predation) interact regularly with the fish farm. Although bottlenose dolphins and grey herons were not the most important of all predator species, predatory interactions with the fish farm occurred with what seems to be increasing regularity. Another result observed is the possible bottlenose dolphins’ attraction caused by the harvesting operations in the fish farm. The fish farm offers an alternative food source for predators; hunting at fish farms usually requires less effort on the part of the predator, and becomes a more attractive option than hunting wild fish over wide ranges. During the period of this study, individually identified dolphins feeding were regularly observed feeding on discarded fish from fish farm workers during harvesting operations, supporting the possibility that some individuals are habituated to this food supply. Based on the evidence presented in this paper, it is recommended that strategies for the management of both the aquaculture industry and marine mammal populations should take the results of this study into consideration.     

Hiding and feeding in floating seaweed: Floating seaweed clumps as possible refuges or feeding grounds for fishes

Floating seaweed is considered to be an important habitat for juvenile fishes due to the provision of food, shelter, a visual orientation point and passive transport. The importance of the presence of the highly dynamical seaweed clumps from the North Sea to juvenile neustonic fishes was investigated by analysing both neuston samples (without seaweed) and seaweed samples concerning fish community structure, and length-frequency distributions and feeding habits of five associated fish species. While the neustonic fish community was mainly seasonally structured, the seaweed-associated fish community was more complex: the response of the associated fish species to environmental variables was species specific and probably influenced by species interactions, resulting in a large multivariate distance between the samples dominated by Chelon labrosus and the samples dominated by Cyclopterus lumpus, Trachurus trachurus and Ciliata mustela. The results of the stomach analysis confirmed that C. lumpus is a weedpatch specialist that has a close spatial affinity with the seaweed and feeds intensively on the seaweed-associated invertebrate fauna. Similarly, C. mustela juveniles also fed on the seaweed fauna, but in a more opportunistic way. The shape of the size-frequency distribution suggested enhanced growth when associated with floating seaweed. Chelon labrosus and T. trachurus juveniles were generally large in seaweed samples, but large individuals were also encountered in the neuston. The proportion of associated invertebrate fauna in their diet was of minor importance, compared to the proportions in C. lumpus. Individuals of Syngnathus rostellatus mainly fed on planktonic invertebrates but had a discontinuous size-frequency distribution, suggesting that some of the syngnathids were carried with the seaweed upon detachment and stayed associated. Floating seaweeds can therefore be regarded as ephemeral habitats shared between several fish species (mainly juveniles) that use them for different reasons and with varying intensity.