非饱和土化学-水力-力学耦合行为数值模拟

在描述非饱和土力学本构行为的Gens-Alonso模型[1]的基础上,结合化学浓度对前固结压力的软化公式[2],并考虑了化学浓度对黏聚力的软化作用,建立了描述非饱和土化学-水力-力学耦合行为的本构模型。对包括化学-水力-力学本构关系、流体流动和污染物传输的控制方程的平衡方程组进行有限元离散,并采用此非饱和土化学-水力-力学耦合行为的数值模型对非饱和土中隧道周围化学-水力-力学耦合过程进行了模拟,对纯粹的力学响应、弹性化学力学响应、弹塑性化学力学响应 3 种情况进行了分析,数值结果显示了化学浓度作用下隧道周围的体积变化量和应力状态比单纯的力学响应有较大的提高,隧道表面的收缩量也有明显的增大。数值模拟的结果显示了该方法对模拟非饱和土复杂的耦合行为的可行性。     

Effect of the water/cement ratio on concrete behavior under extreme loading

This study focuses on identifying concrete behavior under severe triaxial loadings (near field detonation or ballistic impacts). In order to reproduce high stress levels with well‐controlled loading paths, static tests have been carried out on concrete samples by mean of a very high‐capacity triaxial press (stress levels on the order of 1 GPa). It is a longstanding fact that the water/cement ratio (W/C), upon entering the concrete composition, is a major parameter affecting the porosity and strength of the cement matrix of hardened concrete. The objective of this article is to quantify the effect of this ratio on concrete behavior under conditions of high confinement. From the composition of a reference ‘ordinary’ concrete (i.e. W/C=0.6), two other concretes have been produced with W/C ratios equal to 0.4 and 0.8, respectively. This article presents experimental results and their analysis regarding the effect of water/cement ratio (W/C) on concrete behavior under high confinement. It shows that when placed under high confinement, concrete behaves like a granular stacking composed of concrete without any influence from the level of cement matrix strength. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下连续墙施工力学机理三维数值分析

采用三维有限差分方法,模拟了地下连续墙成槽开挖及混凝土浇筑施工全过程,研究了连续墙槽段外围土层在地下连续墙施工过程中的应力状态与变形形态,并将计算结果和现场实测结果进行比较。结果表明,数值计算应力结果与实测结果规律基本一致,但槽段底部数值计算应力变化梯度比实测值略大,采用该计算方法模拟地下连续墙施工全过程具有一定的可行性和较强的可靠性。     

Modelling chemo‐hydro‐mechanical behaviour of unsaturated clays: a feasibility study

Effective capabilities of combined chemo‐elasto‐plastic and unsaturated soil models to simulate chemo‐hydro‐mechanical (CHM) behaviour of clays are examined in numerical simulations through selected boundary value problems. The objective is to investigate the feasibility of approaching such complex material behaviour numerically by combining two existing models. The chemo‐mechanical effects are described using the concept of chemical softening consisting of reduction of the pre‐consolidation pressure proposed originally by Hueckel (Can. Geotech. J. 1992; 29 :1071–1086; Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 1997; 21 :43–72). An additional chemical softening mechanism is considered, consisting in a decrease of cohesion with an increase in contaminant concentration. The influence of partial saturation on the constitutive behaviour is modelled following Barcelona basic model (BBM) formulation (Géotech. 1990; 40 (3):405–430; Can. Geotech. J. 1992; 29 :1013–1032). The equilibrium equations combined with the CHM constitutive relations, and the governing equations for flow of fluids and contaminant transport, are solved numerically using finite element. The emphasis is laid on understanding the role that the individual chemical effects such as chemo‐elastic swelling, or chemo‐plastic consolidation, or finally, chemical loss of cohesion have in the overall response of the soil mass. The numerical problems analysed concern the chemical effects in response to wetting of a clay specimen with an organic liquid in rigid wall consolidometer, during biaxial loading up to failure, and in response to fresh water influx during tunnel excavation in swelling clay. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A thermo‐mechanical model for the catastrophic collapse of large landslides

In this work, a new thermo‐mechanical model is developed, applicable to large‐scale, deep‐seated landslides consisting of a coherent mass sliding on a thin clayey layer. The considered time window is that of catastrophic acceleration, starting at incipient failure and ending when the acquired displacement and velocity are such that the sliding material begins to break up into pieces. The model accounts for temperature rise in the slip zone due to the heat produced by friction, leading to water expansion, thermoplastic collapse of the soil skeleton, and subsequent increase of pore water pressure. The model incorporates the processes of heat production and diffusion, pore pressure generation and diffusion, and an advanced constitutive law for the thermo‐mechanical behavior of soil. An analysis of the Vajont landslide is presented as an example. A sensitivity analysis shows that friction softening is the mechanism most affecting the timescale of the final collapse of a slide, but also that the mechanism of thermal pressurization alone can cause a comparably catastrophic dynamic evolution. It is also shown that, all other factors being equal, thermo‐mechanical collapse will cause thicker slides to accelerate faster than shallow ones. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同固结条件下黏土数值化建模的研究

研究了不同初始固结压力条件对黏土本构关系的影响。进行了2组不同固结条件下的排水压缩试验,即等压固结条件和K0固结条件。采用数值建模方法,以 和 为硬化参数的双屈服面模型为框架,通过对试验数据空间的反演获得两种不同初始条件下的黏土弹塑性本构关系,并在整个应力场 可视化。将该数值模型嵌入有限元程序对三轴压缩试验进行数值模拟,并与试验曲线及相同路径下的剑桥模型和Duncan-Chang模型关系曲线进行对比。结果表明,数值建模方法有较好的容错性,能很好地反映应力历史的影响,能模拟真实应力路径。     

Employing a variable permeability model in numerical simulation of saturated sand behavior under earthquake loading

Despite advances in the numerical analysis of saturated sand behavior under earthquake loading, accurate prediction of liquefaction-related phenomena by numerical simulation remains a challenge. Variation of the coefficient of permeability is a key issue which has not obtained due attention in most previous modeling. In this study, a revised form of a recently proposed variable permeability function was implemented in a fully coupled dynamic model adopting modern two-surface plasticity constitutive law to evaluate the effects of permeability variations on the results of numerical modeling. The variable permeability model is comprised of a simple function relating the permeability coefficient of soil mass to the excess pore water ratio. In this study, the constants of the variable permeability function were attained based mainly on theoretical evidence and experimental observation. Well-documented centrifuge experiments were examined to evaluate how well the proposed model captures the main features of soil response to earthquake loading. The results indicate that the proposed function greatly enhanced the capability of numerical modeling to predict the behavior of saturated sand under cyclic loading. Particularly, the variable permeability model with proposed constants significantly improved the amount of liquefaction-induced settlement predicted by numerical modeling.     

含预制裂纹的水泥砂浆试块在爆炸载荷作用下损伤特征的数值模拟

把能够体现岩体在冲击载荷作用下的响应特点及损伤演化的各向异性特征的损伤模型嵌入到有限元软件中，模拟了含有预制裂纹的水泥砂浆试块在爆炸载荷作用下的损伤特征。模拟结果表明，在爆炸近区产生一个损伤“重灾区”，并可根据模拟结果确定“重灾区”及爆炸损伤的范围，模拟结果与试验结果基本一致。模拟方法可以为岩土工程中经历过爆炸损伤岩体的稳定性研究提供理论依据。     

高速冲击载荷作用深埋巷道变形非线性数值模拟

深埋巷道冲击破坏问题一直是研究的难点,为更好的研究深部岩体动力破坏规律,揭示深埋巷道冲击破坏机制,采用非线性动力分析方法,利用FLAC3D计算软件再现深埋巷道冲击破坏过程,对高速冲击载荷作用下煤岩巷道变形规律进行非线性分析。计算结果表明,在高速冲击载荷作用下巷道顶底板和两帮围岩处有应力集中,均出现较大变形,且向巷道内部方向呈现出近似V型分布;各监测点作用力和位移结果也说明在巷道顶、底板和两帮围岩处均发生明显的冲击,且加载初期冲击较弱,在t=0.5s时冲击作用明显增强,计算结果可为深埋巷道加固措施提供有利参考。     

沉积数值模拟研究现状及实例

沉积数值模拟是开展沉积学定量研究的重要手段,在油气地质学、水利工程等领域中发挥着重要作用。本文基于大量国内外文献调研,结合实际研究工作,系统概述了沉积数值模拟的发展历程及模型分类,归纳了几何规则、水动力方程、扩散方程、元胞自动机和模糊逻辑等5种模拟方法,对比各种方法的基本原理、优缺点以及与其相对应的代表性模拟软件的特点;总结了沉积数值模拟在层序地层学,沉积过程及沉积机理,“源-汇”系统和油气地质学等4个研究领域中的应用现状及独特优势;并结合东营凹陷北部陡坡带断层控制背景下两种湖相重力流沉积数值模拟研究实例,进一步说明了沉积数值模拟在沉积学研究中的有效性与重要性;最后展望了探索不同沉积机制数值模拟新方法,多地质过程耦合数值模拟与地质几何建模一体化,基于人工智能驱动的沉积过程反演数值模拟以及在非常规油气资源勘探开发中深入应用是该领域未来的发展方向。     

Testing and modeling of the mechanical behavior of dolomite in the Wudongde hydropower plant

In order to understand the mechanical behaviours of the surrounding rocks in the underground caverns of the Wudongde hydropower plant, triaxial tests are performed on a type of dolomite. It is revealed that damage induced by crack development is the main factor controlling the nonlinear plastic deformation and failure behaviour of the dolomite in both pre- and post-peak regimes. Based on this understanding, a coupled elastoplastic damage model is developed for capturing the dolomite’s mechanical behaviours. In the model, the effects of plasticity and damage on rocks is described by introducing plastic hardening and damage softening commonly in the plastic yield surface. Which are both derived from a suitable Helmholtz free energy function. The model is used to simulate the triaxial tests. Comparisons between test results and the numerical modelling show that the developed model is capable of describing the macro mechanical behaviours of the Wudongde dolomite.     

循环荷载作用下纤维水泥土动力特性

通过动三轴试验,研究水泥土中掺入不同掺量的聚丙烯纤维和玄武岩纤维条件下,其动应力 、动弹性模量 随动应变的变化规律。试验结果表明：水泥土的动强度和动弹性模量与围压、掺入纤维的种类和纤维掺量有关;随着纤维掺量的增多,水泥土的动强度和动弹性模量增大,动变形减小。从滞回曲线和微观的角度分析,掺入玄武岩纤维的水泥土动力性能最好,聚丙烯纤维水泥土次之,素水泥土（无纤维）较弱;最大动弹性模量 随着围压和纤维掺量的增大而增大。玄武岩纤维水泥土在不同围压下的 归一化曲线相互聚拢,表明 对围压的依赖程度降低。     

A constitutive model for bonded geomaterials subject to mechanical and/or chemical degradation

The mechanical behaviour of bonded geomaterials is described by means of an elastoplastic strain‐hardening model. The internal variables, taking into account the ‘history’ of the material, depend on the plastic strains experienced and on a conveniently defined scalar measure of damage induced by weathering and/or chemical degradation. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that only internal variables are affected by mechanical and chemical history of the material. Despite this simplifying assumption, it can be shown that many interesting phenomena exhibited by weathered bonded geomaterials can be successfully described. For instance, (i) the transition from brittle to ductile behaviour with increasing pressure of a calcarenite with collapsing internal structure, (ii) the complex behaviour of chalk and other calcareous materials in oedometric tests, (iii) the chemically induced variation of the stress and strain state of such kind of materials, are all phenomena that can be qualitatively reproduced. Several comparisons with experimental data show that the model can capture the observed behaviour also quantitatively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multisurface kinematic hardening model for the behavior of clays under combined static and undrained cyclic loading

In dynamic geotechnical problems, soils are often subjected to a combination of sustained static and fast cyclic loading. Under such loading conditions, saturated and normally consolidated clays generally experience a build-up of excess pore water pressure along with a degradation of stiffness and strength. If the strength of the soil falls below the static stress demand, a self-driven failure is triggered. In this paper, a constitutive model is presented for the analysis of such problems, based on a general multisurface plasticity framework. The hardening behavior, the initial arrangement of the surfaces, and the nonassociated volumetric flow rule are defined to capture important aspects of cyclic clay behavior. This includes nonlinear hysteretic stress-strain behavior, the effect of anisotropic consolidation, and the generation of excess pore water pressure during undrained cyclic loading along with a degradation of stiffness and strength. The model requires nine independent parameters, which can be derived from standard laboratory tests. A customized experimental program has been performed to validate the model performance. The model predictions show a good agreement with test results from monotonic and cyclic undrained triaxial tests, in particular with respect to the strain-softening response and the number of loading cycles to failure. A procedure for a general stress-space implicit numerical implementation for undrained, total stress-based finite element analyses is presented, including the derivation of the consistent tangent operator. Finally, a simulation of the seismic response of a submarine slope is shown to illustrate a possible application of the presented model.     

基于TOUGHREACT的成矿过程化学反应数值模拟——以虎头崖铅锌多金属矿床为例

虎头崖铅锌多金属矿床是青海省祁漫塔格成矿带中典型的矽卡岩型矿床。本文基于前人对该矿区地质特征、矿物学和地球化学特征等方面的研究成果，利用TOUGHREACT数值模拟软件，针对石英-晚期硫化物成矿阶段进行成矿过程化学反应数值模拟研究。通过建立地质概念模型和网格化物化参数的设置，在设置的时间步长内对多相流体流动和热对流传导、溶质运移以及地球化学反应过程进行模拟计算，研究了矿区内不同温压条件下成矿元素化学平衡浓度变化的总体趋势以及对方铅矿和闪锌矿矿物溶解沉淀情况的影响。结果表明：当温度从250℃降至155℃时，Pb²⁺的化学平衡浓度出现骤减；当温度从300℃降至100℃时，Zn²⁺的化学平衡浓度出现骤减；由于矿物的沉淀需要消耗大量相关的成矿元素，方铅矿和闪锌矿最佳成矿温度范围分别为155℃~250℃和100℃~300℃；不同温度和压力对成矿元素化学平衡浓度影响不同，温度是控制方铅矿和闪锌矿沉淀化学反应的核心因素，压力的影响较小。模拟结果与传统地质解译结果相对符合，证明了模拟的有效性。     

复杂地表条件下地球物理场数值模拟方法评述

在将起伏地表、复杂近地表构造以及复杂近地表岩性的任意组合统称为复杂地表的一种广义诠释下，分别对近地表岩层或土层的数学物理模型以及对地震波场、电磁波场、稳定电流场、重力场和磁力场在复杂地表条件下的数值模拟方法进行了分析和评述。结果表明，近地表数学物理模型并不是越复杂越好。实践中，要根据计算量以及所要解决的地质问题综合考虑。目前所用到的诸多数值模拟方法，如有限差分法、有限单元法、广义有限差分法、伪谱法、积分方程法和射线法等各有千秋，只要应用得当都能得到正确的结果。作为非网格法代表的积分方程法在对复杂地表和模型内边界的精确描述方面要优于以有限差分法为代表的网格法，而网格法在对模型的适应程度上要优于非网格法。传统的几何射线法在经过一定的修改和补充后，例如加入自由界面转换系数、采用几何绕射理论和Maslov方法，即可用于解决复杂地表条件下的波场数值模拟问题。对于重力场和磁力场，其在起伏地表条件下的空间换算（转换）问题在实质上也是一种正演问题，可纳入到复杂地表数值模拟的框架内去理解和处理。虽然国内外的研究者在复杂地表数值模拟领域内已经做了大量的工作，但离实际应用还有很大的距离。     

山岭隧道高水压下衬砌结构平面数值分析

采用平面有限元数值模型分析高水压作用下衬砌结构受力特征和围岩稳定性,研究了水压力大小、注浆加固圈厚度、水压力折减系数对衬砌结构受力和围岩塑性区的影响。研究结果表明：衬砌内力与塑性区随着外水压力折减系数的增大明显增大,随着总水压力的增加而增大,随着加固圈厚度的增大而减小;外水压力折减系数是影响衬砌内力和围岩塑性区的重要因素。     

冲击损伤砂岩动静组合加载力学特性研究

利用霍布金森压杆试验装置对灰砂岩试样进行预加静载的循环冲击,使试样产生初始损伤,并分析此过程中试样的损伤演化规律。使用能够施加轴压的霍布金森压杆进行预损伤试样动静组合加载试验,获得试样破坏模式、动态应力-应变关系等指标。基于应变等价原理分析预损伤试样动静组合加载条件下的总损伤变量,建立相应的损伤演化方程及损伤本构关系,并与完整试样进行对比。研究结果表明:循环冲击过程中试样损伤变量分为快速上升、低速发展、高速发展3个阶段,预加轴压越大低速发展阶段损伤变量平均值越小;相同动静组合加载条件下预损伤试样动态强度较小,完整试样应变率增强效应更加显著;循环冲击预损伤变量D01、预加静载损伤变量D02对于应力-应变关系的影响是较为复杂的,D01、D02值之和可能为负值;建立的本构关系与试验曲线具有较好的一致性,得到的总损伤变量曲线不仅能够解释试样宏观破坏与细观损伤过程的一致性,并且能够反映循环冲击和预加静载两种因素对岩石总损伤发展的非线性影响。     

An upscaling method and a numerical analysis of swelling/shrinking processes in a compacted bentonite/sand mixture

This paper presents an upscaling concept of swelling/shrinking processes of a compacted bentonite/sand mixture, which also applies to swelling of porous media in general. A constitutive approach for highly compacted bentonite/sand mixture is developed accordingly. The concept is based on the diffuse double layer theory and connects microstructural properties of the bentonite as well as chemical properties of the pore fluid with swelling potential. Main factors influencing the swelling potential of bentonite, i.e. variation of water content, dry density, chemical composition of pore fluid, as well as the microstructures and the amount of swelling minerals are taken into account. According to the proposed model, porosity is divided into interparticle and interlayer porosity. Swelling is the potential of interlayer porosity increase, which reveals itself as volume change in the case of free expansion, or turns to be swelling pressure in the case of constrained swelling. The constitutive equations for swelling/shrinking are implemented in the software GeoSys/RockFlow as a new chemo‐hydro‐mechanical model, which is able to simulate isothermal multiphase flow in bentonite. Details of the mathematical and numerical multiphase flow formulations, as well as the code implementation are described. The proposed model is verified using experimental data of tests on a highly compacted bentonite/sand mixture. Comparison of the 1D modelling results with the experimental data evidences the capability of the proposed model to satisfactorily predict free swelling of the material under investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.