Assessment of atmospheric emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases from the civil aviation of Russia

Presented are the results of computation of emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases from civil aircrafts in the first decade of the 21st century (from 2000 to 2012). It is revealed that in 2012 the emissions of pollutants to the atmospheric surface layer were reduced by 22.0–61.4% as compared with 2000, and those of greenhouse gases, by 30.6–62.3%. Environmental conditions in the area of large airports can remain rather strained. It is demonstrated that in 2012 the emissions of the majority of pollutants and greenhouse gases to the upper tropospheric layer increased by 41.9–48.5 and 43.7%, respectively, as compared with 2000. The inflow of gaseous compounds of different types of activity to the atmosphere can increase the total negative effect.     

无水印刷技术协同减排污染物与温室气体案例评估

无水印刷技术作为印刷行业源头替代的重要技术之一,主要适用于出版物印刷、包装印刷等平板印刷,在国际上已得到了普遍应用.文中以北京某印刷企业为案例,开展企业层面引进无水印刷技术后挥发性有机物(V O C s)与CO2协同减排评估,通过实地监测和公开文献获取数据,进行实证研究.结果表明,与基准情景相比,采用无水印刷技术和安装...     

Simulation of an uncertain emission market for greenhouse gases using agent-based methods

The paper presents the problem of a simulation of the greenhouse gases emission permits market where only low accuracy emission amounts are known. An organization of the market with uncertain emissions is proposed and trading rules for individual market participants are discussed. Simulation of the market is based on a multi-agent system. Negotiation of purchase/sale prices between the parties are introduced, where the trading parties adopt one of two options: (i) bilateral negotiations, and (ii) sealed bid reverse auctions. Results of simulation runs show trajectories of transaction prices, as well as probability distributions of learning agents’ bidding prices.     

中国交通部门污染物与温室气体协同控制模拟研究

开展交通领域大气污染物与温室气体协同减排研究对于实现能源、环境和气候变化综合管理具有重要意义.文中以我国交通部门污染物与温室气体协同治理为切入点,开展道路、铁路、水运、航空和管道运输等各子部门未来需求预测,并运用长期能源可替代规划系统模型(LEAP),通过构建基准情景、污染减排情景、绿色低碳情景和强化低碳情景,模拟分析...     

江西省温室气体监测及关键领域碳排放核算工作进展

简要概括了“十三五”规划实施以来,江西省开展温室气体浓度监测及关键领域排放核算相关工作及研究进展。1) 阐述了江西省温室气体观测站网建设现状,分析了各监测站浓度变化特征,对监测数据质量进行了评估,规范了业务服务产品;2) 基于景德镇站温室气体观测数据,开展了大气CO2和CH4浓度变化及其源汇特征相关研究,摸清其区域输送影响及源汇特征;3) 通过对卫星资料的分析研究,揭示了江西省大气温室气体浓度时空分布特征;4) 通过连续多年重点企业碳排放核查,促进了碳排放权交易市场的建立;5) 完成江西全省及11个设区市农业温室气体清单的编制,掌握了农业温室气体排放动态变化,编制发布了相关技术规范。江西省温室气体监测起步较晚,相较于山西、广东、江苏等省仍存在一定差距,亟待配备充足的资金和人员,规范台站观测业务运行,加强数据质控和技术队伍建设;此外,有必要加强各类排放过程排放因子本地测算,进一步规范碳核查工作流程,为江西省生态文明建设、绿色低碳发展及应对气候变化提供支撑。     

民航621数值预报产品应用分析

高空风，高空温度报图是飞行象文件的重要组成部分。本文分析了在飞机平飞时，高空风速（U)，高空温度（K）对飞机小时燃料消耗量（Ch)的影响，为寻找最经济的平飞航线提供理论依据。     

民航621数值预报产品应用分析

高空风,高空温度预报图是飞行气象文件的重要组成部分.本文分析了在飞机平飞时,高空风速(U)、高空温度(K)对飞机小时燃料消耗量(Ch)的影响,为寻找最经济的平飞航线提供理论依据.     

典型高碳排放城市临汾温室气体时空分布特征及影响因素

利用山西省临汾城市站2013—2018年CO₂、CH₄摩尔分数及气温、相对湿度、风速风向观测资料,以及欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA-5 PBL(planet boundary layer)再分析资料和美国国家环境预报中心GDAS(global data assimilation system)再分析资料,分析高碳排放城市临汾两种温室气体浓度的时空分布特征及影响因素。结果表明：临汾市年平均CO₂和CH₄摩尔分数分别为441.7×10^-6和2359.5×10^-9,均高于全球平均值、青海瓦里关本底站以及上海浦东等城市站,且春、秋、冬季两种气体浓度具有极显著的正相关,临汾市人为碳排放是碳循环的主导因素。临汾市CO₂和CH₄摩尔分数呈明显的“单峰单谷型”月际变化,冬季两种气体摩尔分数均最高,而CO₂夏季最低,CH₄春季最低;CO₂和CH₄...     

民航西南地区航空气象业务发展概况

1949年新中国成立后,中国的航空气象事业才开始发展.随着各种先进技术和设备相继应用于航空气象部门,航空天气预报方法及航空气象保障手段也得到了不断的改进. 20世纪80年代以前,民用航空气象保障主要以人工操作为主.探测仅由温度表,电接式风向风速仪,水银气压表等简易的常规气象仪器进行;而预报则以天气图,实况图为资料,结合经验总结、外推法和模式法分析法来进行.当时的航空气象主要是着眼于本场天气和对流层下部(3000米以下)危及飞行安全的低云、低能见度、大风、雷暴、结冰等天气.随着科学技术的不断发展,航空气象的预报技术和航空服务功能也得到了提高.如激光技术,气象卫星和电子计算机的应用,以及气象雷达,自动观测系统和数据库系统等设备的引进,使航空气象服务的方式、方法也得到了转变,逐渐由早期的气象条件决定能否飞行,复杂天气条件下如何为飞行服务等方面,发展为定量、定时化进行天气预报,并对低云、低能见度、雷暴、颠簸、结冰等复杂天气进行客观的定量性预报.航空气象的发展进入了一个崭新的阶段.     

民航西南地区航空气象业务发展概况

194 9年新中国成立后 ,中国的航空气象事业才开始发展。随着各种先进技术和设备相继应用于航空气象部门 ,航空天气预报方法及航空气象保障手段也得到了不断的改进。2 0世纪 80年代以前 ,民用航空气象保障主要以人工操作为主。探测仅由温度表 ,电接式风向风速仪 ,水银气压表等简易的常规气象仪器进行 ;而预报则以天气图 ,实况图为资料 ,结合经验总结、外推法和模式法分析法来进行。当时的航空气象主要是着眼于本场天气和对流层下部 (30 0 0米以下 )危及飞行安全的低云、低能见度、大风、雷暴、结冰等天气。随着科学技术的不断发展 ,航空气象…     

Methane emission from the oligotrophic bog massif in the Northwestern Russia

Results of measuring methane emissions from the Lammin-Suo oligotrophic bog massif are considered. It is shown that emission intensity depends on the methane transport from the active layer of the peat bed. The highest emission intensity is observed in the sedge-sphagnum microlandscape and over swampy hollows of the hummock-ridge complex. It is found that the methane flux intensity approaches zero when the wetland level drops by 30–35 cm from the bog surface. Spatial methane emission variability is estimated within dominating bog landscapes. The methane emission reaches its maximum values (207%) in microlandscapes with oriented microrelief (hummock-ridge complex); in the central bog (sphagnum-suffrutescent-cottongrass landscape afforested with pine), it reaches its lowest level (76%). A model of methane emissions from bogs is developed. The model has been verified from the observational data. The comparison of model calculations with experimental data is indicative of their good agreement, which makes it possible to use the model in different calculations and assessments of the influence of natural factors on the methane emission intensity.     

民航气象数据库资料在MICAPS工作平台上的应用

民航气象数据库自1999年正式运行以来,为航空气象预报提供了丰富的数值预报格点产品和图形产品,但格点数据GRIB码属变网格资料,需解码到标准网格点上,另外在数据库工作站上显示图形不直观某些要素也不能迭加,考虑到这点,民航西南空管局气象中心把民航数据库资料GRIB解码应用到MICAPS工作站上,解决了上述问题,使民航气象数据库资料得到了更广泛和直观的应用.     

民航气象数据库资料在MICAPS工作平台上的应用

民航气象数据库自1999年正式运行以来，为航空气象预报提供了丰富的数值预报格点产品和图形产品，但格点数据GRIB码属变网格资料，需解码到标准网格点上，另外在数据库工作站上显示图形不直观某些要素也不能迭加，考虑到这点，民航西南空管局气象中心把民航数据库资料GRIB解码应用到MICAPS工作站上，解决了上述问题，使民航气象数据库资料得到了更广泛和直观的应用。     

Marginal abatement cost estimates for non-CO2 greenhouse gases: lessons from RECLAIM

Recognizing the potential for over- as well as under-estimating the mitigation costs of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases in an offset programme, this article examines the accuracy of cost estimates prepared by government agencies for the control of other types of emissions from small/medium sources via an offset programme. Specifically, analogy is made to the control of SO_x and NO_x controlled by California's Regional Clean Air Incentives Market (RECLAIM) Program. Even allowing for the energy crisis in 2000–2001 that drove up NO_x emissions and control costs, it appears that the engineering cost methods used turned out to be generally accurate, defined as ±25%. Although such a finding does not ensure that the same results will apply to the case of non-CO₂ GHGs, it certainly reinforces the growing literature on ex ante—ex post cost comparisons of environmental controls.     

Seasonal and latitudinal features of the greenhouse effect in Russia

The annual cycle of air temperature trends is analyzed in comparison with total cloud amount trends. It is shown that during the last 30 years the cloud amount changes were associated with air temperature trends with positive and negative correlation in cold and warm half-year, respectively, which is in perfect agreement with the well-known facts of the influence of clouds on radiation balance and of the latter on temperature regime of the atmosphere. In all cases, the greenhouse effect increases when the radiation budget is nearly zero due to physical-geographic features; the small contribution of the greenhouse effect to the budget change manifests itself in climate changes. A conclusion is drawn on the presence of a greenhouse component of CO₂ in the phenomena described; however, in the high latitudes, this effect is exceeded by long-term changes in cloud amount.     

Transient climatic response to an increase of greenhouse gases

The physical factors governing the transient climatic response to an increase of greenhouse gases are discussed, reasons for remaining uncertainties are identified, and recent climate modelling results are briefly summarized. The relevance of the transient response, and of uncertainties in the transient response, to questions such as the applicability of equilibrium climate model simulations to a gradual greenhouse gas increase, the verification of model projections, rates of climatic change, and the impacts of preventative strategies for dealing with the buildup of greenhouse gases is also discussed.     

Carbon prices and greenhouse gases abatement from agriculture,forestry and land use in Nepal

The Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector as a whole accounts for more than 80% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in Nepal. This study estimates the GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector in the business as usual (BAU) case during 2010–2050 and identifies the economically attractive countermeasures to abate GHG emissions from the sector at different carbon prices. It also estimates the carbon price elasticity of GHG abatement from the sector. The study finds that enteric fermentation processes in the livestock and emissions from agricultural soils are the two major contributors of GHG emission in AFOLU sector. It identifies no-regret abatement options in the AFOLU sector that could mitigate about 41.5% of the total GHG emission during 2016–2050 in the BAU scenario. There would be a net cumulative carbon sequestration of 16 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO₂e) at $10 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e) during the period. Carbon price above $75/tCO₂e is not found to be much effective in achieving significant additional reduction in GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector.     

Changes of interannual NAO variability in response to greenhouse gases forcing

Observations show that there was change in interannual North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability in the mid-1970s. This change was characterized by an eastward shift of the NAO action centres, a poleward shift of zonal wind anomalies and a downstream extension of climate anomalies associated with the NAO. The NAO interannual variability for the period after the mid-1970s has an annular mode structure that penetrates deeply into the stratosphere, indicating a strengthened relationship between the NAO and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and strengthened stratosphere-troposphere coupling. In this study we have investigated possible causes of these changes in the NAO by carrying out experiments with an atmospheric GCM. The model is forced either by doubling CO₂, or increasing sea surface temperatures (SST), or both. In the case of SST forcing the SST anomaly is derived from a coupled model simulation forced by increasing CO₂. Results indicate that SST and CO₂ change both force a poleward and eastward shift in the pattern of interannual NAO variability and the associated poleward shift of zonal wind anomalies, similar to the observations. The effect of SST change can be understood in terms of mean changes in the troposphere. The direct effect of CO₂ change, in contrast, can not be understood in terms of mean changes in the troposphere. However, there is a significant response in the stratosphere, characterized by a strengthened climatological polar vortex with strongly enhanced interannual variability. In this case, the NAO interannual variability has a strong link with the variability over the North Pacific, as in the annular AO pattern, and is also strongly related to the stratospheric vortex, indicating strengthened stratosphere-troposphere coupling. The similarity of changes in many characteristics of NAO interannual variability between the model response to doubling CO₂ and those in observations in the mid-1970s implies that the increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere, and the resulting changes in the stratosphere, might have played an important role in the multidecadal change of interannual NAO variability and its associated climate anomalies during the late twentieth century. The weak change in mean westerlies in the troposphere in response to CO₂ change implies that enhanced and eastward extended mid-latitude westerlies in the troposphere might not be a necessary condition for the poleward and eastward shift of the NAO action centres in the mid-1970s.     

Food consumption,diet shifts and associated non-CO2 greenhouse gases from agricultural production

Today, the agricultural sector accounts for approximately 15% of total global anthropogenic emissions, mainly methane and nitrous oxide. Projecting the future development of agricultural non-CO₂ greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is important to assess their impacts on the climate system but poses many problems as future demand of agricultural products is highly uncertain. We developed a global land use model (MAgPIE) that is suited to assess future anthropogenic agricultural non-CO₂ GHG emissions from various agricultural activities by combining socio-economic information on population, income, food demand, and production costs with spatially explicit environmental data on potential crop yields. In this article we describe how agricultural non-CO₂ GHG emissions are implemented within MAgPIE and compare our simulation results with other studies. Furthermore, we apply the model up to 2055 to assess the impact of future changes in food consumption and diet shifts, but also of technological mitigation options on agricultural non-CO₂ GHG emissions. As a result, we found that global agricultural non-CO₂ emissions increase significantly until 2055 if food energy consumption and diet preferences remain constant at the level of 1995. Non-CO₂ GHG emissions will rise even more if increasing food energy consumption and changing dietary preferences towards higher value foods, like meat and milk, with increasing income are taken into account. In contrast, under a scenario of reduced meat consumption, non-CO₂ GHG emissions would decrease even compared to 1995. Technological mitigation options in the agricultural sector have also the capability of decreasing non-CO₂ GHG emissions significantly. However, these technological mitigation options are not as effective as changes in food consumption. Highest reduction potentials will be achieved by a combination of both approaches.