中俄原油管道沿线多年冻土环境及管道施工技术探讨

选取中俄原油管道沿线位于多年冻土区的漠河-乌尔其段为研究区域, 分析了管道工程对多年冻土环境的影响以及冻土退化所带来的一系列生态环境问题, 并研究了冻土环境变化对管道工程的影响. 针对冻土区管道工程施工的相关问题, 提出了不同施工迹地的施工方式及相对应的冻土环境保护措施: 施工作业带的清理;取弃土的处理;施工便道、伴行道的修建及不同地段施工便道与伴行路路基最小高度的确定;施工营地、料场的设计及布设;管沟开挖时基坑暴露时间的计算, 多年冻土区管道工程的施工等.中俄输油管道是我国首条通过多年冻土区的大口径原油管道, 研究结果可为中俄输油管道及今后寒区工程建设过程中的环境保护提供科学依据.     

漠河-加格达奇段多年冻土区中俄原油管道运营以来的次生地质灾害研究——以MDX364处的季节性冻胀丘为例

通过对中俄原油管道漠河-加格达奇段多年冻土区的现场勘查研究, 统计了管道运营以来出现的冻土次生地质灾害主要有冻胀、融沉、水毁、冻胀丘、冰椎等. 在研究区域特定的气候背景下, 管道的修建和季节性变化的正油温运营, 破坏了管道周围冻土的水热平衡, 使得管道周围土体出现差异性冻胀和融沉, 这种差异性位移量的累积对管道安全稳定长期运营造成了威胁. 以管道里程MDX364处的冻胀丘为例, 利用探地雷达进行了现场探测. 结果表明: 管道周围存在的融区为冻胀丘的发生和发展提供了水源补给通道, 管道的热影响加速了冻胀丘的发展和消融, 2014年3-10月管道周围地表产生的差异性位移超过了1.1 m. 针对该次生开放型季节冻胀丘, 提出了修筑或疏通管道附近的排水通道、钻孔放水和保温排水渗沟等防治措施. 研究成果能为中俄原油管道的安全稳定运营提供技术支撑, 为其他冻土区管道设计施工和运营维护提供参考和依据.     

中俄原油管道沿线典型土样冻胀性试验研究

中俄输油管道穿越约500 km的多年冻土区,管道沿途地形起伏,水系和沼泽发育,使得管道工程地质条件复杂.沿线地貌单元主要可分为沼泽湿地、阶地、河漫滩、坡地以及基岩山脊等5种,不同地貌单元的岩性和冻土赋存条件均不相同.选取各地貌单元的典型土样进行颗粒分析、冻胀率等试验,分析了土样冻胀率与天然含水率、干容重、粘粒含量之间的关系.结果表明:全-强风化花岗岩冻胀率最小,冻土工程地质条件最好;含有机质粉质粘土冻胀率最大,管基需要进行特殊处理;粘土和粉土冻胀率介于二者之间,对管基进行常规处理即可.该试验定量评价了中俄输油管道沿线不同地貌单元的冻胀性,为管道在确保工程长期稳定性的基础上,选择经济、环保的施工方式提供了试验依据.     

中俄原油管道漠大线运营后面临一些冻害问题及防治措施建议

基于世界上几条多年冻土区修建输油气管道的经验,结合我国境内的中俄原油管道漠河－大庆段（漠大线）现场调查、油温监测和探地雷达等勘察结果,研究漠大线运营后可能面临的主要冻害问题、形成过程、影响因素、成灾机制、管道影响,提出预防和防治措施建议及进一步需要研究的主要问题。研究发现,目前漠大线面临的主要冻害问题包括融沉、冻胀丘、冰椎、冻土斜坡、冰刨蚀和潜在冻胀等,在管道持续运行和环境条件改变下,这些冻融灾害可能对管道造成一定的不利影响甚至破坏。现场油温监测显示,在2011年和2012年最低和最高油温分别为0.42 ℃和16.2 ℃,全年的正油温运行是造成目前管道周围冻土融沉的主要原因。冬季部分地段出现的冻胀丘、冰椎以及浮冰对管道形成一定的潜在威胁。研究成果为中俄原油管道漠大线以及规划建设的中俄原油管道二线、中俄输气管道、格尔木－拉萨输油管道改造工程以及其他多年冻土区输油气管道设计、施工、运营和维护提供参考和依据。     

基于弹性地基梁理论的冻胀作用下管道应力分析

穿越冻土区的埋地管线在遭遇冻土差异性冻胀时,管道会发生翘曲变形,管线将面临很大的安全隐患。为此,基于弹性地基梁理论建立冻胀条件下的管-土相互作用模型,分析了管道在冻胀及其影响因素作用下的应力分布规律,探讨了冻土地基特性（弹性模量、泊松比及地基系数）与温度的关系,对比了不同地基系数、冻胀量、管径、壁厚、温差以及上覆土厚度等特定条件下的管道应力峰值状况。计算结果表明：管道在过渡段与冻胀段及非冻胀段交界处有最大应力值,各类影响因素对管道交界处的应力影响最显著;地基系数的值越大,差异性冻胀量越大,管径越大,温差越大,管道交界处应力峰值也越大;管壁越厚,在管道交界处的应力峰值越小;管道上覆土层越厚,管道受冻胀作用弯曲应力越小,即加深上覆土层可降低管道由于冻胀抬升所产生的应力,可减缓管道变形。     

冻土区石油污染物迁移及清除研究进展

多年冻土区输油管道面临着差异性融沉和冻胀的关键性难题. 受力不均匀对管道造成机械性破坏, 管道破裂、泄漏现象不断发生. 泄漏油污在冻土中的存在及其扩散对当地的生态环境产生长期不利的影响, 而且对土壤自身的物理、化学和生物特性造成影响. 土壤中石油烃的迁移和分布受土壤和地形、 温度、含水(冰)量、降水以及冻结融化过程等多种环境因素影响. 近年来, 各种物理、化学和生物方法被用来清除冻土区石油烃污染. 正在勘察和设计中的中俄原油管道穿越连续、不连续、岛状和零星分布多年冻土, 及季节冻土区. 为了有效保护兴安岭地区的寒区生态环境, 中俄原油管道有必要预先做好应对管道泄露的前瞻性研究.     

中俄原油管道(漠河—大庆段)地基土融沉稳定性评价研究

中国-俄罗斯原油管道工程(简称中俄原油管道)规划全长1,035 km,中国境内段965 km,俄罗斯境内段70 km。中俄原油管道(漠河—大庆段)穿越约500 km多年冻土区,沿途地形起伏,水系和沼泽发育,冻土工程地质条件复杂,影响因素多样。提出以管道地基土的最大融沉变形量为评价准则,以多年冻土的年平均地温和含冰量为评价指标,对多年冻土进行工程分类,并依据分类结果进行评价。依据计算结果以-1.0℃和-2.0℃对中俄原油管道沿线多年冻土进行冻土工程分类。具体分为:稳定型、过渡型、高温不稳定型(-1.0~-2.0℃)以及极高温极不稳定型(≥-1.0℃)。分别对应良好、较好、不良以及极差评价结果,并以此为基准选择传统埋设、埋设、埋设+换填、埋设+换填+隔热或架设等管基设计原则。对管道沿线约430 km多年冻土区进行了详细和逐段的评价。评价结果表明评价指标简单、实用,评价结果合理、恰当,可推荐在其它多年冻土区类似管道工程中使用。     

冻土区管土相互作用研究综述

管道是长距离输送天然气或石油的最经济有效的工具之一,当管道穿越冻土区时,将面临土体冻胀融沉作用引起的管道弯曲变形和破坏,管土之间的相互作用为冻土区管道设计和运营的重要考虑因素。简述目前世界上主要的穿越冻土区管道工程（罗曼井管道、俄罗斯远东地区管道、美国阿拉斯加管道及中国寒区管道网）的设计理论发展,归纳总结了管土相互作用室内外相关试验、数值模拟分析理论和方法等方面的研究成果和发展现状,并针对冻土区管土相互作用的研究提出进一步的研究展望。     

中俄原油管道沿线多年冻土环境评价方法探讨

中俄原油管道中国段北起漠河（连崟）,向南沿大兴安岭东坡和松嫩平原北部最终到大庆林源,管道全长953 km,其中漠河-乌尔其段为多年冻土区,长度441 km.沿线多年冻土,森林,沼泽湿地等环境要素相互依存,彼此影响.由于管道是长距离线性构筑物,在施工过程中对冻土环境影响较大.考虑了管道工程的特殊性和沿线的冻土环境要素资料...     

寒区输油管道基于应变设计的极限状态研究

寒区输油管线沿线地质环境复杂,滑坡、冻胀、融沉等自然灾害会导致管道形成大差异变形量.而差异变形量所引起的应力应变行为直接影响管道的安全服役性能,严重时会使管道破坏失效.基于寒区输油管道在实际服役工况下的受力变形条件,充分考虑冻胀效应、油压效应和热应力效应对输油管道的影响,分析了不同长度、壁厚、油压条件下轴向拉伸应变的分布规律及其影响因素.基于轴向应变设计理论准则,建立了上述条件下输油管道的极限服役状态,得到了对应状态下输油管道的许应最大极限冻胀变形量.结果分析表明,采用基于应力的设计准则偏保守,采用基于轴向应变的设计准则能更多的利用管材的变形性能.可为管道的合理设计、安全评价、完整性管理提供一定的理论参考.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.