Measuring rural settlement expansion in Uzbekistan using remote sensing to support spatial planning

Population growth demands sustainable spatial planning strategies for settlements in Uzbekistan, Central Asia, especially in rural areas that are inhabited by approximately 64 percent of the country's population. Where can settlements expand in rural Uzbekistan and does settlement growth affect valuable agricultural land? SPOT-5 data with a resolution of 2.5 m was utilized for mapping building layers and assessing settlement growth between 2006 and 2011 at the example of 53 communities located in the Khorezm province in North-West Uzbekistan. Object based image analysis was conducted, i.e. a multi-scale segmentation for the derivation of building contours, followed by a random forest (RF) classification of the object's spectral and spatial characteristics. A geographical information system (GIS) was used for identifying settlement densification and expansion processes, and for quantifying agricultural land parcels of different soil quality occupied during settlement growth.A calibration routine based on indices of segmentation quality enabled the selection of optimal segmentation parameters. After GIS-based refinements of the RF classification results, the overall accuracy (OA) of the building layers of both years exceeded 95%. The OA of the change map was 92.7%. The results revealed that the building area increased by 20%, whilst settlement expansion amounted to 10% in 2006–2011. Settlements widely expanded in accordance with the existing rules prohibiting the conversion of agricultural land to housing areas. Nevertheless, about 20% of the settlement growth occurred on agricultural production areas, also on those with highly productive soils. The results indicated both, the pressure on land resources for settlement growth and – in face of continuous population growth – an increasing demand for comprehensive spatial planning in rural Uzbekistan. The elaborated methodological approach can be extrapolated to regions throughout Central Asia with similar environmental conditions.     

1700—1978年云南山地掌鸠河流域耕地时空演变的网格化重建

基于多源数据资料重建小尺度区域历史时期土地利用/覆盖变化,对深入理解土地利用变化的驱动力机制及其环境和气候效应具有重要意义。本文利用从流域尺度聚落格局演变重建到聚落尺度耕地数量和空间分布重建,再到流域尺度耕地格局重建的思路,以云南山地典型的中小流域为研究区,以历史文献资料、田野考察资料、历史地理学研究成果、档案资料、现代统计资料、地理基础数据为支撑,综合考虑区域自然因素（坡度、海拔高度）、人文因素（人口、政策、农业技术、耕地与居民点距离）,设计了历史时期山地小尺度区域耕地网格化重建模型,重建了1700—1978年具有明确时间和空间属性的网格化耕地格局。结果表明：① 掌鸠河流域的耕地面积近300 a增长6.3倍,垦殖率从1700年的2.1%上升到1978年的15.6%。② 不同地形区的耕地面积差异较为显著,其中山区和半山区的耕地面积最大,且增长速度最快;平坝区和中下游河谷区的耕地面积增长相对平缓,是自然环境、人口、政策和农业技术等因素综合作用的结果。③ 通过总耕地面积和人均耕地面积等对结果进行验证,证明了重建结果的合理性。本文设计的网格化重建模型可以为模拟具有明确时间和空间属性的小尺度区域历史耕地网格化数据集提供参考。     

SETTLEMENT,POPULATION AND LAND USE ANALYSES OF THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN USING SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR-A DATA*

Shuttle Imaging Radar-A data are employed to study the settlement, population and land use in the Baoding and Dezhou areas of the North China Plain. By applying nearest neighbor and quadrat analyses, the settlements are found to exhibit a mixed random-clustering pattern which defied the application of Christaller's central place theory. The distinctly visible boundaries from the images permitted accurate estimation of population in both areas. The linear land use forms, notably transportation lines, could also be accurately mapped; the Chinese practice of lake reclamation was also revealed. It is concluded that SIR-A data are useful for much human geography research.     

On Squatters,Settlers and Early Surveyors: historical development of country road reserves in southern New South Wales

Country roads are an important social, economic and ecological component of agricultural landscapes in many parts of New South Wales. Using the Lockhart Shire Council area as a case study, this paper describes how present-day rural road networks are a historical vestige of past land-use decisions; a collection of Travelling Stock Routes, pastoral boundaries of early squatters, rail reserves, county and parish boundaries, and an ad hoc collection of mostly 1 chain (20.12 m) roads surveyed during the late 1800s. Road reserves were allocated across the landscape at the discretion of early surveyors, so new land titles could access vital water resources. Nineteenth-century surveyors faced many difficulties in surveying the extent of NSW, sometimes resulting in misalignments which today give ‘character’ to many country roads. Road reserves were often surveyed 2 or 3 chains wide to allow for predicted usage and provide materials for road construction. In the 1870s, Travelling Stock Routes of varying widths from 1 to 80 chains wide (one mile) were gazetted, which often form an integral part of many country road networks. In this way, present-day conservation values of many road reserves is a direct legacy of land policies, administrators and surveyors on the landscape today.     

基于SOFM神经网络模型的土地类型分区尝试——以青藏高原东部样带为例

基于土地类型自下而上的自然区划能够确立更加清晰的自然区划界线,是自然区划研究取得突破的关键。以青藏高原东部山区为研究区,采用神经网络模型与GIS技术,开展基于土地类型自下而上的区划研究。通过计算得到研究区地形综合指数、温暖指数、湿润指数、地被指数和水文指数5个自然指数指标,并将这些指标作为变量输入层,输入到建立的Self-Organizing Feature Maps神经网络模型中,对土地类型单元自下而上合并,生成青藏高原东部山区自然区划图,实现以土地类型单元为控制本底的定量化分区。结果表明:①可以将土地类型单元聚合成高原高寒稀疏植被区、高原高寒草甸草原区、高原高寒灌丛草甸区、高山深谷灌丛草甸区和高山深谷针叶林区5个自然带区域。②分区结果与中国生态地理区域划分的自然界线比较接近,相似性较高,分区结果较理想。     

The changing patterns of cropland conversion to built-up land in China from 1987 to 2010

Over the past few decades, built-up land in China has increasingly expanded with rapid urbanization, industrialization and rural settlements construction. The expansions encroached upon a large amount of cropland, placing great challenges on national food security. Although the impacts of urban expansion on cropland have been intensively illustrated, few attentions have been paid to differentiating the effects of growing urban areas, rural settlements, and industrial/transportation land. To fill this gap and offer comprehensive implications on framing policies for cropland protection, this study investigates and compares the spatio- temporal patterns of cropland conversion to urban areas, rural settlements, and industrial/ transportation land from 1987 to 2010, based on land use maps interpreted from remote sensing imagery. Five indicators were developed to analyze the impacts of built-up land expansion on cropland in China. We find that 42,822 km² of cropland were converted into built-up land in China, accounting for 43.8% of total cropland loss during 1987–2010. Urban growth showed a greater impact on cropland loss than the expansion of rural settlements and the expansion of industrial/transportation land after 2000. The contribution of rural settlement expansion decreased; however, rural settlement saw the highest percentage of traditional cropland loss which is generally in high quality. The contribution of industrial/transportation land expansion increased dramatically and was mainly distributed in major food production regions. These changes were closely related to the economic restructuring, urban-rural transformation and government policies in China. Future cropland conservation should focus on not only finding a reasonable urbanization mode, but also solving the “hollowing village” problem and balancing the industrial transformations.     

Prediction of land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Hanoi, Vietnam, using multifactorial correlation analysis

Multifactorial correlation analysis is a new method used to predict the land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation. This article introduces and applies the method to establish the function of t...     

喀斯特山区石漠化耕地遥感精准提取与分析——以贵州省北盘江镇与花江镇为例

选取北盘江镇与花江镇作为研究区,利用谷歌高精度遥感影像,结合分区分层分级思想,基于深度学习与传统约束方法对研究区耕地进行精准提取。结果表明：1）在数量精度上,以视觉形态差异对研究区进行分区并选取不同模型训练获得的精细地块,面积约为9 867 hm ²,与实际数量基本一致,F-Measure主要分布在[0.82, 0.98]之间,受到地形和岩石裸露率的影响,石漠化严重地区耕地提取精度较低。2）在形态精度上,预测耕地与实际耕地的GIOU主要分布在[0.7, 1]之间,分割正确率>0.85,表明预测耕地边界与实际地块边界吻合度高,提取结果符合研究区实际情况。3）利用地貌坡度等约束条件对耕地进行划分发现,研究区以喀斯特耕地为主,占比74%,并且石漠化程度较严重,其中轻度石漠化耕地与中度石漠化耕地占总耕地的32%。在石漠化地区,耕地的狭长程度、破碎程度受人类影响较大;距离居民地越近、可达性越高的地区,其土地利用率越高,斑块越破碎。文章所提出方法可用于耕地破碎、地形复杂地区的耕地提取,能够为地区的发展、耕地治理与研究、环境保护与决策等提供精准数据支持。     

欠发达地区聚落景观空间分布特征及其影响因子分析——以安徽省宿州地区为例

以欠发达地区——皖北宿州地区的聚落为研究对象,采用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS计算了5个景观格局指标。用ArcGIS软件计算了形状指数、景观类型空间邻接比例、最邻近指数、最近距离以及聚落的耕作半径,分析了该区聚落景观的空间格局特征及影响因子。结果表明:耕地是宿州地区的景观基质,聚落是宿州地区分布最广、斑块数目最多的景观类型;耕地是影响农村聚落分布格局的重要因子;农村聚落分布受中心城镇影响明显;用缓冲区的方法求取耕作半径在耕地分布均匀地区较为实用。     

Boundaries Make a Difference: The Effects of Spatial and Temporal Parameters on Conservation Planning*

Conservation planning and resulting ecological target identification require selection of both a planning area boundary and temporal baseline or reference condition. We examined the effects that these selections can have on resulting amount and location of identified conservation targets. A gap analysis for California was conducted using five different sets of ecoregion boundaries to identify and compare existing conservation shortfalls in major land cover type representation in protected areas using a threshold of 30 percent per ecoregion per type as the minimum required for future ecological viability. Another gap analysis was run for a single ecoregion using two temporal baselines (current and pre-1900) for the land cover followed by a comparison of identified conservation needs. We found that the boundaries of different ecoregional schemes affected both the total area needed to meet the per ecoregion land cover conservation goals and the spatial location of underprotected land cover types. Choice of temporal baseline also had a significant effect on the establishment of conservation targets for the highly human-impacted Central Valley ecoregion. To meet the given conservation threshold using a historic rather than contemporary baseline, a substantial amount of restoration is required. The results can help identify areas of both conservation needs consensus and those that vary widely based on the chosen planning boundary, as well as aid in the selection of appropriate restoration targets in degraded ecosystems. Because all landscapes are continuous in nature and planning area boundaries are discrete, similar results are likely to be found in analyses conducted in other regions.     

回族聚居地区新建型城镇空间增长格局研究——以宁夏吴忠市红寺堡镇为例

回族聚居地区新建型城镇一般是指西北民族地区在扶贫工程、生态移民工程、大村庄合并等补齐短板的小康社会建设中,在适宜生产生活区域建设的回族人口占比较大的新城镇,其受政府行为和城镇规划影响深刻,与普通城镇的空间自组织与他组织相结合增长过程有着明显区别。以宁夏中部扬黄新灌区吴忠市红寺堡镇为例,利用2005年、2010年和2016年3期遥感影像,运用土地利用动态度模型、空间自相关模型和核密度估算等方法,探讨回族聚居地区新建城镇的空间增长格局特征。结果表明：（1）红寺堡镇从早期居住用地占主体的用地模式逐步转变为居住-工矿仓储-公园绿地为主导的复合型用地模式,红寺堡镇作为新建城镇,城镇空间增长初期主要以公共服务与基础设施用地、商服用地、城市院落用地为主形成城市核心区,呈星型原始增长模式;随着城镇人口的增多,城镇空间增长速度加快,空间呈现轴带状及跳跃式的混合拓展增长,在城镇规划引导下,用地类型中公园与绿地等生态用地、以高层建筑为主的住宅小区和工矿仓储用地占比显著上升,用地模式逐渐向复合型用地模式转变。（2） Global Moran’s I指数研究显示,经过近10多年的城镇建设,尤其是在科学合理的城镇规划作用下,各用地类型的空间自相关在逐渐增强,空间格局呈现集聚态势;基于3次城镇规划及土地利用规划,以功能性用地的混合布局为特征,城镇用地的总体格局没有发生剧烈变化,仅在原有基础之上进行了微调,城镇空间增长趋于稳定,用地类型、用地结构比例趋于合理,新型小城镇建设成效初见端倪。（3）作为回族聚居小城镇,红寺堡镇区清真寺空间分布格局变化较小,总体呈现西南部相对密集,东北部相对稀少的特征,与各个时段内农业聚落大范围分布有密切关系;近些年镇区出现清真寺由低密度蔓延态势向高密度蔓延转变,这种变化主要受教派体系较多的回族文化特征影响,空间分布与各教派教众人口分布的随机性有较高的一致性。     

江浙沪地区土地利用变化模拟和景观格局分析

土地利用／覆被变化对于生态系统多样性和区域生态经济系统可持续性具有深远的影响。本文基于地理信息技术,以江浙沪地区土地利用遥感解译数据为基础,采用景观格局分析法分析了江浙沪地区的景观格局特征;运用CA—Markov模型对江浙沪地区土地利用时空变化进行了模拟。1980-2005年期间,江浙沪地区景观格局变化特征是建设用地增加迅速,耕地集聚减少,建设用地增加主要来自耕地转移,其贡献率达到93．11％。各类斑块类型的破碎度提高;林地和建设用地斑块平均分维数增加,斑块形状趋于复杂,斑块空间分布趋于集中。总体景观破碎度不断提高,景观多样性和景观异质性增加,景观均匀度有所提升：2005年CA—Markov模型模拟结果和遥感解译数据具有高度一致性,Kappa指数达到91％,2010年和2015年模拟结果显示,耕地减少和建设用地增加趋势显著,耕地和林地的减少呈加速状态,建设用地增加的速度降低。未来发展需提高土地利用效率和注重生态格局安全,在提高城市化水平的同时又能兼顾生态保护,以提高区域可持续发展能力。     

Geologically constrained changes to landforms caused by human activities in the 20th century: A case study from Fukuoka Prefecture,Japan

Human activity has been recognized to be an important geomorphic agent, and the resulting changes to landforms and land cover are regarded as a global problem. Although there has been much research into the relationships between geomorphic processes and types of land use such as agriculture, mining, and urbanization, it is important to clarify spatiotemporal human impacts on topography on a regional scale when predicting future changes in land cover.This study examined changes in land use to clarify the distribution and impact of anthropogenic changes to landforms, as well as the influence of geology on the extent of these changes. In a case study from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, changes in land use over the last century were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS). The study area, which covers approximately 4930 km², has experienced urban development since 1950 and has a current population of over 5 million. Land use data were prepared using paper-based early editions of topographic maps. Subsequently, the distribution of anthropogenic landforms was evaluated by comparing landforms with regional geological data.GIS analysis using our prepared land use data, landform data, and regional geological data has clarified the following characteristics of the study area. (1) Land uses prior to 1950 were constrained by topographic relief. After 1950, land use was characterized by urban sprawl. Urban areas expanded and contained both higher elevations and steeper slopes at their margins. The relationships between land uses and landforms during this urbanization are unclear. (2) The area of urban land increased in the geological regions with Paleogene sedimentary rocks (PSD) and Mesozoic granitic rocks (GR) during the 20th century. The largest coal mining area in Japan was located in the PSD geological regions, and ancient iron working was common in the GR geological regions, particularly during the 7th century. This result indicates that the land use distribution, especially urban areas in sloping terrain, is related to the regional geology. (3) Deforestation related to land use resulted in steeper terrain in forest land in the PSD and GR geological regions. These changes to landforms in forest areas occurred as a result of rapid urban sprawl and have created many new boundaries between forest areas with steeper slopes and urban areas with gentler slopes. This phenomenon may have caused an increase in the frequency of sediment-related disasters.This case study indicates that predictions of anthropogenic changes to landform, which are important for the assessment of global climate change and natural hazards, must clarify the relationships between land uses, landforms, and regional geology.     

基于脱钩模型的湖北省乡村人—耕—居变化关联模式分析

乡村人口、耕地和居民点(人—耕—居)是农村社会经济发展的核心要素,其变化反映了农村特定时期的人地关系。该文综合运用热点分析和脱钩模型,探讨2009-2017年湖北省县域乡村人—耕—居动态演化特征和时空关联模式,揭示乡村人—耕—居发展的内在关系与规律。结果表明:1)湖北省乡村人—耕—居整体以“人减耕减居增”变化为主,空间上未呈现典型的高低值集聚特征,但武汉市及其周边区域是人口和居民点变化的冷热点集聚区。2)强复钩和衰退复钩分别是湖北省乡村人口与居民点变化及人口与耕地变化的最主要类型,农村居民点粗放利用趋势明显,城镇发展与耕地保护的矛盾依然突出。3)湖北省县域乡村人—耕—居变化共有7种时空关联模式,不同类型分布体现了城镇化和社会经济发展的地域分异性,人—居强复钩与人—耕衰退复钩组合是最主要类型,湖北省县域多数乡村发展尚处于快速城镇化的自然衰退期。研究成果有助于深入理解快速城镇化期乡村人地关系,能够为乡村振兴分类、分标准施策提供借鉴。     

基于RapidEye卫星和面向对象方法的南方山区居民地提取（英文）

在中国快速城市化进程中,农村居住人口减少的同时居住用地却呈增加趋势,这一现象在南方山区尤为明显。利用遥感技术进行农村居民地信息的提取与分析具有重要意义。本研究选取江西省泰和县为典型研究区,基于RapidEye卫星影像,利用面向对象的分类方法进行居民地的分类提取。构建的分类规则集包括归一化植被指数NDVI、归一化水体指数NDWI、亮度以及长/宽比。通过多次实验,图像的最佳分割尺度设置为200。通过设置不同的分类规则参数,提取了研究区的居民地及其他土地利用类型,并进行分类结果验证和精度评价。研究区的居民地分类总体精度为78.40%,生产者精度和用户精度分别为68.75%和77.33%。结果表明通过利用面向对象的分类方法,Rapid Eye卫星影像为农村居民地信息提取提供了适宜数据源。与第二次全国土地调查结果相比,存在93.67公顷的分类差异,主要分布在居民地与其他土地利用类型的毗邻地区。     

Unfolding relations between land cover and farm management: high nature value assessment in complex silvo-pastoral systems

The high nature value (HNV) concept, proposed by the European Environment Agency, recognizes that specific farming systems support high biodiversity levels, mainly as a result of extensive management practices. The Portuguese montado is one of the most significant HNV systems in southern Europe. However, considering the great complexity characterizing these systems both in land management and in landscape structure, a specific context-oriented methodology to assess which montado areas are likely to be classified as HNV farmland is needed. In this sense, the aim of this study is to explore a methodological approach which makes it possible to assess land management pressures through land cover information on these complex silvo-pastoral systems. The proposed methodology was tested through a local case study in a montado area in southern Portugal, assessing the relation between management practices and a vegetation cover index. Results show that in similar montado areas different land management strategies varying in stocking density, but also in type of grazing animals and shrub control practices, configure different vegetation cycles. These results indicate there is a way to develop a straightforward methodology to assess the HNV value of Mediterranean silvo-pastoral systems based on land cover indicators. These would make it possible to assess the HNV of montado areas with direct and objective information and independent of farmer’s surveys or other farm-based data.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用变化对水沙关系的影响

以黄土丘陵沟壑区内相邻的2条支沟(桥子东沟和桥子西沟)为研究对象,基于遥感影像获得土地利用数据,利用水文站1986-2004年观测的次降雨-径流-泥沙过程资料,研究了小流域土地利用变化(主要以增加水土保持措施为主)对径流输沙的影响。结果表明:在黄土丘陵沟壑区,增加土地利用/土地覆被能够有效地减少小流域的径流量、产沙量;在次降雨量、降雨强度较小,土地利用变化不明显的情况下,两流域次降雨水沙关系差异不显著,在次降雨量、降雨强度较大和土地利用变化明显时,两流域次降雨水沙关系差异显著,坡耕地改梯田的农田水利建设可能是导致水沙变化的主要原因。     

Land Classification Maps of Areas Basic to Agricultural Production

Abstract

Einevoll, O. 1968. Land Classification Maps of Areas Basic to Agricultural Production. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. 22, 264–270.

In Norway, a detailed land survey, based on photogrammetry, is now proceeding for land classification maps of the scale 1:5,000 (for certain minor areas 1:10,000) covering agricultural areas and including forest land. The areas to be mapped are classified according to land capability and general conditions of management. Containing a great deal of additional information as well, these maps will serve as a valuable aid in land use planning. The survey is designed to be completed in 12–15 year's time.

More roughly designed maps for the entire country on the scale 1:100,000 and 1:250,000, printed in colour, will be produced within two years' time. Intermediate maps of 1:20,000, containing an extended number of land types, will be undertaken gradually, after the appearance of the large scale map series. Property boundaries recorded in connexion with the surveying for the large scale maps will serve as the basis for a complete land register containing exact information about size and land properties of individual holdings.     

沙区聚落模式及人居环境质量评价研究——以宁夏盐池县北部风沙区为例

选取沙化严重但近期沙化防治效果显著的宁夏盐池县北部风沙区为案例,基于SPOT 5遥感影像将沙区聚落按居民点与周边土地的空间关系分成11种类型,并抽象成3个基本模式(放射状、环状、放射+环状)。同时,构建由3大支撑系统的30项指标组成的聚落人居评价指标体系,对11种类型聚落中的典型案例进行人居环境质量评价。结果表明:环状模式聚落的人居环境质量最高,其中又以单环状聚落最优;复杂半放射+半环状聚落次之;放射状聚落相对最差,其中又以居民点与沙地直接接触的有耕地放射状最差。最后,分析了各等级聚落的优势与不足,并结合沙区实际情况提出复杂半放射+半环状聚落中有耕地半放射+半环状的聚落为沙区聚落相对适宜人居的聚落类型。