Wide-band feedback seismometers

The effects of feedback in seismometers are summarised and the responsivities and detectivities of various open-and closed-loop instruments are compared and discussed. It is concluded that the most satisfactory system is displacement force-feedback employing a capacitive displacement transducer.Details are given of a Willmore Mk III(a) short-period seismometer which has been converted to a wide-band force-feedback instrument by the addition of a capacitive transducer. It provides a wide-band response flat to acceleration from d.c. to 25 Hz, with a theoretical detection level of 10^?10 m s^?2$\text{Hz}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ and a dynamic range of 140 dB. Wide-band velocity, long-period narrow-band or short-period responses are easily obtained by filters outside the loop. The instrument has been compared with standard seismometers over a period of several months, and found to compare satisfactorily when enclosed in a small pressure vessel.     

On the suitability of 1 s geophone for ambient noise measurements in the 0.1–20Hz frequency range: experimental outcomes

Following the ongoing debate about suitability of short-period sensor for seismic noise measurements at frequencies lower than 1 Hz, in this study we compare recordings from two different seismometers (Güralp CMG-3ESPC and Mark L4C-3D) installed side by side in the GeoForschungsZentrum laboratory. The comparison carried out in terms of Power Spectral Density and coherency analysis shows an excellent agreement between the short-period and the broad-band recordings in the frequency band 0.2–20 Hz. Therefore, this result highlights that with a calibrated short-period sensor one can obtain the same results that would be obtained by using a broad-band seismometer in the band of engineering interest.     

Rationale for applying short-period sensors with extended frequency response for recording strong earthquakes

The article proves the application of short-period sensors with extended frequency response as a reasonable alternative to broadband seismometers. We assessed uncertainties between magnitudes determined by short-period and broadband sensor data for earthquakes with M > 6 recorded at the Mikhnevo geophysical observatory in 2014. Data analysis consisted of body wave magnitude and surface wave magnitude estimates by standard seismological methods. Magnitude errors corresponded to the magnitude uncertainties in seismological catalogs.     

Temporary Array Data for Studying Seismic Anisotropy of Variscan Massifs – The Armorican Massif,French Massif Central And Bohemian Massif

We present the first results of a comparison of deep lithosphere structure of three Variscan massifs - the Armorican Massif, French Massif Central and Bohemian Massif, as revealed by recent tomographic studies of seismic anisotropy. The data originate from several field measurements made in temporary arrays of stations equipped with both short-period and broadband seismometers with digital recording. The study is based on teleseismic body waves and a joint inversion of anisotropic data (P-residual spheres, the fast shear-wave polarizations and split times) and demonstrates that the three Variscan massifs appear to consist of at least two parts with different orientation of large-scale fabric derived from seismic anisotropy. The boundaries of anisotropic lithospheric domains are related to prominent tectonic features recognised on the surface as sutures, shear zones or transfer fault zones, as well as grabens, thus indicating that some of them extend deep through the entire lithosphere.     

The mechanism of mine-collapse deduced from seismic observations

On May 2, 1993 more than 200 seismic events from an underground mine in Tyrol/Austria were recorded with short-period seismometers of a local seismic network which was introduced in the late 1980s to monitor the tectonic seismicity in Tyrol in greater detail. The cause of this series of mining-associated events has become the subject of intensive investigations — as it was associated with a subsidence affecting an area of 10.000 m². Underground observations revealed a number of discontinuities along which the rock mass was able to move. Seismic recordings of the close-by seismic stations revealed two types of mechanisms: One mechanism seems to be associated with pure block-sliding along several discontinuities, while other signals indicate additional collapse. The consideration and combination of several seismological principles made possible the construction of a model of the mine collapse.     

Developments in electromagnetic and hybrid seismometers

The “Willmore Mark II” variable-period electromagnetic seismometer has now been replaced by the Mark III/IIIA seismometers, which give a similar range of period and similar voltage output from a smaller and lighter package. The new instruments also offer facilities for calibration, for damping, and for the control of period over a wide range by the injection of appropriate signals into auxiliary coils. The Mark IIIA seismometer has been further adapted by the addition of a displacement transducer system, which enables it to operate as a force-balance accelerometer. A new “Mark IV” instrument is the prototype of a package which will contain three “sawn-off” seismometers derived from the Mark III with the additional displacement transducer, all designed to fit into a cylindrical pressure case for use as a three-component borehole instrument.The paper includes a circuit for displaying four different outputs from a short-period seismometer, with options for displacement and acceleration feedback, as Lissajous figures against an input which simulates sinusoidal acceleration in the earth.     

四川丹巴梭坡滑坡微震信号初探

与滑坡变形相关的微震称作滑坡震,反映了滑坡上不稳定区域对外界环境因素的响应,分析滑坡体微震事件的地震学性质能够为理解滑坡的动力学过程、进行滑坡稳定性分析以及灾害防治提供关键信息.放置在滑坡上的地震仪不但能记录到和滑坡变形相关的微震,可能还会记录到一些人类活动信号.滑坡上的人类活动产生的震动事件给滑坡震探测带来挑战.梭坡...     

Short-Period Seismometers in Seismology

This paper reviews the methods of correcting the frequency response of short-period seismometers and geophones, i.e., the multiplication of the transfer sensor functions by the transfer function of the secondorder correction filter and the provision of a considerable attenuation in the oscillating system (h = 5–10) followed by correcting the frequency response with the first-order filter. The correction device circuit developed by the authors for expanding the frequency range of the GS-20DX geophone has been described. The proposed method has been proved to be effective according to the laboratory tests of the geophone with the frequency response correction according to this circuit.     

Two-dimensional earthquake vibrations in sedimentary basins – SH waves

In this paper, long- and short-period vibrations in sedimentary basins are studied. First, two-dimensional, long-period vibrations of deep semi-circular basins for excitation by earthquake faults, which can be inside or outside the basin, are analyzed. Second, recurring intermediate peak frequencies of Fourier-spectrum amplitudes of recorded accelerations along the east–west axis of the San Fernando Valley during the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake are reviewed. It is shown that these intermediate frequencies cannot be associated with vibrations of the entire San Fernando basin because the frequency range of typical strong-motion recordings (0.04 to 15.0 s) is too narrow to include the long-period vibration of the whole basin. These intermediate vibrations are consistent with Kanai׳s one-dimensional models consisting of parallel layers and excited by vertically incident shear waves.     

天津港“8·12”爆炸事件记录波形分析

利用天津地震台网23个短周期地震仪记录到的2015年8月12日天津港爆炸事件波形数据,对事件进行初步分析和研究。分别使用能量包络线法和波形匹配法,共识别出4次爆炸事件,并结合波形互相关的主事件定位法对爆炸事件进行定位。分析结果表明:第一次爆炸发生的时间为2015年8月12日23时34分4秒,1.77s后发生了规模更大的二号爆炸事件;34.11s后又发生了最强的三号爆炸事件;86.33s再一次发生了能量较弱的四号爆炸事件,其中二号与三号爆炸事件相距65~70m,二号与四号事件相距160~170m。此外,通过选用爆破、矿塌、核爆和天然地震等不同类型事件的波形数据,从时间域和频率域分别对这些事件进行对比分析,发现其震相特征表现出明显差异。     

可作为新震源的列车振动及实验研究

利用地震仪器对火车通过大同—秦岭铁路线产生的振动进行了观测. 观测中使用了两套宽频带地震仪和一套短周期地震仪,共获得距铁路0～2.15km的9个观测点的38次列车振动观测数据,全部记录均可分辨出清晰的地震波形. 研究表明：运动列车会在铁路沿线2～3km范围内产生明显的地面振动,接收到的振动频谱在0.05～20Hz范围内平坦,信号频带较宽,观测重复性好. 列车振动为利用地震勘探方法探测地下浅层结构提供了一种重复性很好的新震源.     

地震勘探組合法对传播方向随机改变干扰的压制作用

地震勘探組合法中,采用很小的組內检波器間距离吋,組合法仅只起提高接收仪器灵敏度的作用;检波器間距較大情况下,微震干扰可以看作相互独立的随机干扰来研究;但在間距不太大但也不能认为等于零时,組合方法的效果却是个尚待討論的問題。本文假定微震是由传播方向随机改变的平面波形成的,用概率論方法討論了組合地震法对徽震干扰的压制效果。     

地磁谐波振幅比异常特征的进一步研究及定性解释

分析了新疆喀什台地磁谐波振幅比在几个6级地震前后的变化特征,结合上海佘山和崇明台的研究结果,发现当震中距较大时,地磁谐波振幅比的异常变化过程具有由长周期向短周期迁移的现象,而当震中距较小时,其异常变化过程则具有由短周期向长周期迁移的现象;并对其进行了定性解释。     

Vibration studies and tests of a suspension bridge

The natural frequencies of the San Pedro-Terminal Island Suspension Bridge were fairly accurately determined by measuring traffic-excited vertical vibrations with sensitive seismometers mounted at various locations on the bridge. The Fourier amplitude spectrum of the recorded vertical movements was computed and plotted. The measurements revealed a wide band of natural frequencies. The results for the vertical and torsional natural frequencies were correlated with the computed frequencies. The results of the field measurements showed reasonable agreement with the computed values. Finally, further recommendations toward obtaining better results were also indicated.     

宽频带流动地震台站中地震计浅井式安装研究

在井下地震观测中,各种地表背景噪声具有显著衰减作用,针对中国地震科学台阵现有大量非专用浅井式设计的Guralp CMG系列地震计,以及目前多个新获批项目在高背景噪声区域的观测需求,设计一种野外实用浅井观测方式,在北京国家地球观象台进行不同深度、不同井壁材质的观测对比实验,分析研究观测数据的背景噪声功率谱密度,结果表明,随着浅井深度的增加,地震背景噪声在垂直、水平向得到改善,改善程度随频率变化有所不同。分析认为,在华北现有地质环境下,6 m浅井是较为经济的观测方式,性价比高、占地小、施工简便,可用于后续多个项目的宽频带流动地震台阵观测。     

Relative source time functions of seismic events at the Rudna copper mine, Poland: estimation of inversion uncertainties

The relative source time function (RSTF) inversion uncertainty assessment was performed for two small, mining-induced seismic events (M _W =2.9 and 3.0) that occurred at Rudna copper mine in Poland. The seismograms of selected events were recorded by the seismic net work composed of over 60, short-period, vertical seismometers, recording ground velocity, located in the distance ranging from 400 m up to 8 km from their hypocenters. The RSTFs were calculated for each seismic station independently, using the empirical Green’s function technique. The pseudospectral approximation of the sought RSTF by a finite sum of Gaussian kernel functions was used and the inverse problem was solved with the adaptive simulated annealing algorithm. Both methods improved the stability of the deconvolution procedure and physical correctness of the final solution in comparison to the classical deconvolution methods. To estimate the inversion uncertainties, classical Markov-chain Monte-Carlo techniques were used. The uncertainty analysis allows for improved selection of a priori data to the following inversion for kinematic rupture process.     

2009年3月19日Mw7.6级汤加大地震的“震前扰动”现象

汶川大地震爆发后,作者在武汉大地测量国家野外科学观测站的重力仪资料中发现了震前约48小时的“重力扰动”现象、并在随后对全国数十个台站宽带地震仪资料的分析中得到了证实.2009年3月19日,太平洋岛国汤加海域爆发了M_w7.6级（里氏7.9级）大地震,宽带地震仪资料中再次出现了显著的、信号周期为4~8秒的“震前扰动”现象：从大地震前约16天的3月4日开始一直持续到地震发生.     

多通道相关分析用于宽频带地震仪自噪声检测

将多通道相关分析方法用于宽频带地震仪的自噪声检测,测量分析了Reftek 130、130 B和130 S三种地震数据采集器的自噪声检测结果以及14套Reftek 130 S连接Guralp CMG-3T地震计的自噪声一致性检测结果,同时给出了地震计的三轴正交性估计.结果表明:Reftek数据采集器设置为普通增益时在0.3 Hz以上频段自噪声高于Guralp CMG-3T地震计自噪声,设置为32倍高增益时在测量频段远低于地震计自噪声;测量的多台Guralp CMG-3T地震计自噪声结果在不同频段一致性差异较大,垂直向分量0.3 Hz以下频段可作为一致性比对参考频段,采集配置选择普通增益时0.3~2 Hz频段可作为数据采集器一致性比对参考频段;Guralp CMG-3T地震计三轴正交性误差估计平均在0.5°以内.     

甚宽频带地震计磁屏蔽测试

地球磁场和人工磁场不断变化,会对甚宽频带地震计的簧片产生吸引而降低地震观测数据质量。将甚宽频带地震计分别采用宽背簧和窄拉簧悬挂,放置于赫尔姆霍兹线圈中间,测试地震计所受干扰;使用铍莫合金屏蔽罩罩住地震计,再次测试地震计所受干扰。测试结果表明:地震计垂直分向所受干扰严重,使用宽背簧支撑摆体运动的地震计所受干扰程度较大;铍莫合金屏蔽罩对参与测试地震计所有分向均有一定屏蔽效果。     

用相关分析法检测两种地震计性能及记录数据差异

阐明利用同点记录数据相关性检测两种地震计性能及记录数据差异的方法,并用两台经过测试且性能相同的FBS - 3B型地震计进行验证,最后用该方法检测了STS -2、KS - 2000型地震计的高频段性能及记录数据差异.