The use of silt grain size parameters as a paleovelocity gauge: A critical review and case study

During the past decade, several reports have been published that infer paleovelocity of deep-sea currents from grain-size parameters of fine-grained sediments. Such inferences may be a gross oversimplification. Laboratory flume experiments and theoretical treatments of suspended sediment transport indicate that particles less than 30 μm in diameter are maintained in suspension by currents of less than 4 cm/sec. Also, there are several factors that influence sediment suspension other than velocity, of which velocity may be one of the least important. It is possible that coarse silt and very fine sand analyses could provide meaningful paleovelocity information; these sediments are maintained in suspension by currents with velocities in the 1 to 15 cm/sec range. This investigation of Weddell Sea sediments provides little encouragement for this method, however.     

Spatial analysis of grain size in Santa Monica Bay

Maps are useful scientific tools for presenting environmental information, but the statistical techniques necessary to prepare scientifically rigorous maps have primarily focused on terrestrial habitats. This study compares three popular techniques (triangulation, kriging, and co-kriging) to map sediment grain size in Santa Monica Bay, California. Two grain size data sets, one collected in 1994 (79 sites) and one collected in 1997 and 1998 (149 sites) were used for model development. A bathymetric data set collected in 1997 was used as a model covariate. A third grain size data set (40 sites) collected in 1996 from independent sites was used for model evaluation. Predictions were compared to validation data by average difference, prediction mean square error (PMSE), and a goodness-of-prediction measure, G. The average difference between prediction and truth was similar for all methods, but the PMSE for triangulation was more than twice that for kriging or co-kriging, which were similar. The G measure also shows triangulation to be a far worse predictor than kriging and co-kriging. Small-scale differences were observed between kriging and co-kriging at steep depth contours, where co-kriging predicted values commensurate with the expected depth-defined grain size.     

北仑河口柱状沉积物粒度特征

根据北仑河口3个钻孔柱状沉积物的粒度分析结果,结合14C测年和210Pb测年资料,分析了钻孔沉积物的粒度特征,结果表明：KL1柱样沉积物主要为粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、中细砂、细中砂,沉积物由下到上由细到粗再变细,经历了2个沉积变化;KL2柱样沉积物单一,为细中砂;KL3柱样沉积物由下到上依次为砾石、砂砾、粗中砂、细中砂、砾砂、粉砂质砂、粘土质粉砂、砂-粉砂-粘土,沉积物粒度由下到上逐步细化,该孔早期离物源较近.3个孔的沉积物分选大多很差,反映当时水动力作用较强或者离物源较近.这些沉积物类型为晚更新世末次冰期以来的沉积,记录了晚更新世以来2个沉积变化.     

Origin of grain size spectra of suspension deposited sediment

Hydronamic modification by settling from a turbulent suspension of an originally unsorted sediment produces grain size distributions that correspond to the size characteristics of many natural suspended and bottom sediments. Evaluation of the resulting equations allows parameterization of sediments in terms of three constants describing the source material, transport energy, and reworking history, respectively.     

海滩也缺乏砂-砾过渡粒级的沉积物

沉积物的粒度是最重要的沉积物参数之一,在河床中,表层沉积物缺乏砂–砾过渡粒级（即1～10 mm）的沉积物,被称为Grain size gap,得到广泛关注。海滩沉积物是否也是如此,是一个基本而又未知的问题。本文分析了中外228处海滩共456个表层沉积物平均粒径数据,发现海滩大概率或是平均粒径几十毫米的砾石滩,或是平均粒径几百微米的砂滩,也缺乏砂–砾过渡粒级沉积物,其粒度范围是−3.5～−1 ϕ（2～11 mm）,这一结果和河床的情况基本相同。造成砂–砾过渡粒级缺乏的原因应从物源、颗粒磨损和分选以及广义的物质收支分析中去寻找。     

厦门胡里山西侧海滩沉积物粒度特征分析

研究区海滩沉积物的粒度分析结果显示，（１）该区海滩中潮位线一带浅表层物质主要由粗砂至细砾级的颗粒组成，平均粒径为－０．１φ。粒度组成上有２－３个次组分，各组分的众数位分别平均为－１．２、０．４和２．５φ。（２）概率值累积曲线的各段呈“陡－缓－陡”的排布模式，与Ｖｉｓｈｅｒ的海滩沉积物的典型模式不同。     

海州湾表层沉积物粒度的空间变异特征

在海州湾海域采集了表层沉积物60个,经实验室分析获得了各采样点不同粒级组分的质量分数,在此基础上运用地统计学方法分析了砂、粉砂和黏粒三组分的空间变异特征,并利用Kriging插值方法绘制了相应的沉积物分布图。结果表明,海州湾表层沉积物中砂和黏粒组分均具有较强的空间自相关性,其空间自相关距离分别达到15 km和28 km,而粉砂则具有中等的空间自相关性,自相关距离在12 km左右;在大于9 km的尺度上,3种粒级沉积物的空间变异性表现出明显的各向异性特征。制图结果表明,研究海域沉积物的总体组成状况是北部偏砂、南部偏黏、中部以粉沙为主。研究结果对连云港航道疏浚、整治及近海水产养殖规划等工作具有一定指导意义。     

基于GIS空间分析的海底表层沉积物粒度分布特征插值研究

为了对比研究不同空间插值方法在沉积物粒度空间分布表述上的精度及适用性,在2004年11月荣成宁津小型海湾-黑泥湾综合调查的基础上,探讨了表层沉积物粒度参数的空间插值,比较了IDW(反距离加权法)、Kriging(克里金插值法)、Spline(样条插值法)与NN(自然邻域法)4种GIS空间分析方法的特征、差异及实效性,并对影响插值结果准确性的因素进行分析。结果显示,在黑泥湾表层沉积物粒度结果的空间插值计算中,从插值准确性和空间表达能力两方面考虑,IDW,Spline,Kriging和NN中以IDW法较为适宜,但要考虑到"牛眼效应"的出现会与局部实际情况存在差异;Kriging法和NN法的插值结果准确性较高,但其空间表达能力稍逊;Spline法在近岸带表层沉积物粒度特征插值中的应用性相对较差。海洋调查要素空间分布的内在规律性是控制插值结果的主要因素,表层沉积物分布以长期稳定的潮流、地形特征为主导因素,呈现由岸向海条带状分布的特征。数据均匀分布区域的插值结果要优于边界区和突变区;另外,在选取的3个观察尺度上,不同插值方法的误差均与野外取样网格间距呈显著线性正相关。     

粒度分析中偏度系数的影响因素及其意义

利用粒度分析中的偏度系数对区分不同搬运动力和不同沉积环境下的沉积物具有重要的鉴定意义,通过对偏度系数内涵的深入分析和粒度分析不同方法的比较,研究表明:偏度是非正态粒度分布下的偏斜程度,可敏感地反映粒度分布两端的微量变化,正偏是沉积物粒度分布的细偏,负偏则是粗偏,偏度正负大小与多种因素有关,它主要受沉积物属性控制,既与沉积环境类型密切相关,又与环境能量是否对应平衡有关;偏度还受计算方法和测试方法等人为因素影响。筛析法结合图解法计算较适用于粒度粗、跨度大的沉积物粒度分析,激光粒度法结合矩法计算更适用于粉砂—黏土粒级沉积物的粒度分析。     

莱州湾沉积物粒度与重金属分布特征

作者依据2019年8月份莱州湾海洋沉积物调查资料,分析了该海域表层沉积物粒径组成、重金属时空分布特征并评价了其生态风险。结果显示,莱州湾沉积物分为砂质粉砂、粉砂、粉砂质砂和砂4种类型,以砂质粉砂为主,其次为粉砂与粉砂质砂,再次为砂,中值粒径平均58.956μm;表层沉积物中Cr、Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Cd、Hg和TOC平均含量分别为57.6、52.6、18.7、15.3、9.14、0.130、0.0234 mg/kg和0.222%;由于河流排海物质和莱州湾内潮流运动,导致Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cr和Cd基本呈现中部海域含量较高,西部海域高于东部海域的特征,东南部海域Cd、Hg与矿产资源的开发相关;14.3%的站位综合潜在生态风险属于中生态风险,Cd对综合潜在生态风险指数的贡献率最高,为主要潜在生态风险因子;研究区域中重金属Cu、Zn含量的分布与沉积物粒径和有机碳的含量密切相关。     

Estimation of mean grain size of seafloor sediments using neural network

The feasibility of an artificial neural network based approach is investigated to estimate the values of mean grain size of seafloor sediments using four dominant echo features, extracted from acoustic backscatter data. The acoustic backscatter data were collected using a dual-frequency (33 and 210 kHz) single-beam, normal-incidence echo sounder at twenty locations in the central part of the western continental shelf of India. Statistically significant correlations are observed between the estimated average values of mean grain size of sediments and the ground-truth data at both the frequencies. The results indicate that once a multi-layer perceptron model is trained with back-propagation algorithm, the values of mean grain size can reasonably be estimated in an experimental area. The study also revealed that the consistency among the estimated values of mean grain size at different acoustic frequencies is considerably improved with the neural network based method as compared to that with a model-based approach.     

基于二维连续小波变换的颗粒物数字粒径方法研究

对于海岸工程的研究而言,测定泥沙、砾石、卵石等颗粒物的中值粒径具有重要的研究意义。近年来,许多学者逐渐将统计学方法应用于分析泥沙等颗粒物的粒径大小及其级配分布,小波变换是该研究领域时新的统计计算数学方法之一。由于一维连续小波变换(1D-CWT)在估算颗粒数值粒径方面存在一定的局限性,本研究基于二维连续小波变换(2D-CWT),提出了新的颗粒物粒径统计学分析方法,用于估算筛分良好的颗粒物中值粒径。以玻璃珠、卵石块和砾石三类不同性质的颗粒物构建数字粒径实验分析样本,对新方法进行了测试和验证。研究表明基于2D-CWT的数字粒径分析方法能够快速、便捷地估算出筛分良好的颗粒物的中值粒径,且计算结果准确、稳定。相较于基于1D-CWT的数字粒径分析方法,2D-CWT方法在颗粒物数字粒径分析方面有着更高的计算成功率和更广的适用性。     

海坛岛风沙表层沉积物的粒度分布特征

本文对海坛岛风沙表层沉积物的粒度分布特征进行研究。结果表明：海坛岛风沙沉积物主要是由海岸带基岩和第四纪松散堆积物及闽江南下沿岸流所携带的泥沙，在海洋动力作用下堆积于海滩上，而后在强劲的ＮＮＥ向向岸盛行风作用下，海滩沙向陆搬运堆积而成的。风成沙的主要粒级为中沙，平均粒径为１．７３Ф；分选较好，标准差的平均值为０．６８，偏差多近于对称，偏态平均值为－０．０２；峰态窄，峰态平均值为１．２１。其搬运方式单     

北部湾悬浮颗粒现场剖面测量与粒度分析

应用LISST-100现场激光粒度仪于2006年8月在北部湾首次进行了悬浮颗粒剖面测量,获得了整个垂直剖面的悬浮颗粒现场粒径分布、体积比和光衰减系数,并计算得到了垂直剖面的总浓度和各层的粒度参数及粒级组成。结果表明,悬浮颗粒自上而下均为双峰分布,只是表层的双峰位于5．57μm和34．4μm,中间层和底层的双峰位于34．4μm和129．4μm。悬浮颗粒体积比自上而下逐渐增大,到达底层时达到最大。光衰减系数的变化趋势与颗粒体积比非常相似,且二者存在很好的相关性,相关系数高达0．98。整个垂直剖面上,表层粒度较细,随着深度增加粒度逐渐变粗,到达底层时粒度最粗。悬浮体总体上正偏,峰态值较小,分选较差。粒度以砂为主,粉砂含量次之,不舍黏土。     

Correlation of sidescan backscatter with grain size distribution of surficial seabed sediments

The dependence of acoustic backscatter on sediment grain size distribution is examined using dual frequency (100 and 410 kHz) sidescan sonar and 22 sediment grab samples from the Loch Linnhe artificial reef site on the west coast of Scotland. The sidescan data were processed to remove an empirically estimated average grazing angle dependence on backscatter. The processed data were analysed by forming histograms of pixels extracted from a 20 m² box around each ground truth site. A positive correlation (r=0.73) between mean backscatter intensity and mean grain size was obtained, i.e., the coarsest samples had the brightest backscatter. A positive correlation (r=0.59) was also found between the standard deviations of the backscatter and grain size distributions, i.e., poorly sorted sediments gave the most variable backscatter. The performance of the sidescan data was compared to results from a co-incident single-beam echo-sounder RoxAnn survey. The RoxAnn roughness index E1 compared well with the sidescan, whilst the RoxAnn hardness index E2 did not. This may be due to a physical link between the acoustic measures. The comparison showed the sidescan to have delivered a significantly higher-resolution image of the seabed for a similar amount of ship-time. Imaging of the artificial reef modules themselves was found to be frequency dependent.     

渤海湾西部表层沉积物粒度及黏土矿物特征分析

对渤海湾西部海域和西岸入海河流中76个表层沉积物样品进行粒度及黏土矿物分析,研究表明该区有3种沉积物类型,黏土质粉砂分布于整个研究区,约占表层样的90%,是研究区最主要的沉积物类型;研究区黏土矿物以伊利石为主,黏土矿物组合为伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙皂石;渤海湾西部表层沉积物主要来源于海河等渤海湾西岸入海河流中的陆源碎屑物,滦河对研究区基本没有影响,黄河对研究区的影响变得比较小。对于研究渤海湾西岸的沉积特征及沉积物物源、了解陆地河流对于研究区海洋沉积环境的影响有着一定的科学意义。     

MS2000激光粒度仪测量第四纪沉积物粒度的定量进样研究

粒度是第四纪古气候与古环境重建的常用替代指标,目前通常采用Mastersizer2000激光粒度仪进行分析,该测试仪器优点是速度快、精度高、重复性好,缺点是进样过程未实现定量化,对部分沉积样品的分析结果出现一定的随机性和不确定性,分析结果易产生人为误差。为探究样品量和进样方法对测试结果可能造成的影响,本研究选取6类代表性第四纪松散沉积物,预处理后分别采用倾倒法、吸管法及定量进样法进行多次重复实验。结果显示:粒度组分越单一,不同进样方法造成的结果误差越小;如果沉积物含有多个粒度组分,而预处理样品量过多,倾倒法容易造成粒度结果偏细,吸管法往往造成实验结果偏粗,定量进样法实验结果居于前两者之间。采用烧失量法计算沉积物中碳酸盐、有机质含量,结合马尔文激光粒度仪测试原理及多次定量重复实验结果,计算了一次实验所需样品量,发现其与中值粒径和碳酸盐、有机质(合称杂质)含量呈线性正相关。根据该线性关系式,在分析第四纪沉积物中值粒径范围及杂质含量的前提下,可计算一次测试所需样品量,将全部预处理后样品倒入测试烧杯中,可有效避免样品量和进样方法对样品粒度实验结果造成的误差。     

南黄海表层不同粒级沉积物中氮的地球化学特征

南黄海不同粒级沉积物中可转化氮[离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、弱酸可浸取态氮(WAEF-N)、强碱可浸取态氮(SAEF-N)、强氧化剂可浸取氮(SOEF-N)]的地球化学特征各不相同,其中SOEF-N是3种粒级沉积物中含量最高的形态,IEF-N是可转化无机氮中的主要存在形态,也是最易参与循环的形态.当同一粒级沉积物中的可转化不同形态氮都能参与循环时,它们对氮循环的相对贡献从大至小依次为SOEF-N>IEF-N>SAEF-N>WAEF-N.对于不同粒级的沉积物来说,细粒级沉积物中的可转化不同形态氮的绝对含量最高,粗粒级沉积物中不同形态氮的绝对含量最低;如果沉积物中3种粒级组分所占的份额相同,那么细粒级沉积物中可转化氮的量占总可转化氮的60%,是中粒级中的2倍,粗粒级沉积物中可转化氮的近7倍,即细粒级沉积物对氮循环的可能贡献最大.随着沉积物粒级的由粗到细,沉积物中可转化有机氮的相对含量逐渐增加,而无机氮的相对含量逐渐降低.     

A numerical study of lateral grain size sorting by an estuarine front

A two-dimensional non-hydrostatic model of baroclinic flow was applied to an estuarine cross-section. The model was driven by lateral variations in density and produced the classical bilateral cross-sectional recirculation of an axial convergent front. Simulations of the erosion, transport and deposition of sediment by the frontal secondary flows were applied to a range of grain sizes. The model predicted considerable lateral variation in grain size deposition across the frontal recirculation zone, analogous to the lateral grain size sorting which occurs in river meanders. The sorting primarily took place between the frontal surface convergence and the bankward limit of recirculation. A series of sensitivity tests revealed that the contribution of the front to lateral grain size sorting was strongly influenced by the lateral channel slopes and lateral density gradient. The results from this numerical study support previous suggestions (based on observations of near-surface discontinuities in sediment concentration across the frontal interface) that fronts may act as sieves within the estuarine sediment transport system.     

台湾海峡表层沉积物的粒度和碎屑矿物分布特征方建勇

应用系统聚类分析和因子分析的方法对台湾海峡283个表层沉积物样品的粒度组成和85个样品的矿物组成进行了分析,结果表明:台湾海峡表层沉积物由6种沉积物类型组成,可以划分把它们为3种与沉积动力相对应的主要沉积环境区;在表层沉积物共发现碎屑矿物61种,以轻组分矿物为主,平均含量高达97.73%,共发现轻矿物14种;重组分矿物含量较低,平均为2.27%,共发现47种重矿物。影响台湾海峡表层沉积物矿物分布及含量变化的最重要因素是物质来源,其次是水动力条件以及矿物自身的变质程度等。台湾海峡表层沉积物的主要物质来源包括来自福建和台湾省河流的入海泥沙、海峡两岸的侵蚀和剥蚀物质、韩江及部分来自浙闽沿岸流携带的长江和钱塘江物质,台湾海峡晚更新世残留物及部分自生矿物等。