The Hemlo gold deposit,Ontario: A geochemical and isotopic study

The Hemlo deposit, near Marathon, Ontario, is one of the largest gold deposits in North America. It is stratiform within Archean metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rocks. The main ore zone is composed of pyritic, sericitic schist, and massive barite. This is the first report of stratiform barite in the Archean of North America, but other occurrences have since been found west of Hemlo. The mineralization is substantially enriched in Au, Mo, Sb, Hg, Tl and V and lacks carbonate. Because of metamorphism and deformation of the body its genesis is uncertain.${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ of .7017 for barite from the deposit is similar to that of the sedimentary barite west of Hemlo and to initial ratios of contemporaneous volcanic rocks. At the base of the main ore zone, barite with δ^34S of +8 to +12%. was deposited with ~0%. pyrite. Upward, both barite and pyrite get isotopically lighter, with minimum values for pyrite, to ?17.5%, in non-baritic schist forming the upper part of the ore zone. In drill section, Au grades correlate with the isotopic composition of pyrite. This, and the association of fractionated sulphide with sulphate, suggests that Au, pyrite and barite were deposited contemporaneously. The linked, asymmetric distributions of S minerals and isotopic distributions, which are continuous from section to section, and the isotopic similarity of the Hemlo and western barites are consistent with a syngenetic depositional model.Two sources for the S minerals are considered. In the first, exogenous sulphate from a restricted basin were partially reduced in a geothermal system to form ³⁴S-depleted sulphide. In the second, the sulphate and sulphide are of magmatic-hydrothermal origin. Sulphate and fractionated sulphide are uncommon in Archean rocks, but one or both occur with unusual frequency in major Archean gold deposits. Hydrothermal fluids of moderately high , containing sulphate and permitting isotopic fractionation between oxidized and reduced S species, may have favoured the dissolution, transport and precipitation of Au.     

甘肃寨上金矿床构造地球化学特征

寨上金矿位于西秦岭中部岷-礼成矿带西部,所发现的三十余条金矿化脉体的空间分布及其产出特征严格受断裂和褶皱的双重控制,以扎麻树背斜为界分为南北2个成矿带,产出的已知矿脉均严格受控于NWW向断裂.通过对寨上金矿50件构造地球化学样品16种微量元素数据的聚类分析、因子分析,以及对样品元素的组合特征研究,北矿带含矿断裂的元素组合为Au,Bi,Pb,Zn;南矿带的为Au,Sb,Hg,Cu,Zn,Pb,Co,Bi,As.以已知的矿与非矿构造样品为母体,利用多元统计判别分析,建立了断裂含矿性的判别函数,并对未知的17个样品进行判别分析,其判别结果与野外验证一致.     

新疆阿希金矿矿床地质和地球化学研究

阿希金矿是新疆西天山产出的一个大型浅成低温热液型金矿,赋矿围岩为晚泥盆世火山岩,矿体以石英脉型为主,其热液成矿期由以下4个阶段组成:玉髓状石英阶段(Ⅰ),黄铁矿-石英脉阶段(Ⅱ),白铁矿-碳酸盐-石英脉阶段(Ⅲ),重品石-碳酸盐脉阶段(Ⅳ),其中阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅲ是主要的金成矿阶段,银金矿为主要的含金矿物,从阶段Ⅱ[195～285℃,logf(S2)=6.7～-13]到阶段Ⅲ[95～190℃,logf(S2)=-15.8～-25.6],成矿流体的温度和硫逸度明显降低.成矿流体与围岩作用导致流体中大离子亲石元素含量升高.阶段Ⅰ(δEu=1.17～1.52)和阶段Ⅱ(δEu=0.44～0.93)脉体的Eu异常和Eu含量区别显著,表明阶段Ⅱ成矿作用发生在相对还原的环境.阶段Ⅰ脉体具有轻稀土元素强烈富集而重稀土元素相对亏损的稀土元素配分模式(La/Yb=4.5～36.2),而阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅳ脉体轻重稀土元素分馏较弱(La/Yb=1.2～2.0),阶段Ⅳ重晶石-碳酸盐脉(∑REE=67.5×10<'6>)以较高的稀土元素含量而区别于阶段Ⅱ(∑REE=1.0×10<'-6>～4.2×10<'-6>),说明重品石和碳酸盐矿物对REE的分异有重要影响.不同阶段脉体与围岩火山岩的地球化学特征表明,阶段Ⅰ成矿流体以与火山岩围岩有关的火山热液为主,进入阶段Ⅱ,大气水开始加入,引起成矿流体温度和硫逸度强烈降低,并导致金在阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅲ沉淀成矿.     

江西大背坞金矿床地质、地球化学特征

江西大背坞金矿床赋存在中元古界双桥山群第二岩性组中,产于燕山期花岗岩体的旁侧,受韧性剪切带及其中的挤压破碎带控制。流体包裹体及氢、氧、碳、硫、铅、硅、锶同位素特征表明,参与成矿的碳以岩浆源为主,铅以壳源为主,锶源于上地壳,硫和硅来自地层,流体水以岩浆源为主,混有变质残留晶间水和一定数量的大气降水。矿床成因上应属与燕山期花岗岩浆活动有关的中温热液矿床     

新疆库布苏金矿元素地球化学特征

通过库布苏金矿不同岩脉、地层、石英脉内微量元素及稀土元素含量与组成的研究。,得出库布苏金矿岩脉形成与区域岩浆活动有关,岩脉与区域中基性岩脉,泥盆纪火山－沉积地层在成矿物质上具有同源性或继承性。石英脉与岩脉、地层在元素地球化学特征上差别较大。矿化与石英脉是不同阶段的产物,其为后期热液作用的产物。东准噶尔地区的金矿找寻应以围岩蚀变作为主要找矿标志。     

北京市得田沟金矿床矿物特征和金的赋存状态

得田沟金矿床是受韧性剪切带控制的石英脉－蚀变岩型金矿床。容矿岩石主要为太古宙受混合岩化的角闪岩相变岩系。矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、碲铅矿及金、银（铋）的单质和化合物等；脉石矿物主要为石英、方解石、绿泥石、绿帘石、绢云母、阳起石等。Ａｕ、Ａｇ（Ｂｉ）主要呈细粒自然金、自然银、碲金银矿、针碲金银矿、碲银矿、六方碲银矿、螺状硫银矿、未定名矿物ＡｇＳ１＋ｘＴｅ１－ｘ和Ｂｉ５Ｔｅ６存在。     

贵州泥堡金矿地质地球化学特征

泥堡金矿具多层含矿特征,各层金矿体均与二叠系火山碎屑岩密切相关。根据对矿床地质、地球化学、流体包裹体等多方面研究认为,火山碎屑岩与大厂石英岩之间的假整合面是最主要的容矿空间;金矿的成矿时代为晚侏罗世,金矿的形成与峨眉山地幔柱残留部分在燕山期的活动有关。     

青海滩间山金矿床地质地球化学及成冈机制

滩间山金矿床位于柴达木盆地北缘中西段。金矿体产于万洞沟群碳质千岩－片岩地层中,受同碰撞造山期构造岩浆活动控制。岩石地球化学特征显示,酸性－偏碱性岩脉中Ａｕ与Ａｓ同步富集。矿床中成矿元素之间的相关性表明,Ａｕ主要来自岩浆热液。稳定同位素组成表明,矿床中的硫、碳、铅以及流体中的水主要来自岩浆。矿床地质特征及同位素地质年代学结果显示,矿床形成于晚华力西期。     

甘肃省阳山金矿床稳定同位素地球化学和成矿年代学及矿床成因

阳山金矿位于川陕甘交界地带，为近年发现的一特大型微细浸染型金矿床。对矿石中石英细脉δD、δ^18O分析结果表明。该矿成矿流体以岩浆水为主。对各种硫化物δ^34S分析结果表明，矿区沉积硫与岩浆硫共存且二者δ^34S差别较大．而矿石金属硫化物中主要为岩浆成因硫。而δ^13C分析结果表明，矿区既有岩浆岩成因碳又有沉积碳。K—Ar、^39Ar-^40Ar、Rb—Sr以及U—Pb同位素年代学研究表明，矿区斜长花岗斑岩脉形成于侏罗纪早期，此外，矿区还存在白垩纪早期以及古近纪早期隐伏岩浆岩体。与之相关的热液活动也表现出多期次性。笔者进一步探讨了矿床成因，认为在泥盆纪本区形成了一套炭、硅、泥质热水沉积，在印支期区域浅变质过程中金初步富集，其后本区发生了多期岩浆活动．与之相关的成矿热液及成矿物质沿安昌河-观音坝断裂运移。并在有利的构造部位富集、叠加形成了阳山金矿。     

河北丰宁大西沟金矿流体地球化学研究

笔者利用显微测温、成分及氢氧同位素测试对大西沟金矿流体包裹体参数以及成矿流体性质进行了较为深入的探讨,结果显示,大西沟金矿与矿化关系密切的石英中,包裹体可以分为气体包裹体、气液包裹体、液体包裹体3种类型,其中气液包裹体、液体包裹体最为常见.包裹体均一温度主要集中在175℃～275℃,盐度为2%～7%,流体密度为0.804～0.959g/cm3,成矿深度为1.01～2.24 km.流体包裹体气相成分主要为H2O和CO2;包裹体液相成分中阳离子以Na+为主,Ca2+、K+次之,阴离子以SO42-、Cl-为主,仅含微量的F-.石英中δO水值是2.1%～5.8‰,δD值为-87‰～-103.67‰.反映成矿流体来源于岩浆水与大气降水.通过气体逸度的计算,大西沟金矿成矿流体中金主要以[Au(HS)2]-络合物的形式迁移,混合作用和热液蚀变作用是导致金沉淀与富集的主要因素.     

甘肃安家岔金矿床铅同位素地球化学研究

通过对安家岔金矿床铅同位素地球化学特征研究及其与邻区地层、岩浆岩和有关矿床铅同位素的对比结果表明：（１）本矿床石铅是一种以高放射成因为主的混合型铅，且明显表现出有大气降水参与热液成矿的铅同位素地球化学特征，反映本矿床属于沉积－强烈改造型金矿床；（２）本矿床成矿物质的直接来源主要为志留系；（３）本区的金矿成矿作用和主要与志留系重熔有关的岩浆岩的关系最为密切，因此，在志留系展布区内，Ｉ类岩浆岩密集出现     

甘肃鹰嘴山金矿床地质和成矿地球化学

鹰嘴山金矿床是北祁连山西段新发现的剪切带型金矿床。赋矿围岩为粉砂质板岩、英安质碎裂岩和安山质角砾凝灰岩等,蚀变以硅化和绢云母化为特征。成矿作用分为原生成矿期和表生氧化－次生富集成矿期。原生成矿期又可以分为微晶石英岩矿化阶段和脉状石英硫化物阶段,后者为主成矿阶段,表生成矿期硫化物氧化为硫酸盐类,金除了包含在硫化物中外,还以自然金充填石英颗粒之间或石英裂隙。在原生矿化蚀变过程中,硅质、碱质、ＣＯ２和ＲＥＥ带入了成矿体系。均一法测温表明成矿主要温度为３２０～２００℃,成矿流体含有大量ＣＯ２,其氧同位素显示为岩浆水或深部流体为主。     

Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of the Hongshijing Gold Deposit in Ruoqiang,Xinjiang

1IntroductionTheHongshijinggolddepositislocatedinthenorthofLuobupouLakeofRuoqiang ,about 30 0kmsouthwestofHamiCity ,Xinjiang .ItwasdiscoveredbytheSixthGeologicalTeamofXinjiangduringgeo chemicalexploration .TheHongshijinggolddeposit,whichoccursinthegold bearingformationcomposedofMiddleandLateCarboniferousvolcanicandpyroclasticrocks ,isabrittle ductileshearzonetypegolddepositcontrolledbyariftbelt.TheHongshijinggolddepositislocatedinthesouthwestoftheHongshi jing -Maotoushanmineralizationb…     

淘金冲金矿成矿流体地球化学和矿床成因研究

包裹体地球化学和氢氧同位素研究结果表明，淘金冲金矿床成矿溶液为中低温，中压，弱碱性和还原性的Ｃａ－Ｍｇ－Ｃ－Ｓ体系，成矿液早期以变质水为主，中晚期则以建造水为主（大气降水来源），明显具混合成因特点，其矿成因类型属受地下水改造成因的层控金矿或特征的“江南型”金矿。     

加拿大霍普布鲁克金矿矿床地质特征

霍普布鲁克（Hope Brook）金矿床是加拿大第六大金矿床,产于新元古界的阿巴拉契亚山脉阿瓦隆区岩体中,地表出露面积为3000×400m2,向深部逐渐变小。该矿具有复杂的岩脉构造,与浅水体为主的火山碎屑序列的长英质、镁铁质火山碎屑岩密切相关。矿床赋存于大范围的热液蚀变区中,蚀变区内普遍有酸浸现象,并具有大量的泥质蚀变特点。同位素年代学证据表明,成矿时代为早—中寒武世（576±10Ma）,是多期次热液作用,同时伴有侵入岩浆以及火山作用产生的凝灰岩共同影响的产物,属于典型的高硫化的浅成低温热液金矿床。     

加拿大霍普布鲁克金矿矿床地质特征

霍普布鲁克(Hope Brook)金矿床是加拿大第六大金矿床,产于新元古界的阿巴拉契亚山脉阿瓦隆区岩体中,地表出露面积为3000×400m2,向深部逐渐变小。该矿具有复杂的岩脉构造,与浅水体为主的火山碎屑序列的长英质、镁铁质火山碎屑岩密切相关。矿床赋存于大范围的热液蚀变区中,蚀变区内普遍有酸浸现象,并具有大量的泥质蚀变特点。同位素年代学证据表明,成矿时代为早—中寒武世(576±10Ma),是多期次热液作用,同时伴有侵入岩浆以及火山作用产生的凝灰岩共同影响的产物,属于典型的高硫化的浅成低温热液金矿床。     

新疆西准噶尔包古图金矿微量元素地球化学研究

包古图金矿由石英脉型和蚀变岩型矿体组成,该矿的热液成矿期可以划分为4个阶段:粗粒石英脉阶段(Ⅰ)、含金细粒硫化物-石英脉阶段(Ⅱ)、含金粗粒自然砷-辉锑矿-石英脉阶段(Ⅲ)以及方解石脉阶段(Ⅳ),其中阶段Ⅱ和Ⅲ是主要的金矿化阶段,形成自然金赋存于毒砂、含砷黄铁矿中,银金矿被自然砷、辉锑矿包裹。阶段Ⅰ石英脉的稀土元素总量(0.83×10-6~3.67×10-6)明显低于阶段Ⅱ(11.01×10-6~30.18×10-6),轻重稀土元素分馏[(La/Yb)N=8.53~21.89]较阶段Ⅱ[(La/Yb)N=6.90~10.40]明显,但总体具有与区内中酸性侵入岩相似的稀土元素配分模式;阶段Ⅰ石英脉具有弱Eu正异常(δEu=1.09~1.80),阶段ⅡδEu主要集中于1.36~0.67之间;所有样品显示弱Ce负异常或无Ce异常(δCe=0.87~1.01)。矿化围岩和含矿石英脉中的黄铁矿均显示右倾型稀土元素配分模式,但石英脉中黄铁矿轻重稀土元素分馏更明显[(La/Yb)N=24.0~36.1],所有黄铁矿均具有明显Eu负异常(δEu=0.50~0.64)。不同阶段石英脉和黄铁矿中Ce、Eu异常表明成矿流体逐渐向较还原的状态演化。黄铁矿的Co/Ni比值(1.60~10.50)指示初始成矿流体为中温。包古图金矿含矿石英脉与区内广泛发育的中酸性斑岩体、岩脉在时间和空间上密切相关,具有相似的稀土元素配分模式,以上特征指示包古图金矿成矿作用与区内晚石炭世中酸性岩浆活动有关。     

Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Zarshuran Carlin-like gold deposit, northwest Iran

Gold mineralisation at Zarshuran, northwestern Iran, is hosted by Precambrian carbonate and black shale formations which have been intruded by a weakly mineralised granitoid. Granitoid intrusion fractured the sedimentary rocks, thereby improving conditions for hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation. Silicification is the principal hydrothermal alteration along with decalcification and argillisation. Three hydrothermal sulphide mineral assemblages have been identified: an early assemblage of pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite; then widespread base metal sulphides, lead-sulphosalts and zoned euhedral arsenical pyrite; and finally late network arsenical pyrite, massive and colloform arsenical pyrite, colloform sphalerite, coloradoite, and arsenic–antimony–mercury–thallium-bearing sulphides including orpiment, realgar, stibnite, getchellite, cinnabar, lorandite and a Tl-mineral, probably christite. Most of the gold at Zarshuran is detectable only by quantitative electron microprobe and bulk chemical analyses. Gold occurs mainly in arsenical pyrite and colloform sphalerite as solid solution or as nanometre-sized native gold. Metallic gold is found rarely in hydrothermal quartz and orpiment. Pure microcrystalline orpiment, carbon-rich shale, silicified shale with visible pyrite grains and arsenic minerals contain the highest concentrations of gold. In many ways Zarshuran appears to be similar to the classic Carlin-type sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits. However, relatively high concentrations of tellurium at Zarshuran, evidenced by the occurrence of coloradoite (HgTe), imply a greater magmatic contribution in the mineralising hydrothermal solutions than is typical of Carlin-type gold deposits. Received: 13 May 1999 / Accepted: 2 February 2000     

滇中小水井金矿床成矿流体地球化学及矿床类型

水井金矿床赋存于哀牢山造山带红河断裂东缘韧-脆性剪切构造破碎带中,容矿岩石为砂-泥岩、灰岩之角砾岩、碎裂岩。硫、碳同位素研究表明,流体中碳、硫来自深部或地幔;氢氧同位素的组成特征则表明成矿热液主要为天水下渗及地下水循环从构造活动及岩体获得热源而形成的混合热液流体。矿物包裹体类型以液相为主,少量气相出现。矿石中的石英包裹体液相成分阳离子以Na＋、K＋为主,阴离子以Cl-、SO42-为主,气相成分以H2O、CO2为主,间有CH4、CO出现,属H2O—CO2—NaCl体系。主要成矿阶段包裹体均一温度为180℃~260℃之间,成矿深度约为1.0km,流体密度0.65~0.9g/？3,流体盐度w（NaCleq）4.97%~7.76%。小水井金矿床属于浅成条件下,由中低温、低盐度、低密度的混合热液流体在韧-脆性剪切构造带中形成的金矿床,成因类型应归属于浅成造山型金矿床,应用类型为构造蚀变岩型金矿。     

Quaternary stratigraphy and geochemistry at the Owl Creek Gold Mine, Timmins, Ontario, Canada

The Owl Creek Gold Mine is located in Hoyle Township, approximately 18 km northeast of Timmins, Ontario, Canada. The open-pit mine exposes a sequence of altered and mineralized mafic tholeiitic volcanics bounded to the north and south by greywacke and argillite. Gold occurs in the free state in quartz veins, often with graphite, and as fine gold on surfaces of, and within fractures in, pyrite.The study was designed to determine the distribution and distance of transport of Au in overburden down-ice from subcropping Au mineralization. This required an understanding of the glacial history of the area.The Quaternary stratigraphy at Owl Creek was studied and sampled by means of 17 sonic and 15 reverse-circulation overburden drill holes near the open pit, and several overburden exposures in the open-pit walls. Nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrates (specific gravity >3.3) were made from the <2000 μm (−10 mesh) fraction of all overburden samples from the drill hole and section sampling. The heavy-mineral concentrates were analyzed for Au by neutron activation. A till pebble lithology study was done on the >2000 μm (−10 mesh) fraction of the sonic drill core.Our stratigraphic studies indicate that there were three major Wisconsinan (Weichselian) ice advances and one minor, late readvance in the Timmins area. The transport and deposition of sediments comprising the “Oldest”, “Older”, Matheson and Cochrane stratigraphic “packages” (oldest to youngest) are related to three ice advances and one readvance which moved towards 240° ± 10°, 150° ± 5°, 170° ± 5° and 130° ± 5°, respectively.Geochemically anomalous levels of Au in the overburden define two dispersal trains down-ice of the Owl Creek Gold Mine. One, in the “Older” lodgement till, is 400–500 m long. The other in Matheson ablation and waterlain tills, is approximately 700 m long.The till pebble lithology study showed that pebble counting can be used to approximate bedrock contacts, but may not necessarily identify the source rock type of the matrix.