应力遥感监测地质灾害的研究及实验

此项研究在Ｔｕｒｃｏｔｔｅ定性构造应力场基础上，建立了地壳构造应力场定量优化模型公式，计算绘制了各种区域地壳构造应力场特征及其动态图件，应用气象卫星应力遥感监测绘制了１９８９年大同６级地震前后京津唐地区应力降动态图，同时监测唐山市岩溶塌陷获得应力降动态图，本文系统地阐述了各类型卫星与航空应力遥感的进展和展望。     

长江三峡工程的地质构造环境及地球动力学演变分析

根据卫星遥感影像特征和区域地质调查与地球应力分析的综合材料,运用遥感地质学和地球动力学及地质环境演变的分析方法,对长江三峡工程的背景构造(区域构造)-岩块构造(体域构造)-坝区构造(局域构造)进行了多层次的系统研究,查清了地质构造环境演变过程及其变化规律,发现了多级构造序次及多级构造应力场之间的相互转变关系,提出区域应力场与库区荷载应力场和周边采矿卸载应力场的共振效应,是对工程安全运行和长周期工程寿命的最大潜在威胁,为大型工程优化管理和工程灾害风险预防及国家建设合理决策等方面提供科学依据。     

延川南区块古构造应力场特征及其反演方法

古构造应力控制煤层构造发育程度及其分布,影响煤层储层渗透性。通过现场对煤层及其上覆岩层中节理裂隙的实测,并应用赤平投影方法将实测节理裂隙进行分期和配套分析,研究了延川南区块构造演化规律、古构造应力场特征和古构造应力的反演方法。根据摩尔库伦破裂准则,通过共轭剪断裂破裂角的大小变化来估算古构造应力场主应力值。利用ANSYS有限元软件,模拟了本区两期古构造应力场分布,揭示出其古构造应力场的分布规律为:燕山期构造应力场最大主应力值由东南区域的70~80 MPa逐渐降至西北区域的20~30 MPa;喜马拉雅期构造应力场最大主应力值由东北区域的60~70 MPa逐渐降至西南区域的20 MPa。      

晋南地穹列煤层气赋存区构造应力分析

根据晋南地穹列构造型相分析，恢复了4期应力场：①地洼初动期（印支期）近S－N水平挤压；②地洼激烈期（燕山期）NWW－SEE水平挤压；③地洼余动期（喜山早期）NNE－SSW水平挤压；④地洼余动期（喜山中期）NW－SE、NWW－SEE近水平伸展。其现代构造应力场以NW－SE向伸展应力场为主，但在沁水地穹则表现为NEE－SWW向近水平挤压应力场。有限元模拟分析证实：此局部挤压应力场的动力来源于挽近地质时期太行山和霍山的隆起与抬升，临汾地洼和太原地洼中的伸展应力场则与地洼壳体下部慢源物质逸散所导致的侧向拉伸有关。区内应力降的分布特点与晋南地穹列断裂构造发育程度具有良好的对应相关性，在高应力降区，单位体积煤层气含量显著高于其它地区。模拟主应力差等值线图中两个高主应力差值区恰好与东部沁水地穹中两个高含气量区相对应，充分说明地洼余动期构造应力场中高压应力区是煤层气富集的有利地区。     

辽宁小东洋河金矿区构造控矿规律的数值模拟

作者对小东洋河金矿区地质构造进行了研究,采用数值模拟方法给出一种预测隐伏金矿体的新方法。作者在野外详细调查研究同成矿构造体系和主要成矿阶段的基础上,剔除主要成矿阶段以后形成的构造和地质体,以主要成矿阶段及其以前的构造和地质体为依据,建立实验模型,用有限元法模拟该区同成矿构造活动前后应力场和应力降,以同成矿构造应力场中应力集中区与应力降高值区套合部位作为金矿预测靶区,其结果与已知矿点和随后获得的地球化学异常吻合。      

含油气盆地构造应力场研究新进展

构造应力场是影响油气运移和富集的主要因素之一。一方面,构造应力形成了油气运移的通道与油气富集的圈闭构造;另一方面,不连续状态的瞬间构造应力和连续状态的长期构造应力为油气运移提供了驱动力。分析了构造应力场的研究现状,阐述了构造应力场的研究方法和内容,着重讨论了确定含油气盆地应力场的方法,并探讨了构造应力场与油气运移、富集的关系。     

龙首山区域构造应力场初步研究

本文讨论了沟谷成因与构造应力场的关系,利用沟谷资料计算了龙首山地区的主压应力方向。结果表明,主压应力为北东向。新构造应力场、现代构造应力场、地震应力场趋于一致。认为,晚第三纪以来,龙首山地区地壳构造应力场相对稳定,应该是青藏地块与阿拉善地块相互作用的结果。     

武夷山西南缘构造应力场演化及其与成矿的关系

武夷山西南缘及邻区地处华南特提斯与环太平洋构造域交接地带,自元古宙以来历经了多期次的构造演化,形成了相应的构造应力场。通过对主要古构造运动应力值大小的测定和3个主要构造演化阶段构造应力场数值模拟,得出古应力值自早到晚总体上有增大的趋势,到中生代古应力值强度大且持续时间较长。重要的成矿阶段主要对应区域拉张构造应力场。不同阶段构造应力场模拟结果表明,自前泥盆纪至燕山期,该区主构造线方向从EW—NEE向NE—NNE向转变,与主构造应力场的变化相对应。同时不同时代构造应力的分布为多金属矿产的形成创造了良好的成矿地质条件。     

沿淮地区的现代应力场及其对井巷工程稳定性的影响

沿淮矿区,在工程施工中,由于对现代地应力场的研究处于初始阶段,且缺乏现代地应力测试技术。该区在现代应力场作用下,井巷工程稳定性破坏直接损失达千万元以上。因此,本文通过震源机制解,邻区的绝对地应力量测岩石圈层的构造应力与地幔对流情况,并结合遥感影象的共轭线性体构造的主应力轴方位解技术方法,较全面地分析、预测了该区的现代应力场特征。该区现代构造应力场最大主压应力方位在N30°—60°E范围之内。它是沿淮矿区井巷工程稳定性严重破坏的重要因素之一,而且是第一性的。     

遥感信息场分层解析与构造应力场定量研究

遥感图像显现的地质构造形迹是地史以来地壳运动的最终结果,包含有历次构造变形的特征信息。因此,构造复合区不同期次构造应力场的图像解析,可将宏观构造(褶皱和断裂)和与其密切相关的微观构造(遥感大节理)有机联系起来进行构造变形组合的分解,即分不同构造层次(期次)建立其变形场,然后通过构造变形场特征的综合分析研究反演各时期应力场。环形构造及相关的环状、放射状遥感大节理与地下隐伏构造隆起在空间上有一定对应关系。本文根据弹性力学理论,提出了在遥感构造信息场分层解析基础上将有关构造信息有机组合量化,建立隐伏构造隆起的自然模型,以此数据定量计算构造应力场的理论与方法,并给出了应用实例。     

Separate Analysis of Remote Sensing Information of Structures of Different Geological Periods and Quantitative Study of Corresponding Tectonic Stress Fields

The structural feature shown on a remote sensing image is a synthetic result ofcombination of the deformations produced during the entire geological history of an area.Therefore, the respective tectonic stress field of each of the different stages in the complexdeformation of an area can be reconstructed in three steps: (1) geological structures formed atdifferent times are distinguished in remote sensing image interpretation; (2) structuraldeformation fields at different stages are determined by analyzing relationships betweenmicrostructures (joints and fractures) and the related structures (folds and faults); and (3)tectonic stress fields at different stages are respectively recovered through a study of the featuresof structural deformation fields in different periods. Circular structures and related circlular and radial joints are correlated in space to con-cealed structural rises. The authors propose a new method for establishing a natural model ofthe concealed structural rises and calculating the tectonic stress field by using quantitative dataof the remote sensing information of circular structures and related linear structures.     

Mapping geology in Djelfa District (Saharan Atlas,Algeria), using Landsat 7 ETM+ data: an alternative method to discern lithology and structural elements

Djelfa area in the central Saharan Atlas is characterized by its high lithological diversity with different facies from the Triassic to the Tertiary. The lack of published geological maps of the region (Djelfa) prompted us to test specific processing of satellite images (ratio bands, principal component analysis) in order to establish a lithological discrimination of the region. Several treatments allowed us to map the lineaments highlighting the various tectonic structures of the region. The combination of field and remote sensing data pointed out the double influence of the E-W Eocene and N-S Miocene phases in the structuration of these regions. As a large part of the Djelfa area is inaccessible, the obtained results undeniably contribute to a better understanding of the local geology.     

Remote sensing and petroleum seepage: a review and case study

When reservoirs leak, varying quantities of oil and gas migrate to the surface as macroseeps, which are visible, and microseeps, which are invisible. This review article describes the mechanisms of seepage and the resulting surface manifestations in relation to optical high-resolution remote sensing data. Oil pools and tar deposits (macroseeps) often can be detected directly by remote sensing. Microseeps are more difficult to study using remote sensing, but they give rise to vegetation stress, and cause geochemical alterations in soil and rocks, which can be studied indirectly using hyperspectral sensors. An integrated methodology is presented to combine various geoscience and remote sensing datasets for seepage detection. A combination of red-edge modelling algorithms and spectral matching tools is identified that provides a validated technique for onshore microseepage detection. These remote sensing tools are not only important for petroleum exploration, but also have environmental implications because seeps emit greenhouse gases. A statistical data integration approach was developed based on Bayesian assumptions, which can be used to integrate hyperspectral remote sensing data, other satellite remote sensing data, and ancillary field geological and geochemical datasets, for modelling microseepage. In a case study from the Ventura basin (Santa Barbara) in Southern California, Probe-1 data from the 1998 Geosat Group Shoot are integrated with field and subsurface geological and geochemical data to predict possible sites of hydrocarbon microseepage.     

基于GF-1影像的西藏亚东地区构造解译研究

随着地质调查工作精度的提高,中低分辨率的遥感影像已难以满足地质构造深入解译的需求。高分一号(GF-1)影像的应用为提高地质构造解译尺度提供了数据基础,特别是在人车通达性较差的地区,可大大减少野外工作量。为此,以地质构造发育的西藏亚东地区为研究区,利用GF-1影像,在分析已有地质资料基础上,构建了研究区的断裂形成机制模型,并结合地形地貌特征,对研究区的地质构造进行遥感解译。结果显示: ①研究区内解译新增断裂418条; ②受SN向应力挤压机制影响,形成于中新世晚期的EW走向断裂为主要断裂,其性质为逆冲断层,EW向应力的引张作用,形成了研究区SN向、NE向断裂,并具有多期活动特点; ③河流和湖泊受断裂控制明显,河流多成SN向,位于逆冲断层上盘的隆升造成了区内河流和湖泊的水位降低。     

阿尔金山南缘断裂带的分段分带特征及其构造演化

通过卫星遥感图像分析和野外调查,参考最新的地质调查和前人研究成果,系统总结了阿尔金山南 缘断裂带的构造特征,表明该断裂带具有沿走向上的多级分段性、横向上的多级分带性,其构造活动性质和运动方 向具有多级周期性反复的演化特点。这是地壳波浪状构造运动在阿尔金山南缘断裂带的具体体现。因此任何单 一的左行、右行或逆冲、正滑作用模式都不能全面、合理地解释其构造演化过程。     

基于IHS变换的重力异常与遥感影像融合的构造信息提取研究

本文以深部探测关键仪器装备野外实验与示范基地为例,利用影像融合技术进行地质构造信息的提取。在卫星遥感和重力异常数据空间配准的基础上,利用IHS数据融合方法,将重力异常与ETM+数据进行融合与分析。研究表明:一方面构造形迹在遥感图像及重力异常上的表征是存在差异性的,即其空间分布特征,另一方面通过卫星遥感在地表定位重力异常所反演的地质信息,能够为深部探测仪器装备野外实验选点提供科学的依据。     

中国东北现今主导构造

在以遥感图像、地质、地球物理等资料分析东北地区构造骨架的基础上，结合天然地震、地应力测量和现代地壳形变等资料的研究，提出北东向构造是我国东北现今主导构造，并讨论了现代构造应力场及地震发生的构造环境。     

震害遥感快速提取研究——以2003年2月24日巴楚—伽师6.8级地震为例

论述了遥感影像提取震害的研究进展 ,提出了基于GIS和数字图像处理技术的震害遥感快速提取与损失评估的技术途径。在此基础上 ,介绍了巴楚—伽师地震的航空与卫星遥感资料的获取、图像数字处理与震害提取过程 ;描述了地震造成的建筑物震害与地质灾害的遥感图像特征 ;根据以往震害遥感影像统计经验与本次地震震害遥感特征 ,提出了遥感震害分级分类标准和地震烈度划分标准 ,进而得到基于震害遥感影像的伽师地震等震线图。文中对所得到的地震烈度与地面实际调查结果进行了比较。通过遥感信息源空间分辨率要求与信息获取与处理的时效性分析 ,认为我国利用航空遥感与卫星遥感资料获取地震灾情信息已进入实用阶段     

Geologisch-tektonische auswertung von ERTS-1 und SKYLAB-aufnahmen von nord-und mittelitalien

Multispectral satellite imagery, in conjunction with aerial photography and field work, offers new possibilities for the recognition and interpretation of overregional geological and tectonic systems. All three methods in geologic work were applied to Northern and Central Italy. In the Northern and Central Apennines two stress directions were recognized. The various stages in the evolution of the mountains and of the whole peninsula were evaluated and interpreted under new aspects. The tectonic features are explained by a clockwise rotation of various blocks along left-handed transform faults. These faults can be interpreted as resulting from shear due to a main stress directed north-eastwards. The lineations of the Southern Alps are traced through the Po Valley into the Northern Apennines.

Zusammenfassung

Multispectral satellite imagery, in conjunction with aerial photography and field work, offers new possibilities for the recognition and interpretation of overregional geological and tectonic systems. All three methods in geologic work were applied to Northern and Central Italy. In the Northern and Central Apennines two stress directions were recognized. The various stages in the evolution of the mountains and of the whole peninsula were evaluated and interpreted under new aspects. The tectonic features are explained by a clockwise rotation of various blocks along left-handed transform faults. These faults can be interpreted as resulting from shear due to a main stress directed north-eastwards. The lineations of the Southern Alps are traced through the Po Valley into the Northern Apennines.