背景噪声面波与布格重力异常联合反演:山西断陷带三维地壳结构

讨论了利用面波与布格重力异常联合反演三维地壳速度结构的新方法,并利用该方法联合反演获得山西断陷带地壳S波速度结构.通过建立速度与密度之间的经验关系,利用非线性迭代反演方法获得最终速度模型.结果显示,联合反演获得的速度模型可以同时提高对面波及重力数据的观测拟合程度,而面波单独反演得到的速度模型则无法很好的拟合重力观测数据.相比较,联合反演速度模型中的大同火山区中下地壳的低速异常幅值小于面波单独反演模型中低速异常体的幅值.联合反演速度模型结果揭示,吕梁山地区在中下地壳存在低速异常,并且和北部的大同火山区低速异常相连接,说明可能导致新生代以来大同火山区岩浆活动的上地幔构造活动(上地幔局部上涌,地幔柱)可能对山西断陷带的形成和构造活动起到了一定的控制作用,并且导致了吕梁山地区中下地壳的低速异常.     

Study of crustal seismic velocity in the Weihe fault depression basin by seismic tomographic imaging

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基于重力异常反演的三维地震波速度结构分析方法研究

利用重力异常反演测试三维地震波速度结构,存在解不唯一、可靠性不高的问题。将面波反演充分融合到重力异常反演方程中,降低传统反演方法的非唯一性,并提升可靠性。以川滇地区为例,采用融合后的重力异常反演方法分析三维地震波速度结构。通过速度和密度的关系转换,得到对应的重力异常数据。由于面波频射数据主要对地震波横波速度敏感,因此将重力异常数据和初始横波速度相连,依据地震波速度和岩石密度之间的关系,获取重力异常反演方程,用于分析速度结构。选取21.6°~34.2°N、97.1°~105.9°E范围内的川滇地区活动块体作为实验数据,经过实验分析发现：使用该方法迭代反演川滇地区地壳上地幔顶部横波速度,重力异常数据和面波频射数据的残差值分别是6.24 mGal和0.027 km/s,实际拟合效果较好;分析该地区不同深度切面横波速度发现,在24 km深度处,上地壳中含有相对低速层,在44 km深度处,中下地壳中存在低速层;且该方法分析川滇地区三维地震波速度结构解的分辨率较高。     

中朝地台东北缘3km深度地震层析成像的地质解释

利用本区丰富的地质,人工地震探测资料,对３ｋｍ深度层析成象成果进行了分析对比,结果表明：（１）３Ｋｍ深度速度值与人工地震探测所获地震波速值吻合较好;（２）３ｋｍ深度速度分布与该深度处的岩石介质分布有较好的对应关系,高速区对应地层主要为太古界－下元古界变质岩和地槽区的古生界浅变质岩,低速区对应主要为中生界火山,碎屑岩,燕山期花岗岩体和盖层性质的中元古－古代界沉积岩。（３）层析成象结果可划分深度不同的     

重震反演中国东北地壳上地幔三维密度结构

本文利用重力和地震P波到时数据反演得到了中国东北地区地壳上地幔三维密度结构.与单一的重力或地震反演相比,重震反演一方面有效地克服了重力反演结果垂向分辨率低的问题,另一方面也提高了地震反演结果的可靠性.结果显示:中国东北地区的地壳及上地幔剩余密度异常分布与构造单元具有明显的相关性,造山带对应低密度异常,盆地对应高密度异常;区域内火山下方有明显的低密度体存在,可能是由于太平洋板块俯冲进入上地幔并部分滞留,在滞留板块深部脱水和软流圈热物质共同作用下产生了上涌岩浆,喷发后形成了火山.     

偏离大圆路径传播对四川西部面波相速度成像的影响

面波成像是研究地壳上地幔横波速度结构的一种重要方法．通常,面波相速度或群速度成像假设面波沿大圆路径传播．但是,在地下介质速度结构变化较大时,面波会偏离大圆路径传播,从而导致基于大圆路径假设下的面波成像结果存在一定的误差. 我们采用基于射线追踪的面波成像方法,研究了面波的偏离大圆路径传播对四川西部地区面波相速度成像结果的影响．使用快速行进法(fast marching method)进行面波传播路径的射线追踪,采用子空间反演法(subspace inversion)进行迭代反演,对理论模型合成数据和川西台阵的短周期背景噪声相速度频散数据进行成像分析,并与使用大圆路径传播的成像结果进行对比．对理论模型的测试结果表明,当速度结构变化较大时,基于偏离大圆路径传播的面波成像能够更好地恢复模型异常．对川西台阵的真实数据反演结果显示:在短周期为6 s时,基于偏离大圆路径传播的反演方法较基于大圆路径传播的反演方法所获得的相速度异常的幅度更大些,在四川盆地区域两者的差异接近0.2 km/s;在周期为10 s时,两种反演方法的差异显著减小,基本都在0.1 km/s以内．这主要是因为6 s周期的面波相速度对复杂的上地壳浅层结构更为敏感,从而使得面波的偏离大圆路径传播效应对反演结果的影响更为显著．本文结果表明,当某一周期不同路径的面波相速度测量值变化较大,例如相对于平均相速度的异常超过10％时,则需考虑采用基于偏离大圆路径传播的面波成像方法,否则速度异常较大区域的反演结果可能会造成较大的偏差．      

上地壳纵横波速度结构相关反演成像方法

基于纵横波初至走时数据的层析成像方法越来越广泛地被应用于揭示不同构造域壳幔速度结构特征.我们从同一地质体的纵横波速度属性相关这一基本思想出发,提出一种相关反演成像的方法:纵横波速度反演交替进行,在迭代反演过程中每通过一次反演获得相应的纵波速度(或横波速度)结构后,更新相应的纵横波速度比模型以及相应的横波(或纵波)速度反演的初始模型,然后继续开展后续横波(或纵波)速度反演工作.在反演过程中依据纵横波速度的相关性信息和射线路径长度将走时残差以不同权重分配到射线路径经过的单元,依据网格节点周围平均的慢度扰动更新速度模型.正反演过程分别基于有限差分走时计算方法和反投影成像方法.两种典型模型试验表明,该技术应用于上地壳速度结构反演成像过程,可有效提高反演结果的可靠性,在很大程度上避免了常规单独反演纵波和横波速度过程容易带来的畸变和失真.该方法应用于重建青藏高原西部札达—泉水沟深地震测深(DSS)剖面下方的上地壳速度结构,揭示出与青藏高原西缘板块碰撞相关的上地壳速度结构特征.     

Depth and morphology of reflectors from the non-linear inversion of arrival times and waveform semblance data. Part II: modelling and interpretation of real data acquired in Southern Apennines, Italy

In order to retrieve a 2D background velocity model and to retrieve the geometry and depth of shallow crustal reflectors in the Southern Apennines thrust belt a separate inversion of first arrival traveltimes and reflected waveforms was performed. Data were collected during an active seismic experiment in 1999 by Enterprise Oil Italiana and Eni-Agip using a global offset acquisition geometry. A total of 284 on-land shots were recorded by 201 receivers deployed on an 18 km line oriented SW–NE in the Val D'Agri region (Southern Apennines, Italy).
The two-step procedure allows for the retrieval of a reliable velocity model by using a non-linear tomographic inversion and reflected waveform semblance data inversion. The tomographic model shows that the P wave velocity field varies vertically from approximately 3 km/s to 6 km/s within 4 km from the Earth's surface. Moreover, at a distance of approximately 11 km along the profile, there is an abrupt increase in the velocity field. In this zone indeed, an ascent from 2 km depth to 0 km above sea level of the 5.2 km/s iso-velocity contour can be noted. The retrieved velocity can be associated with Plio-Pleistocene clastic deposits outcropping in the basin zone and with Mesozoic limestone deposits. The inversion of waveform semblance data shows that a P-to-P reflector is retrieved at a depth of approximately 2 km. This interface is deeper in the north-eastern part of the profile, where it reaches 3 km depth and can be associated with a limestone horizon.     

海洋拖缆地震资料初至波走时层析反演

初至波走时层析反演技术作为建立近地表速度模型的重要手段,是解决陆地资料复杂静校正问题的关键技术。而折射波广泛发育的海洋地震资料,对折射波信息的关注与运用并没有得到广泛的重视。本文首次将层析反演方法应用于海洋拖缆地震数据的近海底速度模型的建立。本文方法与陆地资料层析反演的主要区别在于:①在震源信号的最小相位化处理后进行初至时间的拾取,避免了混合相位子波初至拾取不准带来的误差;②以海水深度与海水速度作为反演约束条件,减小了迭代误差。实测二维资料的层析反演结果表明,本文方法可反演出较为精确的海洋地层速度结构。      

Seismic velocity structure around the Hyuganada region, Southwest Japan, derived from seismic tomography using land and OBS data and its implications for interplate coupling and vertical crustal uplift

The Hyuganada region, a forearc region of Southwest Japan, is characterized by several interesting geological and geophysical features, i.e., significant aseismic crustal uplift of 120 m during the past 120 thousand years at the Miyazaki Plain, negative free-air gravity anomalies with the maximum magnitude of −130 mgal, and relatively less cohesive interplate coupling compared with that for off the Shikoku and Kii Peninsula. In order to examine the causes of these observations, we determined a detailed three-dimensional seismic velocity structure based on the seismic data observed by ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) and land stations. P- and S-wave tomographic velocity structures clearly indicate the subducting slab and also the zones of high Poisson's ratio at 25–35 km depth along the coastline of the northeastern part of the Hyuganada. The region with high Poisson's ratio may correspond to the serpentinized mantle wedge as suggested for other mantle wedges, and appears to be coincident with the zone for observed aseismic slips such as the slow-slip and after-slip events. Also, the detection may be related to a relatively weak interplate coupling in the Hyuganada region. The tomographic structures also indicate low velocity zones with a horizontal scale comparable to the Kyushu-Palau Ridge in and around the subducting slab. If we assume that the low velocity zones correspond to the subducted Kyushu-Palau Ridge, then the predicted gravity anomaly due to the density contrast between the low velocity zones and the surrounding region can explain about 60% of the gravity anomaly in the Hyuganada region. The buoyancy is probably an important factor for the crustal uplift observed in the Miyazaki Plain, the steep bending of the subducting slab and the normal fault-type earthquakes around the Hyuganada region.     

贝叶斯同化重力反演方法构建龙门山地壳密度模型

重力异常对地壳横向密度变化敏感,而无约束重力反演得到的密度模型其垂向分辨能力往往不理想.为了改善反演结果的垂向分辨率,本文参考已有先验分层模型,基于贝叶斯原理,提出了一种重震联合反演的新策略,可实现多种参考模型和复杂加权参数条件下的最大后验概率估计.理论模型测试结果表明,对于深度加权、多参考模型约束等多种问题,本文提出...     

Tomographic inversion for the three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the Aswan region,Egypt

The Thurber iterative simultaneous inversion program is used to determine the three-dimensionalP-wave velocity structure in the Aswan seismic region of Egypt. The tomographic inversion presented in this study is based on 1131P-phase observations at 13 stations from 89 local earthquakes, all of which occurred within the Kalabsha fault zone. The assumed initial velocity model is that deduced from local explosion experiments. The results indicate that the Aswan region is characterized by a heterogeneous crust, consisting of a shallow, low-velocity zone and a deeper high-velocity anomaly. Seismic velocity structure within the shallow part demonstrates that the inferred change in velocity exists primarily across the east-west trending Kalabsha fault scarp, whereas the high-velocity zone is located south of this fault. Two well-resolved, low-velocity zones appear within the upper 6 km of the crust. The first coincides with a graben structure located between the Kalabsha and Seiyal faults and the second exists between the N-S Kurkur fault and the main axis of Lake Aswan. Both low-velocity zones occupy an area of approximately 30×40 km, located along the western bank of the lake. The most significant result of this study is that the location of the deeper, high-velocity anomaly coincides with the concentration of seismic activity in the lower crustal layer.     

密度和速度随机分布共网格模型的重力与地震联合反演

针对重力与地震联合反演存在的问题,结合已有的研究成果,本文研究实现了速度和密度随机分布共网格单元模型的建模技术,以适应密度和速度剧烈变化的复杂模型及联合反演的计算要求.重力正演利用了该网格的二度半体模型,并进一步改进了地震走时的二维射线追踪计算方法,以适用于速度随机分布的网格介质.结合改进的模拟退火算法,实现了这种共网格条件下的重力与地震资料的同步联合反演.模型试验证明了重力与地震联合反演可以准确确定复杂物性界面的密度和速度结构,适用于物性界面不完全一致和物性变化剧烈的复杂模型,并且联合反演结果要优于单独的重力反演.带先验信息约束下的实际资料的联合反演,进一步证明了该方法的适用性和效果,可提高反演精度并减少多解性.     

渤海及其邻区的地震层析成像

由渤海周边地区地震台网记录的P波到时进行层析成像研究,得到了该地区地壳、上地幔速度图像的新信息.结果表明:1.渤海湾内地壳薄,是Moho面上隆的中心.2.渤张断裂由几段相接而成,属壳内断裂.3.该区岩石层厚度变化显著,渤海内为110km,燕山地区大于180km.渤海湾内上地幔盖层速度是研究区内最高的,最大值为8.45km/s,其岩石成分是高密度物质.这是该区呈现高重力异常的缘由.4.渤海内庙岛西部中地壳有一近似圆状的低速体,渤海内强震以及近期地震活动沿其周边展布,那里是高、低速块体的交界部位.研究区内其它地区的强震一般也发生在地壳中高速块体的边侧,或高速块体与低速块体的交界位置.     

An efficient and adaptive approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates

The need to obtain more reliable Earth structures has been the impetus for conducting joint inversions of disparate geophysical datasets. For seismic arrival time tomography, joint inversion of arrival time and gravity data has become an important way to investigate velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle. However, the absence of an efficient approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates limits the joint tomographic analysis to only local scales. In order to extend the joint tomographic inversion into spherical coordinates, and enable it to be feasible for regional studies, we develop an efficient and adaptive approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates based on the longitudinal/latitudinal grid spacing. The complete gravity effects of spherical prisms, including gravitational potential, gravity vector and tensor gradients, are calculated by numerical integration of the Gauss–Legendre quadrature (GLQ). To ensure the efficiency of the gravity modeling, spherical prisms are recursively subdivided into smaller units according to their distances to the observation point. This approach is compatible with the parameterization of regional arrival time tomography for large areas, in which both the near- and far-field effects of the Earth's curvature cannot be ignored. Therefore, this approach can be implemented into the joint tomographic inversion of arrival time and gravity data conveniently. As practical applications, the complete gravity effects of a single anomalous density body have been calculated, and the gravity anomalies of two tomographic models in the Taiwan region have also been obtained using empirical relationships between P-wave velocity and density.     

UPPER CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE AND CONSTRAINING FAULT INTERPRETATION FROM SHUNYI-TANGGU REFRACTION EXPERIMENT DATA

The urban active fault survey is of great significance to improve the development and utilization of urban underground space, the urban resilience, the regional seismic reference modeling, and the natural hazard prevention. The Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan region with the densest population is one of the most developed and most important urban groups, located at the northeastern North China plain. There are several fault systems crossing and converging in this region, and most of the faults are buried. The tectonic setting of the faults is complex from shallow to deep. There are frequent historical earthquakes in this area, which results in higher earthquake risk and geological hazards. There are two seismicity active belts in this area. One is the NE directed earthquake belt located at the east part of the profile in northern Ninghai near the Tangshan earthquake region. The other is located in the Beijing plain in the northwest of the profile and near the southern end of Yanshan fold belt, where the 1679 M8.0 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake occurred, the largest historical earthquake of this area. Besides, there are some small earthquake activities related to the Xiadian Fault and the Cangdong Fault at the central part of the profile.
The seismic refraction experiment is an efficient approach for urban active fault survey, especially in large- and medium-size cities. This method was widely applied to the urban hazard assessment of Los Angeles. We applied a regularized tomography method to modeling the upper crustal velocity structure from the high-resolution seismic refraction profile data which is across the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan region. This seismic refraction profile, with 185km in length, 18 chemical explosive shots and 500m observation space, is the profile with densest seismic acquisition in the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan region up to now. We used the trial-error method to optimize the starting velocity model for the first-arrival traveltime inversion. The multiple scale checker board tests were applied to the tomographic result assessment, which is a non-linear method to quantitatively estimate the inversion results. The resolution of the tomographic model is 2km to 4km through the ray-path coverage when the threshold value is 0.5 and is 4km to 7km through the ray-path coverage when the threshold value is 0.7. The tomographic model reveals a very thick sediment cover on the crystalline basement beneath the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan region. The P wave velocity of near surface is 1.6km/s. The thickest sediment cover area locates in the Huanghua sag and the Wuqing sag with a thickness of 8km, and the thinnest area is located at the Beijing sag with a thickness of 2km. The thickness of the sediment cover is 4km and 5km in the Cangxian uplift and the Dacang sag, respectively. The depth of crystalline basement and the tectonic features of the geological subunits are related to the extension and rift movement since the Cenozoic, which is the dynamics of formation of the giant basins.
It is difficult to identify a buried fault system, for a tomographic regularization process includes velocity smoothing, and limited by the seismic reflection imaging method, it is more difficult to image the steep fault. Velocity and seismic phase variations usually provide important references that describe the geometry of the faults where there are velocity differences between the two sides of fault. In this paper, we analyzed the structural features of the faults with big velocity difference between the two sides of the fault system using the velocity difference revealed by tomography and the lateral seismic variations in seismograms, and constrained the geometry of the major faults in the study region from near surface to upper crust. Both the Baodi Fault and the Xiadian Fault are very steep with clear velocity difference between their two sides. The seismic refraction phases and the tomographic model indicate that they both cut the crystalline basement and extend to 12km deep. The Baodi Fault is the boundary between the Dachang sag and the Wuqing sag. The Xiadian Fault is a listric fault and a boundary between the Tongxian uplift and the Dachang sag. The tomographic model and the earthquake locations show that the near-vertical Shunyi-Liangxiang Fault, with a certain amount of velocity difference between its two sides, cuts the crystalline basement, and the seismicity on the fault is frequent since Cenozoic. The Shunyi-Liangxiang Fault can be identified deep to 20km according to the seismicity hypocenters.
The dense acquisition seismic refraction is a good approach to construct velocity model of the upper crust and helpful to identify the buried faults where there are velocity differences between their two sides. Our results show that the seismic refraction survey is a useful implement which provides comprehensive references for imaging the fault geometry in urban active fault survey.     

三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法

由于地面微地震监测台站布设在地表,会受到地表起伏、低降速带厚度和速度变化的影响,降低了微地震事件的识别准确度和定位精度,限制了地面微地震监测技术在复杂地表地区的应用.因此,将三维地震勘探技术的思路引入到地面微地震监测中,提出了三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法,将油气勘探和开发技术更加紧密地结合在一起.根据三维地震数据和低降速带测量数据,通过约束层析反演方法建立精确的近地表速度模型,将地面微地震台站从起伏地表校正到高速层中的平滑基准面上,有效消除复杂近地表的影响.其次,根据射孔数据和声波测井速度信息,通过非线性反演方法建立最优速度模型,由于已经消除复杂近地表的影响,在进行速度模型优化时不需要考虑近地表的影响,因而建立的速度模型更加准确.最后,在精确速度模型的基础上,通过互相关方法求取剩余静校正量,进一步消除了复杂近地表和速度模型近似误差的影响.三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法采用逐步校正的思路,能够有效消除复杂近地表的影响,提高微地震数据的品质和速度模型的精确度,保证了微地震事件的定位精度,具有良好的应用前景.     

基于抛物线密度模型的频率域三维界面反演及其在川滇地区的应用

密度界面反演作为了解地球内部结构的一种重要方法,长期以来都是重力学研究的主要内容.本文结合抛物线密度模型及频率域算法的优点,将抛物线密度函数应用于Parker-Oldenburg算法,经过理论推导得到了抛物线密度模型的频率域公式,从而建立了基于抛物线密度模型的三维密度界面重力异常正反演的算法和流程.理论模型数据试验表明本方法快速、有效,适用于大多数浅部比深部增加更快的实际地壳密度.研究中还利用该方法对川滇地区重力异常进行了反演,获得了该区的莫霍面深度分布,并与接收函数研究结果进行对比分析,进一步验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

重力与地震资料的模拟退火约束联合反演

联合反演是综合地球物理研究的重要定量解释手段.本文在总结和分析重力与地震资料联合反演的研究现状基础上,利用改进的全局寻优的快速模拟退火算法,实现了重力和地震资料的约束同步联合反演.针对性地设计了密度和速度界面不完全一致的模型,理论模型的试验说明了方法的效果和适用性.结合最近完成的广东徐闻地区实际资料的处理和解释,表明该方法可准确确定复杂构造物性界面的密度和速度结构,在该地区的油气勘探中发挥了作用.在先验信息约束下,该联合反演方法要明显优于单独的重力反演.     

青藏高原及其邻区岩石层三维密度结构

搜集了青藏高原及其邻近区域的S波速度三维层析成像结果和2万多个实测重力点资料，将重力资料进行各种改正并网格化为30′×30′的布格重力异常．首先采用密度差与S波速度差之间的经验关系式，建立青藏地区岩石层密度的初始模型，再利用布格重力异常进行阻尼最小二乘法反演，得到青藏地区岩石层三维密度分布结果．反演结果表明：（1）青藏高原岩石层密度分布不仅在纵向上不均匀，而且在横向存在明显的不均匀．在深度10－70km范围内，高原整体呈低密度特性，在50－70km深度范围内低密度特征更加突出，与周缘地区存在0，1g／cm³的密度差．而在90－110km深度范围内，高原岩石层地幔显示密度高．（2）岩层密度分布与大地构造有明显相关的分区性，显示出青藏块体、巴颜喀拉块体、塔里木块体和印度块体．