新疆乌恰2次5.1级地震加速度记录特征对比分析

分析新疆乌恰两次5.1级地震4个强震台的强震动记录,第1次地震4个台记录卓越频率在4.25 Hz-13.59 Hz;第2次地震4个台记录卓越频率为2.45 Hz-3.61 Hz.从谱比曲线可以看出,2次地震在同一观测场地的场地效应基本相似,基岩台场地效应在高频部分有明显放大作用,土层场地在高频部分有明显的减小作用.     

云南丽江峡谷的场地放大

分析S波土层/基岩和脉动水平/垂直的频谱比,分别得出了位于丽江峡谷南段、中段和北段的丽宾、白沙和玉龙3个台站的场地放大．使用的资料是1996年2月3日云南丽江MS＝7.0地震余震的数字记录．在1～4 Hz频率范围内,丽宾台S波东西分量土层/基岩频谱比最大,达4.5;丽宾台脉动土层北南/垂直频谱比接近1,东西/垂直频谱比约为4.5,且与上述土层/基岩频谱比相同．表明脉动的垂直和北南分量未被土层放大,单台Nakamura法可用．用此法进而求出了白沙和玉龙的脉动频谱比,它们具有同丽宾脉动频谱比类似的特征．在上述频率范围内,两台的北南/垂直频谱比接近1,而东西/垂直频谱比白沙台约为6,玉龙台约为4.5．在丽江峡谷有横越峡谷的方向性场地响应特征．      

丽江7.0级地震的余震环境应力τ0值研究

利用1996年丽江7.0级余震序列资料,通过波谱分析,求出了余震的地震矩M0,以断裂力学和地震标定律的新观点,导出了用峰值速度νp求震源处环境应力的关系,估算了环境应力τ0值.震源参数测定的结果给出,震级ML2.0 ～3.5之间求出的地震矩M0在1019～1022(dyne*c m)之间,每次地震平均环境应力0值在1.0～9.0MPa 的范围内变化,绝大多数为2.0～5.0MPa.高τ0值主要分布在7.0级主震断裂构造及几次5.0～6.0级强余震的周围地区.其次,本文研究的另一个重要结果是, 发现场地放大对地震波记录影响十分明显,通过基岩台站与沉积层台站记录的数字地震波谱场地影响分析,结果给出频率f在1.0～3.0Hz的范围内,沉积层水平向放大约为基岩的3.5倍,理论关系给出二种场地测定的τ0值沉积场地比基岩场地大1.5倍,本文用峰值速度实测求出的震源环境应力τ0值也相应增大约1.3倍,与理论关系结果基本一致.由此,本文详细研究了丽江峡谷的场地放大对震源应力参数测定的影响.     

华北中北部地区震源参数和场地响应的联合反演

利用遗传算法反演华北中北部地区27个地震震源谱的低频水平、拐角频率和25个台站的场地响应。具体方法是利用研究区的平均衰减模型对记录谱进行路径校正，然后假定每一个地震的ω^2模型，调整低频水平和拐角频率使所有台站场地响应的标准偏差最小，最后给出参与计算的每个台站的场地响应。结果表明，17个基岩台中11个台的场地响应在1～20Hz范围内接近1，6个基岩台的场地响应部分频段放大或缩小3倍以上。8个井下摆台站的场地响应形态相同，表现为低频放大，高频部分迅速衰减。地震矩与震级的关系为logM0=17．1 1．13ML，地震矩与震源半径的关系为logM0=19．4 0．0052r。     

场地放大效应的估计

本利用唐山地区9个台站得到的13次近场地震记录分析了场地放大效应，其中一些站位于废弃的地下煤矿坑道内，最深的一个台站在地下822m处，首先检验确定了地面反射波对地下场地的入射波没有很大影响，在后利用地下基岩场地台站（－822m)作参考场地，用线性反演法来同时分离震源，传播途径和局部场地效应，结果发现：在1至10Hz的频段上S波品质因子Qs基本上与频率成正比；与以地面基岩场地作参考场地所得的结果相比较，地面基岩场地的反应并不是一常数，它在大于6Hz的高频段上有明显的放大作用，在本的研究事件中，在6至10Hz的频段上这个放大纱数约为2至4。这表明由于地面基岩场地本身的放大作用，将导致在作场地震动预测时会低估地震作用，最后采用一种新的非参考场地法，即遗传算法，用w^2震源模型来估计绝对场地效应。在本的研究结果中，对大多数台站场地来说，所得的绝对场地应应与以地下基岩台站作参考场地所得的相对场地效应十分一致。这表明这作场地震动分析时，当仔细考虑了反射波对入射波的影响后，地下或井下基岩场地是比地面基岩场地更合适的参考场地。     

北京及邻区Q值及台站场地响应分析

基于北京及邻区区域测震台网2009年4月至2016年9月记录到的110个地震的波形资料,运用Atkinson、Moya方法分别研究了北京及邻区的Q值和场地响应;结合地质构造,我们将研究区域划分为3个区:一区(平原区)、二区(延怀盆地)和三区(燕山地区),计算出各区的Q值:Q1(f)=182.00f0.7073,Q2(f)=191.81f0.6215,Q3(f)=486.12f0.3506,讨论了各分区Q值的差异和原因,并与现有Q值结果进行对比;通过计算,获得了126个台站(51个非基岩台和75个基岩台)的场地响应。结果表明:在频域1~20Hz范围内,非基岩台(全部位于一区)场地响应形态比较一致,低频放大,高频衰减,场地响应最大为8,放大与衰减临界频率约为6~13 Hz,最小衰减至0.1以下;大部分基岩台低频段放大不明显,三区基岩台场地最稳定。     

厚盖层场地的联合效应和强地面运动随机模拟

对于既缺少深钻孔资料,又缺少数字地震记录资料的厚盖层场地,其场地放大和衰减联合效应(简称“场地联合效应”)用常规方法估计困难。本文依据强地面运动随机模拟方法的预测方程,用近场中小地震的加速度记录,估计新疆伽师厚盖层场地的放大因子和高频滤波因子之积——场地联合效应,非线性矫正结果显示,场地的联合效应因子在O．5—10Hz大于2,在1—4Hz达到4。依此联合效应因子对研究区的强地面运动进行了随机模拟,预测结果与实际记录吻合较好。     

用Moya方法反演云南数字地震台站场地响应

采用云南区域数字地震台网记录到的178个M≥3.0地震的S波资料,运用Moya方法反演了其中22个子台的场地响应。结果表明,在1～15Hz范围内,22个子台的场地响应都与频率相关,其中3个台的场地响应接近1、平稳变化;11个台站低频部分场地响应接近1、高频衰减;7个台站低频部分场地放大、高频衰减,1个台站场地放大明显。     

基于场地响应和量规函数对唐山5.1级地震的震级校正

利用2010年以来河北省测震台网记录到的654个M_L≥2.5地震波形数据,使用Moya方法联合反演计算震源谱及各台站场地响应。河北省测震台网实时接收168个台站数据,最终反演得到151个测震台站场地响应结果。结果显示,频率1～20Hz内各台站均存在不同程度的场地放大效应,随着频率的变化,各类基岩台的场地响应变化较为复杂。位于第四系沉积类的台站场地响应在低频段1～8Hz内放大效应显著,在高频段8～20Hz内呈现快速衰减趋势。选取2017年以来河北省测震台网记录的M_L≥2.0地震数据,对各台站单台震级与台网平均震级进行对比统计、分析,最终得出代表河北地区的地方性震级M_L新量规函数。针对2020年7月12日河北唐山5.1级地震,利用本文得到的台站场地响应结果对震级偏大且有放大作用的台站进行放大作用消除,再分别用现用地方性震级M_L量规函数和河北地区地方性震级M_L新量规函数对单台震级进行重新计算,结果显示震级偏差均有所减小。     

江苏及邻区地震波非弹性衰减Q值、场地响应和震源参数研究

根据江苏数字地震台网(包含邻区共享台站)73个数字地震台记录的49次地震事件的波形资料,用Atkinson方法对江苏地区的非弹性衰减Q值进行了计算,得到研究区介质非弹性衰减平均Q值随频率f的关系式为Q(f)=272.1·f~(0.5575),并用Moya方法计算并得到了研究区内63个台站的场地响应。结果表明,江苏境内25个地面基岩台的场地响应为1~20Hz,放大倍数基本在1附近波动,符合基岩台基的特征。14个井下台站场地响应形态相同,表现为低频放大,高频部分迅速衰减。根据Brune模型计算并获得了江苏及邻区2010年10月至2015年3月58个M_L2.5以上地震的震源参数,结果表明,近震震级与地震矩、震源尺度和拐角频率的相关性较好,而与应力降的关系不明显,且应力降与震源尺度的关系也不明显。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.