流动环境中二维铅垂纯射流的试验研究

对均匀流动环境中的铅直二维射流进行了试验研究,得到了流动转变的条件.采用超声多普勒流速仪(ADV)对射流流场进行了测量,得到了流速矢量图和流线图,发现在射流的迎流面存在流线跌落现象.探讨了流速比对射流背流面涡心和分离点位置的影响.给出低流速比为8的射流流场的实测结果,以供数值模拟对比使用.     

多孔紊动射流的数值模拟与实验研究进展

多孔射流作为流体运动的一种重要类型,在工程中具有非常广泛的用途。由于多孔射流各股水流之间的卷吸和掺混的存在,增加了流场的复杂性。长期以来研究人员从理论分析、实验测量和数值模拟方面对多孔紊动射流进行了大量的研究工作,目前已经认识了流场中的许多流动特性和流动机理。从数值模拟和实验研究两个方面,比较分析了国内外多孔紊动射流的研究现状和研究结果,评述了不同湍流模型以及不同实验测量方法对紊动射流的预测能力,讨论了存在的问题并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

浅水环境中垂向圆形纯射流的试验研究

对静止均匀浅水水域中的铅垂圆形单孔射流进行了试验研究,试验是在实验室的自制恒定水流循环系统中进行的。得到了水面的隆起高度与射流出口单位能量和相对水深的函数关系;验证了隆起高度分布具有自相似性,并给出其统一表达式;借助于三维测速仪,得到了射流流速的横断面分布、射流中线流速的衰减规律和流场的流函数等值线。     

基于FVCOM数值模拟和观察资料的长江冲淡水转向机制分析

应用FVCOM海洋模式,建立长江口附近海域海洋模型。通过径流、风场、潮汐、斜压和背景流场等不同环境因素下的数值模拟并结合"我国近海海洋综合调查与评价"专项长江口区域的调查资料进行分析,对长江冲淡水的扩展情况进行研究。数值实验再现了长江冲淡水在夏季的转向现象,通过实验对比分析发现长江冲淡水的转向主要是受风场控制,其中斜压效应、潮汐潮流、背景流场对冲淡水的转向影响不明显。长江径流和潮汐潮流只影响长江口附近的较小区域,背景流场本身比较稳定,对长江冲淡水扩展的季节变化影响不大,斜压效应在长江冲淡水转向过程中所起作用较小。     

浅析重金属在潮汐河段的变化规律

大辽河营口段系感潮河段,是河流和海洋两种动力因素共同作用的区域,河川径流有丰、平、枯及年内、年际变化,而潮汐则有涨、落潮和大、中、小潮的周期变化,这些变化使污染物质的迁移转化、稀释扩散及自净的机理变得更加复杂。对潮汐河段特性、重金属在潮汐河段中的变化及回荡时间的演变规律进行研究探讨,得出重金属在潮汐河段中的转化与氯离子浓度、有机络合物、碳酸盐等物质有关,向海水排泄速度与上游来水量大小及涨落潮有关,认识这些规律,对治理和净化大辽河河水水质有一定的促进作用。     

滩地植被化明渠中横向水平射流特性试验研究

运用Micro ADV测速系统,对3种工况下滩地植被化的复式断面横流环境中三维圆形水平射流的特性进行了试验研究.试验测得的射流典型横断面速度场及湍动能的成果表明,射流与来流的相互作用表现出明显的分叉现象,其分叉半角为5.71°;复式断面二次流具有加速射流分叉的作用,滩地植被具有减缓射流分叉的效应.对射流出口平面的速度场及湍动能的分析表明,射流轨迹曲线的弯曲程度、射流中心线的位置主要取决于射流与来流流速比.流动横断面流速和湍动能特性表明,射流在整个流场中是各向异性的.     

横流中多孔射流流动特性实验研究

横流中多孔射流的流动特性是揭示其输移扩散机理的基础。利用粒子图像测速技术PIV测量了横向流动条件下单孔、两孔和四孔射流的速度场,对射流主体范围内、射流的迎流面和各个射流之间的流场进行了研究。实验研究表明,多个射流中的第1个射流迎流面卷吸强度明显大于单个射流情况;两个射流之间的区域可分为两个部分,上游部分水体被卷吸进入上一个射流,下游部分水体被卷吸进入下一个射流;后面射流迎流面的横向流速明显低于第1个射流迎流面的横向流速,揭示了导致后面射流弯曲的横向有效流速沿程发展变化过程;揭示了横向有效流速的沿程变化规律。     

横流中圆孔湍射流的旋涡结构

应用PIV流场测试系统,研究不同流速比的横流中圆孔湍射流的旋涡结构。发现主要有4类旋涡,即射流主体周缘剪切层的类开尔文涡列、横流绕流分离旋涡、射流喷口前缘的马蹄涡系和尾迹涡。分析了这些旋涡的形成机理及其拓扑性质,射流近区有两条分离线,一条是横流绕流分离线,另一条是使射流两侧剪切层旋涡进入分离旋涡区的分离线。证实绕流分离旋涡最终在射流的顺流贯穿段进入射流主体,混合形成射流主体内的主反向旋转涡对。     

冲击器射流元件内部流场CFD模拟仿真分析

利用CFD数值模拟手段,对射流元件内部流场进行模拟,并对数据进行分析研究,得出结论为：在空载作用下,元件在一侧出流。赋予不同的主喷嘴流量,元件的属性各参量变化不大,可见,元件结构既定,元件射流附壁属性基本确定。该模拟仿真分析丰富了射流元件内部流动的理论研究,完善了参数设计,这对射流式冲击器的设计理念和理论研究有很好的指导意义。     

射流冲刷底泥起动输移规律及机理

水下高速流体射流冲沙是清淤作业的必要手段，如何有效提高射流造浆效率对河(航)道清淤和水库库容修复等工程具有重要价值。采用射流冲刷底泥起动输移试验与高速射流喷头流场数值模拟手段，研究不同水力要素下射流对底床的冲刷效果，分析射流流速分布及衰减规律，探明高速射流底泥冲刷机理。研究结果表明：射流造浆过程中存在最优冲沙距离，使得造浆速率及浑水体浓度增长速度最快；射流中线剖面上横断面射流时均速度分布、最大速度衰减规律具有相似性，不同射流流速下射流初步发展区的射流速度半宽增长率相同；射流冲刷效率与射流发展中的阻力损失和到达床面时的能量损失直接相关，确定合理的射流喷头布置高度有利于提高造浆效率。研究成果对射流造浆能力与速率的提升乃至清淤设备的升级改造提供了有力支撑。     

Crustal properties from S-wave and gravity data along a seismic refraction profile in Romania

VRANCEA'99 is a seismic refraction line that was carried out in 1999 to investigate the deep structure and physical properties of the upper lithosphere of the southeastern Carpathians and its foreland. It runs from the city of Bacau to the Danube River, traversing the Vrancea epicentral area of strong intermediate-depth seismicity and the city of Bucharest.

Interpretation of P-wave arrivals led to a velocity model that displays a multi-layered crust with velocities increasing with depth. The range of P wave velocities in the sedimentary cover increases from N to S and a structuring of the autochthonous basement of the Moesian Platform is observed. The crystalline crust displays thickness variations, but at the same time the lateral velocity structure along the seismic line remains almost constant. An intra-crustal boundary separates an upper crust from the lower crust. Within the upper mantle a low velocity zone is detected at a depth of about 55-km.

The interpretation of observable S-waves resulted in a velocity model that shows the same multi-layered crust, with S-velocities increasing similarly with depth as the P-waves. The corresponding Poisson's ratio is highly variable throughout the crust and ranges from 0.20–0.35 for the sedimentary cover to 0.22–0.25 for the crystalline crust. The interpretation of the V_p, V_s and Poisson's ratio in petrological terms suggests a large variety of rocks from sand and clay to sandstone, limestone and dolomite within the sedimentary cover. Within the crystalline crust the most probably rock types are granite, granodiorite, granite–gneiss and/or felsic amphibolite–gneiss in the upper part and gneiss and /or amphibolite in the lower part.

Based on the 2-D seismic velocity model, a density model is developed. Density values are assigned to each layer in agreement with the P-wave velocity model and with values accepted for the geological units in the area. After several iterations a good fit between the computed and observed Bouguer anomalies was obtained along the seismic line.     

基于Sentinel-1SAR数据的南极松岛冰川流速监测

南极入海冰川的流速对了解物质平衡和海平面上升具有重要意义。基于Sentinel-1 SAR数据,利用特征跟踪法提取了2015-2017年松岛冰川的冬夏季流速,分析了冰川流速的年际和季节变化特征。结果表明松岛冰川处于高速流动状态,流速最高达4 400 m·a^-1左右。沿主流线方向,2015-2017年2月（夏季）的平均流速分别是3 502 m·a^-1、3 529 m·a^-1、3 498 m·a^-1。2015-2017年8月（冬季）的平均流速分别是3 473 m·a^-1、3 498 m·a^-1、3 478 m·a^-1。2015-2017年松岛冰川主流线上平均流速为3 450~3 550 m·a^-1,流速总体保持稳定,没有明显变化。2015-2017年松岛冰川流速没有明显季节差异,冬夏季流速大致持平。基于裸露岩石作为控制点的分析表明误差为22~39 m·a^-1,冰川流速监测结果是可信的。     

Interannual and seasonal variation of flow velocity in Koxkar Baxi Glacier from 2014 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Glacier flow is a key factor in understanding the nature of glaciers, and it is also one of the main research contents of glacier dynamics, which can provide basic support for rational utilization of glacier resources and early warning of glacier disasters. There are many mountain glaciers located in the west of China. The study on the spatiotemporal variation of surface velocity of glaciers also has great significance for the social and economic development of the western China. Koxkar Baxi Glacier, locates on the southern slopes of the Tomur Peak, is a typical dendritic glacier. In order to obtain the conditions of Koxkar Baxi Glacier’flow rates and its variation to further reveal the future of the variation of glacier, the spatiotemporal variability of glacier velocity was surveyed using correlation(COSI-Corr)method on Landsat imagery from 2014 to 2020. The results show that: (1)The average annual flow velocity of the Koxkar Baxi Glacier was 0. 04~0. 05 m·d-1 during 2014 to 2020. (2)The glacier reaches its maximum flow velocity near the center part, and the velocity decreased towards both lateral margins. In a longitudinal profile, ice flow velocity in the accumulation area increased down to the equilibrium line, while decreased towards the glacier terminal. The maximum velocity with 0. 17~ 0. 20 m·d-1 was found near the equilibrium line altitude. (3)The glacier flow velocity in warm seasons were 16. 67% faster than that in cold seasons. (4)The glacier flow velocity from 2014 to 2020 showed a slight decreasing trend, and the average flow velocity decreased 0. 01 m·d-1. (5)Temperature and precipitation had certain influence on the seasonal fluctuation and interannual variation of the flow velocity of the glacier. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

提高水价对水资源需求的影响分析——以华北地区为例

中国已决定在3年之内把目前严重偏低的供水价格提高到保本乃至微利水平,这意味着华北地区农业供水价格将从目前的0.03元/m3左右提高到0.2元/m3～0.3元/m3,工业用自来水价格将从0.50元/m3～1.50元/m3提高到3.0元/m3～4.0元/m3,生活用水价格将从0.30元/m3～1.00元/m3提高到1.00元/m3～2.50元/m3。如此大幅度地提高水价,将对华北地区的水资源需求产生强烈的抑制作用,相对于原来预测的水资源需求量,水价提升将使水资源需求量减少25%～50%,达132～250亿m3,至少相当于“南水北调”中线和东线两项工程调往黄河以北的水量。显然,理顺水价具有很大的节水潜力。     

Velocity structure of the continental upper mantle: evidence from southern Africa

The velocity model for southern Africa of Qiu et al. [Qiu, X., Priestley, K., McKenzie, D., 1996. Average lithospheric structure of southern Africa. Geophys. J. Int. 127, 563–587] is revised so as to satisfy both the regional seismic waveform data and the fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocity data for the region. The revised S-wave model is similar to the original model of Qiu et al. except that the high velocity, upper mantle lid extends to 160 km depth in the revised model rather than to 120 km in the original model. Sensitivity tests of the regional seismic data show that the minimum velocity in the S-wave low velocity zone can be as high as 4.45 km s⁻¹ compared to 4.32 km s⁻¹ in the Qiu et al. model. The vertical S-wave travel time for the revised south African model is compared with the vertical S-wave travel times for the global tomographic models S12WM13 and S16B30, and they are found to be similar.     

采用RNG紊流模型计算静止环境中圆形负浮力射流

基于RNG方法的κ-ε湍流模型,运用混合有限分析算法对静止环境中圆形负浮力射流进行数值模拟。从射流的最大入侵高度、流速矢量图、温度等值线、湍动能等值线、横断面上的流速和温度分布以及轴线上温度变化等方面与有效的试验资料进行了较为全面的对比验证。两者的良好吻合表明,基于RNG方法的紊流模型和混合有限分析法的结合能较好地模拟变密度流动。     

祁连山冷龙岭宁缠河3号冰川表面流速特征分析

2009年9月对祁连山冷龙岭宁缠河3号冰川外围建立控制网, 于冰川表面布设了13根标志杆, 随后分别于2010年7月、2010年9月再次对设立在冰川表面的花杆点进行测量, 获取2009/2010年度、2009年9月-2010年7月与2010年7-9月3个时段宁缠河3号冰川表面流速.结果显示: 2009/2010年度宁缠河3号冰川最大流速出现在海拔4 430 m附近, 为3.76 m·a^-1;2009年9月-2010年7月表面流速最大值出现在海拔4 430 m附近, 为0.32 m·月^-1;2010年7-9月最大流速出现在海拔4 380 m附近, 为0.47 m·月^-1.总体来看, 2009/2010年度宁缠河3号冰川纵剖面上流速变化较为缓和, 显示出流速随海拔变化而变化的规律. 但不同季节表面流速在纵剖面上的分布情况不同, 横剖面上主流线附近流速最大, 向冰川两边逐渐递减, 各观测点均平行于主流线方向向冰川末端运动, 表现出冰川运动一般规律. 在冰川表面运动速度观测区域内东南边缘流速略大于西北边缘, 同时与规模相近的冰川运动速度相比, 宁缠河3号冰川运动速度较大.     

基于SAR影像的喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰地区冰川运动速度特征及其影响因素分析

合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)具有其全天候、全天时、穿云透雾的工作能力, 广泛应用于山地冰川动态监测中. 利用2006年6-9月三期ALOS/PALSAR雷达影像, 采用偏移量跟踪技术, 提取了喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰(珠峰)区域的冰川运动速度, 分析了区域内冰川运动速度空间差异及其影响因素. 结果表明: 研究区31条山谷冰川平均运动速度为9.3 cm·d^-1, 总体上以珠峰-洛子峰南北向山脊线为界限, 东侧和东南侧冰川日均运动速度(11.1 cm·d^-1)普遍高于北部和西北部冰川日均运动速度(5.4 cm·d^-1). 冰川消融区非表碛区冰川平均运动速度为表碛覆盖区平均运动速度的2.2倍, 冰面湖的发育在一定程度上加剧冰川运动速度波动. 在气候与非气候因子共同作用和相互间的此消彼长中, 研究区65%的冰川的运动速度自中值高度往下显著减小, 16%的冰川自中值高度往下呈显著增大趋势, 19%冰川消融区运动速度无显著变化趋势.     

VRANCEA99—the crustal structure beneath the southeastern Carpathians and the Moesian Platform from a seismic refraction profile in Romania

The VRANCEA99 seismic refraction experiment is part of an international and multidisciplinary project to study the intermediate depth earthquakes of the Eastern Carpathians in Romania. As part of the seismic experiment, a 300-km-long refraction profile was recorded between the cities of Bacau and Bucharest, traversing the Vrancea epicentral region in NNE–SSW direction.

The results deduced using forward and inverse ray trace modelling indicate a multi-layered crust. The sedimentary succession comprises two to four seismic layers of variable thickness and with velocities ranging from 2.0 to 5.8 km/s. The seismic basement coincides with a velocity step up to 5.9 km/s. Velocities in the upper crystalline crust are 5.9–6.2 km/s. An intra-crustal discontinuity at 18–31 km divides the crust into an upper and a lower layer. Velocities within the lower crust are 6.7–7.0 km/s. Strong wide-angle PmP reflections indicate the existence of a first-order Moho at a depth of 30 km near the southern end of the line and 41 km near the centre. Constraints on upper mantle seismic velocities (7.9 km/s) are provided by Pn arrival times from two shot points only. Within the upper mantle a low velocity zone is interpreted. Travel times of a PLP reflection define the bottom of this low velocity layer at a depth of 55 km. The velocity beneath this interface must be at least 8.5 km/s.

Geologic interpretation of the seismic data suggests that the Neogene tectonic convergence of the Eastern Carpathians resulted in thin-skinned shortening of the sedimentary cover and in thick-skinned shortening in the crystalline crust. On the autochthonous cover of the Moesian platform several blocks can be recognised which are characterised by different lithological compositions. This could indicate a pre-structuring of the platform at Mesozoic and/or Palaeozoic times with a probable active involvement of the Intramoesian and the Capidava–Ovidiu faults. Especially the Intramoesian fault is clearly recognisable on the refraction line. No clear indications of the important Trotus fault in the north of the profile could be found. In the central part of the seismic line a thinned lower crust and the low velocity zone in the uppermost mantle point to the possibility of crustal delamination and partial melting in the upper mantle.     

超临界CO2注入煤层对顶板岩石纵波速度及力学响应特征研究

深部煤层CO₂地质封存与CH₄强化开采(CO₂–ECBM)技术在提高煤层气采收率的同时可实现碳减排,具有能源和环境双重效益。超临界CO₂(ScCO₂)、水和煤层顶板之间的地球化学反应可改变其物理力学性质,增加CO₂泄漏的风险。以沁水盆地胡底煤矿3号煤层顶板岩石为研究对象,开展“ScCO₂–水–岩”地球化学反应模拟实验,探讨CO₂煤层封存条件下ScCO₂–水–顶板岩样地球化学反应过程及其对岩石纵波速度和力学性质的影响。结果表明:ScCO₂–水–岩之间化学溶蚀反应造成岩样Ca、Mg元素显著降低,促使岩样表面形成孤立状溶蚀孔,并随着反应时间的持续,进而形成大量的“溶蚀坑”和“溶蚀缝”;增加了岩样结构不连续性,使得声波传播路径增大、能量损失加剧,导致纵波波速降低;ScCO₂–水–岩反应后岩样的峰值强度和弹性模量降低,泊松比升高,且三者之间的变化率与反应时间之间呈现Logistic函数的变化关系。对于胡底煤矿而言,ScCO₂–水–岩反应过程中顶板力学性质的弱化不足以造成盖层的破裂和CO₂泄漏,但在评价煤层CO₂封存安全性时,还应考虑煤层吸附膨胀应力对顶板的影响。