长江中游动床阻力计算

动床阻力计算是水沙数学模型中的重要研究内容。三峡工程运用后，进入长江中游河段的沙量剧减引起河床冲刷及床沙粗化，导致动床阻力的变化特点更复杂，有必要研究长江中游动床阻力的计算方法。采用长江中游枝城、沙市及汉口等5个水文站2001—2012年的1 266组实测数据，选取弗劳德数（Fr）和相对水深（h/D₅₀）作为动床阻力计算的主要影响因子，建立基于水流能态分区的动床阻力公式并利用多元非线性回归的方法率定相关参数，采用长江中游上述5个水文站2013—2017年的651组实测数据对公式进行验证。结果表明:①长江中游的动床阻力主要处于低能态区和过渡区；②基于水流能态分区动床阻力公式的计算精度明显高于现有阻力公式，决定系数（R2）约为0.89，阻力系数n的计算偏差小于±30%的数据达97.7%。     

长江中游动床阻力计算

动床阻力计算是水沙数学模型中的重要研究内容。三峡工程运用后，进入长江中游河段的沙量剧减引起河床冲刷及床沙粗化，导致动床阻力的变化特点更复杂，有必要研究长江中游动床阻力的计算方法。采用长江中游枝城、沙市及汉口等5个水文站2001—2012年的1 266组实测数据，选取弗劳德数（Fr）和相对水深（h/D₅₀）作为动床阻力计算的主要影响因子，建立基于水流能态分区的动床阻力公式并利用多元非线性回归的方法率定相关参数，采用长江中游上述5个水文站2013—2017年的651组实测数据对公式进行验证。结果表明：① 长江中游的动床阻力主要处于低能态区和过渡区；② 基于水流能态分区动床阻力公式的计算精度明显高于现有阻力公式，决定系数（R²）约为0.89，阻力系数n的计算偏差小于±30%的数据达97.7%。     

黄河下游动床阻力变化及其计算方法

动床阻力在冲积河道洪水演进与河床冲淤计算中具有十分重要的作用。黄河下游不同水沙条件下的床面形态变化较大,动床阻力变化规律十分复杂,因此需要研究动床阻力的计算方法。利用黄河下游花园口、高村、利津等7个水文站1958—1990年的686组实测数据,确定了影响动床阻力变化的关键水沙因子——水流弗劳德数（Fr）与相对水深（h/D₅₀）,前者表示水流强度,后者表示床面相对粗糙度;建立了基于水流能态分区的动床阻力计算公式,并采用这些实测数据率定了公式中的相关参数;利用黄河下游各水文站1991—2016年的2 288组实测资料,进一步验证了公式的计算精度。计算结果表明:动床阻力的大小随弗劳德数或相对水深的增加而减小;基于水流能态分区动床阻力公式的计算精度明显高于未分区的公式及其他4个动床阻力公式,且决定系数（R2）总体接近0.80,说明水流强度与床面相对粗糙度对动床阻力影响十分显著。     

模拟降雨条件下坡面流水动力学特性研究

为探明降雨条件下沙黄土坡面水流水动力学特性,以流体力学和泥沙运动力学理论为依据,通过5个坡度和5个雨强组合条件下室内模拟降雨试验,系统研究了坡面水流水力参数的变化规律。结果表明,降雨条件下坡面薄层水流雷诺数均小于580,处于层流失稳区;水流流型随雨强和坡度的变化而发生转捩,当坡度较缓、雨强较小时,床面形态处于低能态区和过渡区,床面出现沙纹现象,水流宏观上呈缓流,反之,坡度较陡、雨强较大时,床面由沙纹和沙垄向动平床过渡,宏观上多呈急流;并根据薄层水流阻力组成特点,推导出沙黄土坡面薄层水流阻力计算公式。验证结果表明,该式误差较小,可为坡面侵蚀预报模型的构建提供参考。     

黄河泥沙冲淤数学模型研究

应用作者提出的动床阻力、非均匀沙挟沙力、床沙交换调正及滩槽水沙交换等关系与新的不平衡输沙等初步经验关系,建立了黄河下游及水库河床变形计算一维数学模型。经1960年～1988年共28年实测水沙资料的验证计算,结果与实际基本符合。该模型的特点是可预报各种水流及河床边界条件下的动床阻力;可同时计算确定混合沙中各粒径组的推移质、悬移质挟沙力、含沙浓度垂线分布及上滩水流含沙量;能较好地反映浑水上滩淤积减沙使主槽减淤增冲的实际情况;能够基本反映泥沙多来多排及高含沙水流的冲淤特性;能综合反映出来水流量、含沙量及级配的调节变化产生的输沙冲淤差别。应用该模型计算黄河小浪底水库库区及下游河道的冲淤,成果比较合理。     

黄河下游床面形态判别方法探讨

基于床面形态控制数理论,结合已有水槽试验研究成果,分析了床面形态控制数与不同床面形态的对应关系,提出了包括沙粒弗劳德数及相对水深(水深与泥沙中值粒径之比, 下同)的床面形态参数, 论述了简化床面形态控制数的计算方法及适用范围,研究了床面形态控制数与床面形态参数之间的相互关系及适用性;结合黄河下游床面形态运动特征,建立了床面形态判别方法。研究认为床面形态控制数能够反映高、低能态区的水流阻力特征;床面形态控制数与床面形态参数之间的关系,既适用于室内水槽试验也适用于天然河流;建立的黄河下游床面形态判别方法,得到了野外实测资料的初步检验,能够用于黄河下游不同能态区床面形态的判别。     

沙质河道冲刷不平衡输沙机理及规律研究

通过动床水槽试验,观测沙波运动,揭示了湍流扫荡河床使表层床沙产生频发的群体起动冲刷现象。据此,提出了床沙交换及冲刷粗化分二个层次的物理模式;分析了冲刷时表层床沙粗化的必然性,确定了悬移质扩散过程中适于非均匀沙河床的新的近底边界条件。依据所建立的不平衡输沙立面二维数学模型,计算了大量不同情况下的含沙量扩散恢复过程,据此总结出了冲刷时含沙量恢复饱和系数α的预报公式及变化规律。     

(四)悬移质运动

被水流悬浮挟运的泥沙称为悬沙,也称悬移质。在泥沙问题中,悬沙占重要地位。悬沙的测验研究,包括确定其数量、粒径组成、分布(垂线和断面上)及其变化过程、运行特性,与其它泥沙因素(床沙质、推移质的组成、数量、床面形态等)及水流因素(水深、流速、比降、水温、糙率等)的关系等等,都是水文泥沙工作中的重要课题。悬移质、推移质、床沙质之间的关系很密切。推移质和悬移质中经常与床沙交换的较粗部份,称为床沙质,亦称造床质;一般不会沉落于床面、与床沙质关系很小的细颗粒,称为冲泻质,也叫非造床质。床     

沙质河床冲刷过程中床沙级配的模拟

研究了沙质河床冲刷过程中床沙级配的模拟方法。在该方法中采用了新的描述床沙级配变化的动力学方程和床沙级配在交换层内垂向变化与水流强度、河床冲刷强度的关系,反映了冲刷过程中交换层内向床面补充的物理过程。通过室内实验率定了相关参数,建立了床沙级配变化动力学方程的数值求解方法,模拟了床沙冲刷粗化。计算结果与室内实验结果符合较好,表明所建议的方法反映了河床冲刷中床沙级配变化的物理事实,可用于沙质河床冲刷粗化模拟。     

Einstein床沙质输移理论的再研究——关于细颗粒床沙质输沙率的计算

本文对Einstein输沙模式进行了简化处理.在此基础上,通过严格的数学推导,求出了Einstein床沙质挟沙能力公式中的J₁、J₂及p积分,从而给出了Einstein床沙质输沙函数的解析关系.通过与数值解的比较,表明本文的结论是正确的.由于本文所给的解析结果较简单,所以使Einstein输沙公式有可能在实际中,特别是在河床变形计算中得到广泛应用.但是本文是在悬浮指数z<1的情况讨论的,因此结论只适用于以悬移质运动为主的细沙河流.     

The alluvial architecture of a suspended sediment dominated meandering river: the Río Bermejo,Argentina

The alluvial architecture of fine‐grained (silt‐bed) meandering rivers remains poorly understood in comparison to the extensive study given to sand‐bed and gravel‐bed channels. This paucity of knowledge stems, in part, from the difficulty of studying such modern rivers and deriving analogue information from which to inform facies models for ancient sediments. This paper employs a new technique, the parametric echosounder, to quantify the subsurface structure of the Río Bermejo, Argentina, which is a predominantly silt‐bed river with a large suspended sediment load. These results show that the parametric echosounder can provide high‐resolution (decimetre) subsurface imaging from fine‐grained rivers that is equivalent to the more commonly used ground‐penetrating radar that has been shown to work well in coarser‐grained rivers. Analysis of the data reveals that the alluvial architecture of the Río Bermejo is characterized by large‐scale inclined heterolithic stratification generated by point‐bar evolution, and associated large‐scale scour surfaces that result from channel migration. The small‐scale and medium‐scale structure of the sedimentary architecture is generated by vertical accretion deposits, bed sets associated with small bars, dunes and climbing ripples and the cut and fill from small cross‐bar channels. This style of alluvial architecture is very different from other modern fine‐grained rivers reported in the literature that emphasize the presence of oblique accretion. The Río Bermejo differs from these other rivers because it is much more active, with very high rates of bank erosion and channel migration. Modern examples of this type of highly active fine‐grained river have been reported rarely in the literature, although ancient examples are more prevalent and show similarities with the alluvial architecture of the Río Bermejo, which thus represents a useful analogue for their identification and interpretation. Although the full spectrum of the sedimentology of fine‐grained rivers has yet to be revealed, meandering rivers dominated by lateral or oblique accretion probably represent end members of such channels, with the specific style of sedimentation being controlled by grain size and sediment load characteristics.     

卵砾石沙波临界水流条件的水槽试验

以往对沙波的研究多针对河流中下游、河口海岸段的细沙(粒径D<1 mm),而长江上游等卵砾石输移河段(D>2 mm)是否会出现沙波以及卵砾石沙波的临界条件,尚需开展进一步研究。通过长江上游九堆子、筲箕背等卵石滩的现场踏勘,观察到明显的天然沙波形态。采用中值粒径D₅₀=1.8 mm和5.3 mm的天然沙和D₅₀=4.8 mm的轻质沙进行水槽试验,成功模拟出砾石沙波。根据恒定均匀流条件下,产生沙波的比降、水位、流量等水流条件及试验沙的粒径、比重,提出卵砾石沙波的临界条件公式。结果表明,卵砾石沙波的临界条件可以用量纲起动功率w_* 、R／D及比降S表达,并据此提出判别系数G_Dcr。当研究河段的卵砾石输移带上的水流条件满足判别系数G_Dcr,则可以判断能够产生沙波现象。     

An evaluation model of artificial neural network to predict stable width in gravel bed rivers

Regime width of alluvial channels is a vital problem in river morphology and channel design. Many equations are available in the literature to predict regime width of alluvial rivers. In general, there are many approaches to estimate regime width; however, none of them is widely accepted at present. This is due to the fact that most hypotheses have many constrains which may lead to simplify governing conditions and also lack of knowledge of some physical processes associated with channel formation and maintenance. Intelligent models are a new approach to describe complex problems one of which is artificial neural networks. In this research, initially, gravel bed rivers database was used in bankfull discharge condition to train various dimensional and non-dimensional neural-network schemes with three and four variables as input data, respectively. Then, the same database was applied to fit regression analysis to estimate regime width; this led to drive dimensional and non-dimensional equations. Finally, dimensional and non-dimensional neural-network models and regression equations were compared together based on 50% error bands with other dataset. Results show that neural network can adequately estimate the regime width in gravel bed rivers and multilayer perceptron network with one hidden layer and eight hidden neurons based on dimensional data set was selected as optimum network to predict regime width. A sensitivity analysis also shows that bankfull discharge has a greater influence on regime width of gravel bed channels than the other independent parameters in dimensional scheme of neural network.     

过渡段对连续弯道水流影响的数值模拟

通过分析不同长度的过渡段对连接连续弯曲河道后弯水流的影响,探讨航道整治工程设计中过渡段长度的确定依据。在模型试验资料验证的基础上,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和VOF方法处理自由水面的水气两相流数学模型,对连续弯道水流进行模拟计算。对比不同过渡段长度条件下后弯水流特征的变化情况,发现增加过渡段长度可以减弱前弯对后弯水流的影响。当相对过渡段长度大于一定数值后,后弯的特征水流情况保持稳定,增加过渡段长度所引起的减弱前弯水流对后弯水流影响的效应基本丧失。以后弯水流条件趋于稳定为特征定义临界过渡段长度,可作为航道尺度设计中过渡段长度取值的计算基础。     

单向流边界层泥沙起动规律

Shields曲线常用于表示泥沙起动的临界条件,基于边界层理论,对Shields曲线各个流区的线型进行了推证;考虑粘结力的作用,对Shields参数及Shields曲线进行了修正,并给出修正Shields曲线表达式;在此基础之上,从边界层角度重新阐述了Shields曲线。结果表明:Shields曲线在光滑紊流及层流区呈直线分布,在过渡区与阻力系数线型保持一致,在粗糙紊流区呈水平直线分布;修正后Shields曲线与原始Shields曲线在形式上保持一致,修正Shields曲线表达式与实测数据吻合较好,适用于粗、细颗粒泥沙起动条件的计算;Shields曲线事实上代表了Shields参数与沙粒周围绕流流态的关系,同一颗粒处于不同流区起动时,其起动切应力不同。     

The infill of a supradetachment(?) basin: the continental to shallow-marine Upper Permian succession in the Dolomites and Carnia (Italy)

In the Dolomites and Carnia (eastern Southern Alps), the Upper Permian succession is represented by red beds of Val Gardena Sandstone, grading upwards and eastwards into the evaporitic and carbonate deposits of the Bellerophon Formation.

An overall transgressive pattern is shown by the general trend of the depositional setting, which evolved from flashy alluvial fans, through multiple-channel bedload rivers, mixed-load sinuous rivers, terminal fans, coastal sabkha and evaporitic lagoon, to a shallow, low-gradient marine ramp. The inferred fluvial regime was subject to rapid and erratic fluctuations in discharge. Palaeosols are represented by calcic soils, and suggest a warm to hot, semi-arid or dry subhumid climate with strongly seasonal rainfall. Vertic features are associated with more inland alluvial complexes: they are missing in the terminal-fan deposits, suggesting greater aridity in lowland (coastal) areas.

The Bellerophon Fm. consists of two units: a lower evaportte-bearing unit, deposited in a barred basin, and an upper shallow-marine carbonate unit, laid down on a very low-energy, low-gradient ramp.

Five third-order sequences and the lower part of a sixth sequence, collectively showing a backstepping pattern, have been identified in the succession. Due to the presence of a very low-gradient ramp margin, and the consequent ineffectiveness of relative sea-level falls in producing large-scale erosion in coastal areas, it is suggested that, rather than eustatic changes, degradational episodes marking sequence boundaries in the red-bed succession reflect changes in the climate-modulated intrinsic variables of discharge and sediment supply, and/or tectonic uplift.

Base level rises in, red-bed sequences are recorded by upward change from thick channel-belt sandstone bodies with an often high connectedness ratio, to progressively thinner channel deposits, ranging from isolated ribbons to channel-belt sandstone bodies potentially reaching high width/thickness ratios, encased in a comparably greater volume of overbank fines. This trend is thought to reflect the change from a confined geomorphic setting, with a limited area of potential avulsion, to an unrestricted setting with rivers free to move extensively; in addition, it documents the transition from an inland fluvial system with laterally migrating perennial or semi-perennial channels, to an ephemeral network of randomly migrating and frequently avulsing small terminal-fan distributaries, through a drastic downstream decrease in channel depth and discharge.

Identification of key sequence-stratigraphic relationships within the red-bed succession was mostly aided by the presence of easily recognizable and regionally correlated marine and marginal marine bed packages, traceable landwards into alluvial deposits showing faint traces of tidal activity, interpreted as the equivalent of marine maximum-flooding sediments. They may grade upwards into progradational fluvial packages showing basinward increase in thickness.

The Upper Permian deposits of the Southern Alps are considered part of an Upper Permian-Lower Triassic, second-order, structurally controlled sequence. The location of the basin on a thickened, previously active crust, affected by thermal perturbance after the last stages of the Variscan orogeny, the relatively reduced thickness of the basin fill, and predominantly long, transverse drainage networks, mostly derived from the denuded Insubric footwall, all suggest that sedimentation took place in a supradetachment basin, with a major detachment fault located in the palaeo-Insubric belt.