2004年台风“艾利”与“米雷”路径异常变化分析

2004年西北太平洋上生成的台风"艾利"和"米雷"开始都是向西北方向移动,当快要进入东海时两个台风的路径均发生变化,"艾利"转向西南方向,形成倒抛物线形的路径,而"米雷"突然向东北方向转折。通过对这两个台风的不同时间尺度环境场及其与台风相互作用的分析表明,对于西南转向的"艾利",副热带高压(副高)西伸明显,台风位于副高的南侧,天气尺度风场对副高低频分量的涡度平流,使得台风西北侧出现负涡度,同时由于罗斯贝波能量频散,台风东南侧出现负涡度,与负涡度相联系的天气尺度异常环流导致台风西北侧和东南侧的天气尺度引导气流的作用相互抵消,台风主要在低频环流引导下向西南方向移动;对于突然向东北转向的"米雷",副高位置偏东,转向时刻只有东南侧增强的天气尺度西南风,天气尺度引导气流导致台风向东北转折。     

全球(Z)双三次数值模式的设计与个例模拟(I): 模式动力框架设计

引入双三次数值模式:双三次数值模式是通过作三次样条与双三次曲面拟合,实现各个大气要素量场的二阶可导,从而可对各个预报方程作时间积分。双三次数值模式适合采用大气运动原始方程组和采用水平方向准拉格朗日/垂直方向欧拉时间积分方案。且本文的全球(Z)双三次数值模式与个例模拟实际采用Navier-Stokes"浅薄大气"原始方程组,建立球面Z坐标系上的非静力、全可压、干/湿绝热大气运动动力框架。其离散化气压、气温预报方程与个例模拟揭示出大气运动中凝结降水,其天气学原因不仅是湿空气作Z坐标垂直上升运动,而且是湿空气被"减压/减温",即湿空气作P坐标"垂直上升运动",后者可由大气平流运动(如Rossby波)引起。     

扩展经验正交函数(EEOF)及其在月、季降水预测中的应用

本文提出一种降水长期预测的新方案，用扩展经验正交函数(EEOF)展开连续月组成的月（季）降水分布场，求取各月的特征向量场和对应的时间权重系数，分析各场的天气学意义及前后承替的相互关系，用前期出现的特征向量场的特征来预测后期的降水场分布趋势，同时利用特征向量场所对应的时间系数作二维点聚图，估算预报月（季）份的降水总趋势。     

扩展经验正交函数(EEOF)及其在月、季降水预测中的应用

本文提出一种降水长期预测的新方案，用扩展经验正交函数展开边疆月组成的月（季）降水分布场，求取各月特征向量场和对应的时间权重系数，分析各场的天气学意义及前后承替的相互关系，用前期出现的特征向量场的特征来预测后期的降水场分布趋势，同时利用特征向量场所对应的时间系数作二维点聚图，估算预报月（季）份的降水总趋势。     

运城市降水集中度和集中期的时空特征分析

利用运城市9个气象站1960—2014年逐候降水资料,运用线性趋势、MannKendall曲线、相关系数和合成分析等方法探讨了运城市近55 a来年降水量、降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)的时空特征。结果表明:时间上,年降水量呈减少趋势,变化倾向率为-7.94 mm/10 a;PCD年际变化显著,在0.30~0.72,多年平均为0.53;PCP多年平均41.63候,最早与最晚相差13候。空间上,年降水量区域差异明显,由东南向西北递减;PCD从西南向东北递增,有2个大值和2个小值中心,PCP呈现"南早北晚"形势。PCD、PCP与年降水量、汛期降水量、月最大降水量、候最大降水量和日最大降水量之间都存在正相关,表明汛期降水量、月最大降水量、候最大降水量和日最大降水量越大的年份,PCD值就越大,降水就越集中,出现洪涝灾害的可能性就越大;降水集中期出现的越晚。     

台风利奇马(1909)与台风摩羯(1814)云特征对比

利用FY-2H,Aqua,CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation)和GPM(Global Preciptation Measurement)卫星产品,对比同在浙江温岭沿海登陆且路径相似的台风利奇马(1909)和...     

耗散与计算稳定性(二)

本文以带耗散项的非线性方程——Burger方程为模型,用截谱形式的差分解代入相应的差分方程,分析了数值天气预报中常用的一类三时间层差分格式的计算稳定性问题,特别讨论了计算初值、时间步长和耗散因子对计算稳定性的影响.利用定性分析和数值试验的方法证实这类三时间层格式有时容易出现非线性计算不稳定,尤其是两步计算初值反号和耗散系数过小的时候是如此.但是耗散系数也不能取得过大,否则也会出现计算不稳定.     

天时、气候与中国历史(Ⅱ): "好(坏)天时"与历史上的"顺(乱)世"

中国历史上的"顺世"绝大多数(≈83%)出现在"好天时纪"中; 绝大多数"乱世"出现在"坏天时纪"内(≈85%).历史上的分裂期都出现在"长坏天时纪"中.依据"天时好、坏"与"顺世、乱世"的两两对应关系, 可将历史上的皇帝分为贤、明、庸、暴四类.本世纪初开始的"长好天时纪"可能是中华民族又一个辉煌时期的开始.但是对"坏天时代"的可能干扰, 应引起足够重视.     

乌鲁木齐汛期降水集中度和集中期时空变化特征

利用乌鲁木齐5个国家级气象站1978—2019年5—9月逐日降水资料,统计分析逐候降水集中度(P_(CD))和集中期(P_(CP))变化趋势和时空分布特征。结果表明:近42 a乌鲁木齐汛期降水集中度和集中期均呈微弱下降趋势,表明汛期降水分配趋于均匀,降水集中期呈逐渐提前趋势。汛期降水集中度和集中期空间分布差异显著,降水集中程度由西向东逐渐增大,降水集中期出现时间由北向南逐渐推迟。汛期降水集中度在整个研究期内存在6、15 a左右周期变化,降水集中期存在12 a左右周期变化。对多降水年和少降水年降水集中度和集中期合成分析,发现少降水年降水集中程度高于多降水年,而降水集中期明显晚于多降水年。     

Analyses of Orissa Super Cyclone using TRMM (TMI), DMSP (SSM/I) and OceanSat-I (MSMR) Derived Data

The super cyclone in October 1999 was the most intense tropical cyclone in the last century in Orissa, a coastal state in India. This state was battered for more than two days by strong winds and intense rain killing thousands of people. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of total precipitable water content (TPWC) and surface wind speed data from sensors on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Defense Meteorological Satellite Project (DMSP), and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (OceanSat-I) satellites on the data assimilation system at NCMRWF, New Delhi during the Orissa cyclone period. Comparison of various assimilation experiments suggests that the utilization of TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) data in the assimilation produced the best analyses. However, in all the forecasts, the storm was predicted to weaken and did not have a reasonably good track. Assimilation experiments with the other two satellite data showed the cyclone track much to the south of the observed track and also it was a weak storm. Biases in the data, when compared with each other, are evident in the analyses also. Better analyses are obtained when the satellite data are used in the originally obtained resolution than when reduced by averaging. A forecast experiment with assimilated data, utilizing the Cloud Motion Vectors (CMVs) from METEOSAT along with TMI data, produced the best forecast among all the experiments. However, the forecast quality was poor. A high-resolution data assimilation experiment was carried out to see the impact of model resolution on the analyses of the cyclone. The strength of the cyclone further increased when higher resolution TMI data were included. The study highlights the need for more satellite data over the Indian Ocean, where conventional data coverage is too poor to define the vertical structure of the atmosphere.     

瓦里关及西宁PM_(10)和多环芳烃谱分布的观测研究

为了研究青海瓦里关和西宁PM10中多环芳烃污染特征及其来源,于2007年5月24日～6月1日在青藏高原东北部的瓦里关大气本底站和青海气象台进行了观测并各采集7组气溶胶样品,分析了PM10质量浓度、粒径分布和多环芳烃谱分布特征。结果表明,瓦里关PM10日均浓度为24.85μg.m-3,粒径分布呈三模态;西宁PM10日均浓度为65.25μg.m-3,呈明显双模态。瓦里关积聚态颗粒物质量百分比大于西宁观测点。瓦里关PM10中多环芳烃含量远低于同季节西宁地区,浓度值为8.38ng.m-3;高分子量的PAHs主要集中在细颗粒上,而粗颗粒上低分子量PAHs相对较多。两地区高分子量多环芳烃均为单峰分布。后向轨迹分析表明,瓦里关PM10中PAHs污染与西宁市以及黄河河谷工业带方向的输送密切相关。     

Statistical Relationship Between UVB(280-320nm) and Broadband Solar Radiation(295-2800nm) at a Subtropical Location(Qena,Egypt)

The present study quantifies the relationship between ultraviolet-B(UVB) and broadband solar radiation(G) at Qena,Egypt.Data from 10-year hourly integrated totals for both UVB and G on a horizontal surface were used to determine the best fit between the two radiation types.On the basis of the correlation of determination(r2),a second-order polynomial was determined to provide the best fit.For the purpose of developing an empirical model to estimate UVB,all of the cases of UVB and G from a nine-year study from 2001 to 2009 were introduced.Monthly and seasonal empirical models,as well as a general expression,were established for UVB as a function of G.The values of r2 ranged from 0.90 to 0.97.By using a new dataset of G,the estimated and the corresponding measured values of UVB were determined to be in good agreement whereby the values of r2 between the two ranged from 0.91 to 0.98.In addition,the significance and performance of the regression forms were evaluated with the aid of several statistical analysis procedures.The values of the index of modeling(d) and coefficient of modeling efficiency(ME) were close to one.Moreover,the values of RMSE,mean bias error(MBE),and mean absolute error(MAE) were lower than the experimental errors.On the basis of this analysis,it has been determined that the suggested regression forms can be used to estimate UVB when it difficult to obtain measurements or when measurements are available only for limited periods at the studied region.     

新一代温室气体观测卫星(GOSAT、OCO)传感器设置

为了深入了解国际上新一代CO2等温室气体的空间观测计划及进展情况,以日本和美国于2009年最新发射的温室气体测卫星呼吸号(GOSAT)、轨道碳观测者(OCO)为例,分析了观测计划的开展情况,对卫星上搭载的传感器设置做了分析,对新一代温室气体专用观测卫星与传统卫星上的传感器做了对比,得出了新一代的传感器在设置上的特点:波段设置在近红外太阳辐射以获得边界层的温室气体含量,具有高的光谱分辨率以保证观测精度,多种观测方式结合以获得最大的信息量。并提出了我国应对温室气体观测资料缺乏的对策,发展专用观测卫星或传感器,以提供我们自己的高精度的全球和区域温室气体观测数据。     

Field Experimental Investigations on the Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-Content in Cloudwater Samples

The Fe(II)/Fe(III)-partition in cloudwater samples collected during two field campaigns is evaluated. It turned out that the simultaneous occurrence of complexing and reducing substances in the atmosphere and the cloud processing increase the solubility of iron compounds present in aerosol particles. A correlation between the concentration of iron(II) in the liquid phase and the intensity of the solar irradiation was observed for most of the cloudwater samples. This could be due to the fact that both the photochemical reduction of the iron(III) complexes and the photochemical reductive dissolution of iron(III)(hydr)oxides are depending on the pH-value. Iron(II) seems to be oxidised back to iron(III) preferably by hydrogen peroxide during the night. Positive correlations were received e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the concentration of oxalate and between the percentage of iron(III) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. A negative correlation was found e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the pH-value. The uncertainty of the whole process of sampling and analysis was investigated and the conformity of the results was satisfying considering the sometimes difficult conditions during a field campaign.     

The impact of AIRS atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles on hurricane forecasts: Ike (2008) and Irene (2011)

Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder(AIRS) measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data, especially over the oceans where conventional data are sparse. In this study, two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, the AIRS Science Team product(Sci Sup) and the single field-of-view(SFOV) research product, were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike(2008) and Hurricane Irene(2011). The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis, especially between 200 h Pa and 700 h Pa. The average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 h Pa, where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS Sci Sup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV retrievals. The mean Sci Sup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere. A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational(3DVAR) data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and Irene. The results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane environment. In terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts, the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding assimilation.Meanwhile, improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.     

自然灾害影响及（预）评估

对达州市自然灾害的总体特征、影响情况和形成原因进行了分析。并对21世纪初期(2000～2010年)自然灾害可能发生的情况和造成的影响进行了预评估。