长江三角洲镇江—江都河段古河谷沉积特征

江苏省江都地区南北向6个钻孔研究表明,晚更新世晚期(包括MIS3阶段)长江三角洲镇江(大港)—江都河段为辫状河道沉积,末次盛冰期由于全球性海面下降形成下切河谷。冰后期海平面上升引发的海侵造成古河谷的充填,并依次形成河床相、河漫滩相、河口湾相及三角洲相。冰后期早期的河床相黄色含砾砂层在该河段均有分布,可以作为标志层,其底板可作为冰后期—末次盛冰期的界面。古河谷中部冰后期与末次盛冰期地层具有连续沉积的特征,表明末次冰期低海面时长江仍为入海河流。冰后期海侵大约在9kaBP到达本区;最大海侵发生在6.5～7.0kaBP,此时三角洲已开始发生进积作用,河口沙坝也同时开始形成。三角洲平原形成以后,区域构造运动影响了河谷的均衡调整,密集的入江水道及人类活动不断改变三角洲平原的微地貌景观。     

福建晚更新世海侵问题探讨

福建沿海在晚更新世大约距今90—80ka、70—60ka、44—39ka和34—20ka期间分别发生过4次海侵。最末一次海侵(距今34—20Ka)期间有过明显的海面下降波动,时间大约在距今28ka前后。     

渤海东部晚第四纪环境演变及潮流沙席沉积

通过对渤海东部CD5孔岩性、生物以及年代学的地层分析,晚第四纪以来划分出2个陆相和2个海相层,两次海侵的时间段分别为39～22和9kaBP至今。CD5钻孔附近渤海潮流三角洲大约在3600～2400aBP以来开始快速沉积,形成了4·8m厚的潮流沙席,结合渤海中东部10多个钻孔资料,总结了潮流沙席的环境演变过程,自全新世海侵以来可以大致分为9～8、8～3·6～2·4、3·6～2·4kaBP以来3个阶段,而目前正处于相对稳定状态。     

渤海湾沿岸第四纪海侵研究进展

海岸带海侵研究具有重要的理论和现实指导意义。第四纪以来,渤海湾沿岸地区受海平面升降波动影响发生多次海进和海退事件。对渤海湾地区已发表的钻孔资料进行整理和分析,结果显示该区早—中更新世海侵在空间上分布较为局限且变化较大,对于早更新世海侵存在与否仍存有争议,而大规模海侵发生在晚更新世以来MIS5、MIS3和MIS1时期。研究表明本区海侵的发生是在第四纪以来持续构造沉降的背景下,间冰期气候变暖造成海平面上升的结果。MIS3时期强烈的区域性"视海侵"在空间上并非普遍存在:在靠近渤海湾的地区,MIS3时期海侵为水深较深的滨海-浅海相沉积;而向内陆方向,该时期沉积转变为海陆过渡相和陆相。对于这种现象,一种解释是该区当时西高东低的地势起伏较大,海水逐渐向内陆侵入形成同期异相;另一种可能原因是由于冰盛期时河流侵蚀作用加强,靠近内陆地区的MIS3时期海侵沉积遭受后期河流侵蚀,其确切原因或者是否还存在其他因素,如以前测得的MIS3海侵实际在MIS5形成还需进一步研究。     

深圳福田区晚更新世以来古环境演变的初步研究

根据深圳福田区12个钻孔资料,将本区晚更新世一全新世地层划分为三个孢粉组合带:Ⅰ带,>31950±710—6790±130aB.P.,植被以草本植物为主;Ⅱ带,6790±130—2150士50aB.P,植被以热带和亚热带常缘阔叶乔木占优势;Ⅲ带,2150±50aB.P.以来,植被以热带和亚热带蕨类植物占优势.在此基础上根据所含生物化石资料,进一步探讨了该区晚更新世以来海陆变迁,确定从7000a前开始,本区曾遭受过一次海侵,海侵范围不大,海水从东南方向侵入.     

珠江三角洲北部晚第四纪孢粉植物群的古环境意义

采用孢粉分析的方法对珠江三角洲北部地区多个钻孔进行了古植被和古环境的研究。结果表明,该区晚更新世与全新的孢粉组合存在明显区别,更新世时期以木本植物为主,而全新世表现为蕨类孢子和草本花粉的大幅度增加。该特征反映了更新世本区为河漫滩洼地沉积为主,局部受海侵影响,而全新世为海湾河口相沉积。根据木本植物花粉不同组分的含量变化以及某些气候敏感属种的出现,可以推论晚更新世亚间冰期的年平均气温比现今低２￣４℃左     

福建沿海断陷盆地和平原区的晚第四纪地层

据根CK—7孔的绝对年代学及气候地层学研究,包括~14C测年、古地磁地层、孢粉分析、微体古生物分析以及粘土矿物分析,本区晚第四纪地层可以划分为上更新统和全新统;上更新统可以进一步划分为a、b、c、d四段;全新统可以划分为a,b两段。文中还讨论了本区晚更新世以来的气候变化、海面变化以及沉积环境的演变,发现有三次明显的海侵,它们分别与温暖气候期相对应。     

珠江三角洲北部晚第四纪孢粉植物群的古环境意义

采用孢粉分析的方法对珠江三角洲北部地区多个钻孔进行了古植被和古环境的研究。结果表明,该区晚更新世与全新世的孢粉组合存在明显区别,更新世时期以木本植物为主,而全新世表现为蕨类孢子和草本花粉的大幅度增加。该特征反映了更新世本区为河漫滩洼地沉积为主,局部受海侵影响,而全新世为海湾河口相沉积。根据木本植物花粉不同组分的含量变化以及某些气候敏感属种的出现,可以推论晚更新世亚间冰期的年平均气温比现今低2-4℃左右,盛冰期则低6℃以上,到全新世中期以后形成了与现代相似的明显受季风影响的常绿阔叶林。     

广东东江三角洲第四纪沉积特征

通过钻探、野外考察和资料研究,本文认为广东东江三角洲的第四纪沉积物可分为晚更新世中-晚期和全新世两个沉积旋回.所研究的沉积物的最早年代为40ka B P,最大沉积厚度39.5m,该地发生过晚更新世中期海侵和全新世海侵;前者越过中堂地区,后者可影响到赤岭峡口.该地区可以划分为Q₃2-i冲积阶段,Q₃2-2古三角洲堆积阶段,Q₃3风化及冲积阶段,Q₄1-Q₄2新三角洲堆积阶段,Q₄3现代三角洲堆积及扩展阶段等五个沉积阶段.     

东海长江口区晚第四纪孢粉组合及其地质意义

通过第四纪沉积物孢粉分析,反映了本区及其周围区域晚第四纪时期的古植被和古气候.晚更新世晚期以松、蒿为主的针阔叶混交林—草原植被,代表第四纪末次冰期盛冰段影响下形成的冷干植物群,气候冷凉干燥,年均气温较现代低6.5—10℃左右,全新世中期为常绿落叶阔叶混交林,气候湿热,年均气温比现代长江下游地区高2—4℃左右.依据气候地层学原则,划分了本区全新世与更新世地层的界线.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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