迈向城乡共治：改革开放以来城乡关系演变解读

城乡关系历来是经济社会发展的重要关系及党和政府关注的重大问题。为探究城乡关系及其治理逻辑,论文借助CiteSpace软件分析改革开放以来城乡关系的研究热点,结合时代背景解读城乡关系的演变历程,进而揭示城乡关系的脉络特征与治理变革的内在逻辑。研究表明：改革开放以来城乡关系的演变经历了4个阶段,形成了“城乡关系向好发展—城乡关系再度失衡—城乡关系调整完善—城乡关系一体化发展”的演变脉络;折射出“打破城乡分割”“偏向城市领域”“统筹城乡发展”“推进城乡一体化”的治理逻辑;十九大以来,城乡关系向着城乡融合的方向发展,迈向城乡共治是新时代城乡融合发展的内在要求与治理趋势。最后,文章从废除城乡二元体制、建立新的配套体制机制,打破学科界限、融合跨学科知识和实践交叉应用,新型城镇化和乡村振兴两大战略有机结合等方面对城乡融合发展与城乡共治进行了研究展望。     

城镇购房衡量的农业转移人口流向特征与形成机制

农业转移人口在城镇购置房产切合了新型城镇化规划和中央经济工作会议对市民化的要求。研究购房定居或准备定居城镇群体的流向特征,有助更好地落实有效供给。随机问卷调查乡村务农人员、打工者,在校大学生、研究生及其背后的家庭成员,采用回忆或电话问询方式填写农村购房转移个体和家庭基本状况,获得江苏、河南、陕西等24省区1327份有效信息,分析中国购房转移群体的流向特征与态势,用Spearman双变量相关分析和多项分类Logistic回归分析方法从个体或家庭角度探究购房流向分异的成因及形成机制。结果表明：20世纪80-90年代购房转移人口少,2000年以来渐多,趋向年轻化,教育程度较高群体多购房转移到规模较大或等级较高的城市。省区内城市,尤其县级城市是购房转移主要地,镇吸纳能力整体较弱,原住地层次影响迁住地高度。东部地区省区内购房转移多元分化,中部地区在县级以上城市分散购房转移,西部地区购房转移到省区内地级以上城市占一半以上。需求互补性、中介机会、距离远近影响购房转移及其分异,获得期望的经济收入加以城市的吸引力,是人们在工作或打工地购置房产的深层原因;没有稳固工作地点,一般倾向家乡的县级城市、镇或者就近的高等级城市购房。购房转移和流向分异与教育程度、固定工作与否、是否购房地工作、现工作地时间、购房年龄等个人或家庭发展条件的因子显著相关,是宏观社会环境政策影响、中观城乡系统各种媒介作用与微观个体或家庭成员主观行为多向耦合综合驱动的结果。     

从治理到城乡治理：国际前沿、发展态势与中国路径

治理已经成为多学科关注的重要理论与现实问题。在快速城镇化和城乡差距居高不下的背景下,城乡治理对中国而言尤为重要。论文通过梳理国内外治理理论,概括治理的要点为开放系统、自组织、权力与权利的交织3个方面。国际研究强调社会生态系统的治理,城市治理增势显著,乡村治理研究开始兴起。中国在顶层设计上经历了从管理到治理的全面转型,城乡治理逐渐成为研究和政策实践的关键议题。未来中国城乡治理的主要路径在于：从权力导向转向权利导向;从只注重社会维度、一元化的、城市偏向的治理模式转向生态环境与社会治理并重,形成多元主体参与的城乡共治体系;积极开展城乡弱势群体的扶持救助工作。城乡共治将会成为新的理论增长点,需要进行多学科、多主体、多部门的协同工作。     

Growth of rural population in Punjab, 1971-81

Except for the decade 1941-1951, in which Punjab's population declined because of a huge exchange of population between India and Pakistan and a large loss of life, the decade 1971-1981 was the 1st decade since 1911 to experience a deceleration in the growth rate of the rural population of Punjab, India. The deceleration was due to out-migration to urban areas. The scheduled caste population increased 28.37% between 1971 and 1981, while the nonscheduled caste population increased by only 13.32%, which was considerably below the rate of natural increase. Nonscheduled castes had experienced substantial out-migration because of 1) improved transport and communication facilities which enabled them to move to urban centers; 2) mechanization of main farming operations and easy availability of migrant laborers which lessened the need for family labor; 3) the rise of a relatively mobile younger generation with a high literacy rate; 4) rapidly decreasing land holdings which strengthened the push factor in the countryside; and 5) rising aspirations, especially among the younger generation. In 1981, Sikhs constituted 71.3% of the rural population in Punjab, followed by Hindus (26.51%), Christians (1.25%), and Muslims (.89%). From 1971-1981, Muslims experienced the greatest increase (49.29%). Sikhs grew by 20.74% and Hindus by 9.02%. The Sikhs high growth rate was due to 1) a new technique for counting religious affiliation in which all members of a household are considered the same religion as the head of household and 2) conversion of Hindus to Sikhism. Hindus had a low growth rate because 1) the new method of counting religious affiliation and 2) rural-urban migration. The area with the lowest population increase resulted from industrialists and other nonagriculturists buying farmland, causing the agriculturists to move away to less desirable land. Conclusions are 1) the sharp rural-urban division along religious lines should be lessened, 2) Sikhs' lag in urbanization and upward mobility should be decreased, and 3) nonagriculturalists should be prevented from buying farm land from peasants along main roads and around urban centers.     

中国城乡家庭能源平等变化特征分析

能源转型是中国如期实现碳中和、碳达峰目标的必然路径,也是缩小城乡居民能源消费差距、实现能源平等的关键举措。基于2013年和2017年的家庭追踪调查数据,运用基尼系数、局部加权回归以及逐步回归等方法,在揭示中国城乡家庭能源平等的时空特征、能源转型效果基础上,定量评价影响地区间、城乡间家庭能源平等的驱动因素。结果表明：① 中国城乡家庭的能源消费水平总体呈明显不平等特征,但随着能源转型政策实施以及城乡融合进程加速,城乡家庭间能源不平等程度有所减小。② 对10609个城乡家庭样本、9类分区的比较显示,除长三角地区的家庭能源平等性较高外,其他地区均呈不同程度的非均衡性,尤其在云贵等西南地区的家庭能源不平等现象尤为突出。③ 家庭收入、家庭规模、城乡居住区位、气候条件以及现代化能源可获得性显著影响家庭能源支出,进而对区域间的家庭能源平等性造成影响,而当地的能源资源禀赋对家庭能源支出的影响并不显著。④ 尽管农村地区气态能源、电力资源普及有效推动了城乡家庭能源转型,但农村家庭需担负相较于城镇家庭居民更大的能源转型经济压力。     

基于改进3SFCA的乡村地区公共医疗设施空间可达性与公平性评价——以海口市为例

公共医疗设施配置合理与否影响城乡居民健康和福祉,科学客观测算乡村地区公共医疗设施公平可达性具有重要意义。乡村地区人口规模较小且分散居住,居民就医行为有别于城市居民,2SFCA或3SFCA方法难以客观揭示乡村地区人口分布规律和就医出行特征,导致评估乡村地区医疗设施可达性时效果不佳。论文根据海口市乡村居民就医出行规律选择距离衰减函数,格网化研究区形成人口需求点,考虑不同等级医疗机构对居民就医的吸引,改进了3SFCA算法,建立乡村地区公共医疗设施可达性与空间公平性评估方法体系,并以海口市为案例进行实证分析。结果表明：① 基于改进3SFCA法建立的可达性评价模型可以获得更精准客观的评价结果;② 海口市乡村地区公共医疗设施可达性整体较差且空间分异明显,高值区分布在东部的三江、云龙及甲子镇,低值区主要集中在研究区西部;③ 海口市乡村地区公共医疗设施配置的公平性不佳,少量的高和较高公平等级区域均位于中低人口密度区,而低和极低公平等级区域覆盖了广大的高人口密度区,医疗资源配置的公平性亟需改善。     

社会—生态韧性视角下城乡治理的逻辑框架

伴随着快速城镇化,生态环境剧烈变化与社会经济结构深刻转变使中国城乡发展问题愈发突出,城乡治理面临新挑战。社会—生态韧性理论与城乡治理实践存在紧密关联,但对两者关系的研究欠缺。论文以中国城乡发展问题为导向,厘清社会—生态韧性与城乡发展的关系,构建社会—生态韧性视角下城乡治理的逻辑框架。将社会—生态韧性的核心理念(耦合、自组织和学习)引入城乡规划、个体参与和政策制定,将促进城乡融合和可持续发展。在未来的城乡治理中,需要将社会与生态问题统筹考虑,贯彻人地耦合的理念,形成多层级的城乡协同治理网络,促进适应性治理,培育不同尺度城乡治理主体的合作和创新,尤其要重视城乡社区的学习、适应能力构建。实践中需要充分利用空间规划工具,将生态系统服务纳入城乡空间治理范畴,协调城乡生态系统服务与居民福祉的关系,增强城乡对不确定性的缓冲和应对能力。     

中国典型农区县域社会不平等空间模式与地域差异——以河南省为例

以河南省为例,从社会剥夺视角系统检测了传统农区粮食连增背景下县域社会不平等空间模式、地域差异及形成机制。结果表明：河南省县域社会不平等强度整体较高,社会发展水平呈西高东低格局,总体上形成核心—边缘半环形空间结构。河南省县域社会不平等地域差异特征显著,中原城市群社会发展水平最高,但县区间差距最大;豫东地区县域社会发展呈较低水平空间均衡,粮食主产县区的“粮财倒挂”和“粮食与民生倒挂”现象并存;农村县域社会发展水平显著滞后于城市辖区,但其县区间差距更大,约为城市辖区的2倍。河南省县域社会不平等空间格局受区域经济发展、社会政策、空间战略及历史发展路径依赖等因素共同影响,有着显著社会经济综合转型的结构性特征。     

Poverty,development and patterns of rural male outmigration in Uttar Pradesh

This paper indexes rural male out-migration and explains changing intensity patterns in Uttar Pradesh, India, since 1961. The sex ratio among non-migrants serves as an indicator of regional variations in rural out-migration. The paper highlights 2 population divergence zones in the underdeveloped Northern hilly and Eastern plain regions. The process of infrastructural development combined with cultural factors and inadequate employment opportunities seem to stimulate rural outmigration. Regional imbalance in economic development seems to be working as a suction economic system. The developed regions in India are utilizing the labor force of backward areas. The number of districts of high and moderately high rural male outmigration has increased, reflecting a wider gap between individual income and regional inequality. Unless the process is reversed in favor of rural areas, strategies for development will only work in capitalistic frameworks which serve the interests of developed regions.     

论北京农村空间的商品化与城乡关系

基于后生产主义理论,讨论了北京农村空间的商品化与城乡关系问题,并从理论抽象方面取得了以下认识：（1） 无论农村与城镇,空间是一种抽象的概念,理论上,自然界的纯粹空间不具有商品价值意义。空间的商品化是与一定的人类经济生产活动和生产方式相联系而存在和逐步显现的;（2） 在经济全球化与可持续发展的背景下,随着社会经济力的增强、后生产主义思想的蔓延,人类生产活动日益丰富,空间的商品化也进一步显现;（3） 改革开放以来,北京农村的景观、土地利用、就业、生活形态、旅游业的快速发展使得北京农村空间生产内容发生了巨大变化,多样化愈趋增强,北京农村空间的商品性也日益突出;（4） 随着农村空间商品化的发展,北京地区的城乡差距逐步缩小,北京地区长期扭曲的城乡关系得到一定程度的纠正。     

川渝地区城乡统筹水平演化特征分类研究

针对当前国内研究区域城乡统筹水平定量测评方法中存在的问题,如未能区分整体发展指标和协调发展指标,截面和时序数据难以同时体现,以及城乡统筹评价指标体系集成数据导致的“黑箱子”效应等问题,本文建立了涵盖城乡整体发展水平指标、城乡协调发展水平指标及时间指标的三维坐标系统,并通过转化为二维“九宫格”坐标系统的方法,提出一种包含时序数据和截面数据的城乡统筹水平综合评估的方法论,定量地测评一个区域内各城市在某个特定时间段内的城乡统筹演化特征。本文将城乡统筹水平分为经济、产业、基础设施、公共服务4个方向,对川渝19市2006-2011年间城乡统筹演化特征进行了分类研究。研究结果表明,川渝19市在城乡经济和公共服务统筹方面整体差距缩小且成效显著,而在产业和基础设施统筹方面城乡差距仍在拉大;成渝二市的整体成效远超过区域内其他城市。上述研究成果可对川渝19市优化城乡统筹发展方向提供理论指导和方法论工具,亦可为国内其他地区城乡统筹成效的测评方法提供指导与示范。     

“规土融合”的城乡结合部土地集约利用评价——基于城市规划目标导向的方法创新与实践

城乡结合部是城乡用地争夺的焦点区域和城市扩张的前沿阵地,开展土地集约利用评价、促进其土地的集约利用对保障城市未来发展空间至关重要。但由于城乡结合部土地权属复杂、土地利用类型多样、开发建设活动频繁,城乡结合部成为土地集约利用评价工作的难点。通过分析传统的基于土地利用现状的集约利用评价方法在城乡结合部应用的弊端,提出城乡结合部土地集约利用评价的重点在于考虑规划目标的土地利用潜力挖掘,进而构建"规土融合"的城乡结合部土地集约利用评价方法。结合城市规划边界、规划管理单元和规划地块确定评价范围和评价单元,从宏观、中观和微观3个层面提出包括人口、经济和生态承载力在内的评价体系。通过"规土融合"思想在城乡结合部土地集约利用评价过程的融入,达到以评价促规划、以规划管控土地集约利用的目的。     

北京城市公共服务设施空间分布均衡性研究

利用空间分析和数理统计工具研究2014年北京市教育、医疗等城市公共服务设施空间分布的均衡性。以市域各街道和乡镇为评价单元,构建供给指数、需求指数度量各单元内城市公共服务设施的供给和需求,据此分析和评判北京市城市公共服务设施的空间分布及服务质量的均衡性。研究结果表明:在市域尺度上,由于城市发展历史的影响,北京城市公共服务设施空间分布均衡性呈现核心-边缘的格局;在区县尺度上,受行政体系和城镇体系的等级性影响,均衡性程度高低与城镇等级高低相一致;公共服务设施的供给指数与需求指数相关性显著,可判定设施空间分布总体上比较均衡;通过空间叠加分析发现北京市存在设施供给和需求不匹配的区域,其中教育设施、城市公园设施和医疗设施空间布局的均衡程度高于文体设施。     

Religion on the Fringe: the representation of space and minority religious facilities in the rural–urban fringe of metropolitan Sydney,Australia

This article examines land-use development applications for minority religious facilities in two local government areas on the rural–urban fringe of metropolitan Sydney, Australia. Using critical discourse analysis and underpinned by Lefebvre's (1991) conceptual triad of space, the work interrogates the way in which place identity is generated and codified both by land-use planners and local residents through spatial representation. This representation is revealed in discourses around the compatibility of minority religious facilities for particular zones, lack of a sufficient minority population and social disruption. These discourses reveal a construction of peri-urban space that is aligned with particular elite Anglo-Australian activities (horse riding and gentleman farms) and land uses (rural residential, small-scale agriculture and the ‘bush-church’). These case studies illustrate the potential for the creation of exclusionary, abstract space by urban planners but also the ways in which local residents use discoursive strategies to ensure the stability of their position as elites in rapidly changing spatial situations.     

Spatial correlations between urbanization and river water pollution in the heavily polluted area of Taihu Lake Basin, China

Water pollution in the Taihu Lake Basin has been the focus of attention in China and abroad for a long time, due to its position in the forefront of urban development in China. Based on data gathering and processing from 84 monitoring sections in this heavily polluted area, this study first analyzes spatial patterns of urbanization and the distribution of river water pollution, and then uses the GeoDa bivariate spatial autocorrelation model to investigate the spatial correlation between urbanization and river water pollution at the scale of township units. The results show that urbanization has adverse impacts on water pollution, and the influence varies in different levels of development areas. The urban township units have the highest level of urbanization and highest pollution, but the best water quality; the suburban units have lower level of urbanization, but higher pollution and worse water quality; however the rural units have the lowest level of urbanization and lowest pollution, mainly affected by upstream pollution, but worst water quality. Lastly, urban and rural planning committees, while actively promoting the process of development in the region, should gradually resolve the issue of pollution control lagging behind urban life and urban develop- ment, giving priority to construction of centralized sewage treatment facilities and associated pipeline network coverage in the rural areas and suburban areas.     

中国农业转移人口的户籍迁移家庭化决策

积极推动农业转移人口落户城镇是新型城镇化建设的重点任务。随着多数流入地城市落户门槛的降低和人口流动模式的改变,农业转移人口户籍迁移决策的影响因素从单一制度门槛向人口多元需求转变。本文从家庭决策的视角构建中国农业转移人口户籍迁移的分析框架,重点关注城乡权益交换对户籍迁移家庭化的影响。基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据的实证研究发现,农业转移人口户籍迁移的决策主体是家庭,决策目标是家庭利益最大化,决策机制是户籍关联的城市和乡村权益间的权衡。具体地,户籍迁移存在“家庭团聚效应”,即夫妻一方获取城市户口会提升另一方落户城市的主观意愿。农村三权都存在降低户籍迁移意愿的“滞留效应”;同时,更多的农村权益意味着乡-城权益互换的成本提升,如果夫妻一方已经获得城市户口,另一方落户城市带来的权益增长将远低于放弃农村户口的权益损失,导致多数农业转移人口家庭在利益权衡之下选择“城乡分离”的户籍策略以实现城乡权益的总和最大化,最终户籍迁移呈现出逆家庭化的特征。     

海南省城乡关系演化及驱动机制研究

推进城乡一体化协调发展是事关海南自由贸易港建设成效的重点任务之一,新的发展环境及政策框架正促使海南省城乡关系快速转型。采用变异系数法、耦合协调度模型、回归模型,从城乡空间、经济和社会等维度,分析了建省办特区以来海南省城乡关系演化特征及驱动机制。结果表明：①建省办特区以来,海南省城乡协调综合指数呈现明显的先降后升态势,由1988年的0.319 9到1993年的0.153 9,2019年达0.851 9;②海南省城乡各子系统耦合度和耦合协调度均呈波动上升态势,耦合度主要处于磨合和高水平耦合阶段,耦合协调度由轻度失调转变为初级协调,最后达到中级协调,城乡各子系统间相互作用增强;③海南省城乡关系演化经历城乡二元加剧、城乡二元固化、城乡关系趋缓和城乡一体化初期四个阶段,低水平城乡均衡发展是重要特征,高质量推进城乡一体化协调发展是关键;④经济发展对城乡协调发展影响最为明显,但呈负相关,其次为市场消费、产业结构、乡村发展、交通通达性、城镇发展和政府行为,对外开放对城乡关系演化影响相对较弱;⑤制度创新、对外合作、产业优化、城镇建设和乡村振兴是推进城乡融合发展的重要路径。     

Evolving Spatial Form of Urban‐Rural Interaction in the Pearl River Delta,China

Much of the development literature and the theory of urban transition have been based on an arbitrary division of production space into city and countryside. Despite growing recognition of the need for an integrated approach to urban‐rural relations, controversial issues related to the definition and measurement of the phenomenon remain unresolved. This case study of spatial transformation in China's Pearl River Delta analyzes with greater precision the geographic extent and functional attributes of a zone of urban‐rural interaction located outside and between major metropolitan centers. This zone has been the spatial focus of industrial and commercial development, although most of its population remains officially classified as “agricultural.” The peri‐urban zone was initially left behind by the central cities in terms of its contribution to the regional economy. After a decade of postreform development, this zone has moved ahead of the central cities and become the region's main destination for in‐migrants and foreign investment. The growth of the zone of urban‐rural interaction outside the central cities has absorbed a significant amount of the increased urban population, but it has not brought about a reduction of regional economic inequality because of the persistence of a backward economy in the periphery. Theoretical questions are raised concerning the validity of several fundamental assumptions underlying the conventional model of urban transition.     

POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION IN IRAN: THE CASE OF KERMANSHAH CITY

Since 1979, when the new government came to power in Iran, there have been fundamental structural changes in Iranian society. The focus of this essay is on the pronounced redistribution of population, which has taken place largely as a result of the new Iranian government's policy favoring rural-urban migration. The government's justification for the redistribution has been that there is a need for the deprived lower classes in rural areas to receive a better deal within Iranian society. Mr. A. Khosrosphahi, government official in the area of Housing and Urban Development has publicly stated on many occasions that migrants who wish to live in the Tehran metropolitan area will be provided with housing facilities, including parcels of urban land and housing loans. This has caused a mass migration of rural settlers to the cities. In order to examine different aspects of how this redistribution has occurred, it will be useful to study in detail what has taken place in one city affected by the changes. The city of Kermanshah will be considered here as such a case study.     

迈向城乡融合:新型城镇化与乡村振兴结合研究的关键与趋势

新型城镇化和乡村振兴两大国家战略有机结合并进行城乡共治是实现城乡融合的关键。通过分析新型城镇化和乡村振兴研究文献,认为新型城镇化与乡村振兴战略结合应聚焦两大战略的共生效应,科学评价城乡耦合程度,明确城乡融合的时空格局,提炼两大战略的耦合机制。要实现城乡融合,需要深入探究新型城镇化和乡村振兴战略的结合点和时空差异,以问题为导向进行学科交叉,从空间、经济、社会3方面入手,厘清城乡在行政管理、土地、户籍和社会保障制度间的关系,倡导多维制度联动改革,从国家、省域、城市、县域、乡镇到社区,通过多尺度整合,重构城乡融合的理论,激发以社区为核心的基层治理活力,进而创新中国城乡共治的模式。