Detecting multi-scale urban growth patterns and processes in the Algarve region (Southern Portugal)

The importance of urban growth processes and their spatial characteristics has led to a growing interest in monitoring these phenomena. Spatial metrics are widely employed for this purpose, appearing in an increasing number of studies where they are used to characterise growth patterns and their evolution over time. This paper presents an analysis of urban growth patterns using spatial metrics in the Algarve (southern Portugal), an area of considerable urban dynamics associated with tourism. Two datasets were used (CORINE 1:100,000 maps and COS 1:25,000 maps) and two time periods (1990 and 2006–2007) in order to compare the different urban land use patterns detected and their evolution over time. The results show differences in urban land use patterns and associated processes at each scale, with stable land use patterns predominating at the 1:100,000 scale whereas the 1:25,000 scale showed a move towards more dispersed patterns. These results have enabled an assessment of the principal differences in urban growth patterns observed at both scales, and the implications for planning these entail.     

中国城市土地扩张与人口增长协调性研究

基于城市建成区面积和城区人口数据,构建城市土地扩张与人口增长关系模型,对2000年和2010年中国657个城市的土地扩张与人口增长之间的协调性进行了评价。结果表明:①中国城市用地扩张和人口增长之间的协调性较弱,土地显著扩张是中国城市发展的主要类型,数量占城市总量的1/3;其次是人口显著增长类型,占城市数量的1/4,两极分化明显。②在空间分布上,土地显著扩张的城市主要集中在东部沿海、沿江、沿线等经济相对发达地区;人口显著增长的城市分布重心则相对西移,主要处于胡焕庸线以东的中西部地区。③从不同规模城市用地扩张与人口增长的协调性来看,特大城市、大城市发展以土地快速扩张为主,且土地显著扩张所占比例最大;中、小城市发展以人口快速增长为主,并以人口显著增长占优。④由城市规模变动来看,小城市规模晋升多以人口快速增长实现,大、中城市规模晋升则更多通过土地快速扩张推进,特别是以房地产、新城建设等带动的用地驱动型城市化来完成。     

Incorporating spatial interaction patterns in classifying and understanding urban land use

Land use classification has benefited from the emerging big data, such as mobile phone records and taxi trajectories. Temporal activity variations derived from these data have been used to interpret and understand the land use of parcels from the perspective of social functions, complementing the outcome of traditional remote sensing methods. However, spatial interaction patterns between parcels, which could depict land uses from a perspective of connections, have rarely been examined and analysed. To leverage spatial interaction information contained in the above-mentioned massive data sets, we propose a novel unsupervised land use classification method with a new type of place signature. Based on the observation that spatial interaction patterns between places of two specific land uses are similar, the new place signature improves land use classification by trading off between aggregated temporal activity variations and detailed spatial interactions among places. The method is validated with a case study using taxi trip data from Shanghai.     

国内外大城市的城市森林时空变化对比研究

城市森林在减弱噪声、净化空气、调节城市气温等方面具有十分重要的作用。中国城市正处于快速发展阶段,对国内外大城市的城市森林现状及其时空变化进行对比分析可为中国城市森林的建设提供理论借鉴。跨区域城市森林对比研究的主要困难在于城市区域定义的差异导致不同城市之间可比性差。论文利用强度梯度法,基于夜间灯光影像及GlobeLand30地表覆盖产品,提取12个国内外大城市2000年和2010年的城市森林数据,探究其时空变化。结果表明,从现有城市森林量看,城市森林覆盖率及人均城市森林面积在发达国家城市中普遍偏高,而在亚洲发展中国家城市中非常低,例如纽约的人均城市森林面积高达316.5 m ²,而上海、新德里和雅加达则低于2 m ²。从时间变化看,2000—2010年城市森林面积增长率在发达国家城市中均小于70%,而在大部分发展中国家城市超过了100%。城市森林增加的最主要来源是城市面积扩张,减少的主要原因是转为硬化地面和城市草地。按照基于缓冲区分析得到的城市森林空间分布格局,这些城市可以分为3类：中心城区高、周边城区低(北京、首尔),中心城区低、周边城区高(广州、东京、圣保罗等),整个城区均低(上海、新德里、雅加达)。最后,基于对比结果为中国城市森林未来的发展提供了建议。     

Urban re-generations: afterword to special issue on the politics of urban greening in Australian cities

ABSTRACT

‘Urban re-generations' is written as an afterword to the special issue of Australian Geographer on ‘The Politics of Urban Greening in Australian Cities'. The collection prompts a deep questioning of reparative and regenerative work associated with greening, green spaces and green infrastructures. The climate-driven 2019-2020 bushfire crisis and COVID-19 have amplified the visibility of the more-than-human connectivity of our cities and the deep underlying structures of social and environmental inequity underpinning a variety of urban green spaces and agendas. Inspired by the articles in this special issue, the afterword explores how we might call back the grammars and practices of regeneration from their service to the neo-liberal, settler-colonial city and instead nurture reparative de-colonial practices that aid in the collaborative work of re-composing, becoming into better relation with, and working in modes of situated historical and cultural difference, with green and just cities.     

Spatial metrics to study urban patterns in growing and shrinking cities

This article reviews existing literature on spatial metrics, presenting a portfolio of metrics addressing the spatial patterns of growing and shrinking cities and discussing their potential and limitations. A wide and diverse set of spatial metrics was found. While these metrics address most of the identified spatial patterns of urban growth, spatial metrics used in urban shrinkage studies are much scarcer and not nearly sufficient to provide a comprehensive assessment of its spatial patterns. The article concludes that there is great potential for the development of new spatial metrics or mixed indicators, particularly in shrinkage contexts. The article builds on recent literature focusing on reviewing and developing metrics for particular spatial patterns (notably patterns of urban sprawl), while considering a very broad and multidisciplinary set of metrics. It focuses not only on the outcomes of urban growth but also on those of the increasingly common shrinking phenomenon.     

Four decades of urban sprawl and population growth in Teresina,Brazil

The expansion of medium-sized cities in Brazil has increased significantly since the 80–90's decades. In that period, most of the urbanization process was represented by the agglomeration of the population in the major metropolitan areas such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Nowadays, the rural-urban movement in Brazil is predominantly affecting cities with less than 1 million inhabitants, located particularly in the Center-West and in the Semiarid Northeast regions. The city of Teresina, the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Piauí, is one example that has shown an accelerated process of urban development. In this context, this paper seeks to discuss the urban sprawl of Teresina over the last four decades (1974–2014), associating its trends of urban expansion and population growth with their social and environmental implications. The results of our work indicate that urban sprawl in Teresina has been continuous over the years and getting faster in the 2010–2014 period. High demographic density areas are located mostly in peripheral zones, where the low-income population dominates. The population density varies across the city, and it is far from the standard proposed by the urban legislation. Thus, urbanization in Teresina is characterized by the sprawl of its municipal boundaries, intra-urban densification and verticalization, and an increase in population, especially in areas of low-income neighborhoods.     

喜马拉雅地区传统贸易通道演变过程及动力机制

喜马拉雅地区传统贸易通道是突破喜马拉雅山脉天然屏障、连接中国与南亚腹地两大市场的关键,对于南亚大通道建设和跨喜马拉雅互联互通建设具有重要的战略意义。本文以喜马拉雅山脉断裂河谷为出发点,综合历史文献、实地调查及GIS技术手段,分析通道的空间分布特征、演变过程及动力机制。研究表明：① 喜马拉雅地区的传统贸易通道主要有21条,其中中尼通道6条,中不通道4条,中印通道11条,在空间上形成了“一横多纵”的空间格局。② 传统贸易通道的发展经历了萌芽期（7世纪以前）、形成期（7世纪—842年）、发展期（842—1959年）、衰落期（1959—1962年）和恢复期（1962年至今）的演变过程。③ 货物交换和佛教传播促进了通道的萌芽和形成,西藏及中原地方政权稳定和边贸政策、英国的殖民扩张和商业利益推动了通道的发展,印度的战略误判和前进政策导致了通道的衰落,中国的战略需求将推动通道的恢复和建设。④ 战略互信和边界问题是通道恢复和建设面临的主要障碍,未来需要加强对通道的多视角调查和研究,制定通道的建设和管控策略,充分发挥通道的商贸、旅游和文化交流功能,积极服务于南亚大通道建设,促进西藏边疆地区的稳定与发展。     

Evolutionary process and development implications of traditional trade routes in the Himalayan region

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Traditional trade routes that penetrate the natural barrier of the Himalayas are critical for connecting major Chinese and South Asian markets. Research on these...     

Spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing

By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing in the period of 1982–1997. It is observed that urban land use growth in Beijing went beyond the control of urban planning, in terms of the extraordinary high growth rate and undesired spatial pattern. The rate of urban expansion after 1982, which was predominated by growth of industrial land, was extraordinary high compared to its historical period. While its growth centers have been actively shifting toward the northern part, rather than toward the southern and eastern parts as designated by the latest General Plan (1991–2010) of Beijing, its spatial pattern of urban land use growth in general was in distinct concentric sprawl, which seriously violated the General Plan of Beijing.     

Spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing

By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing in the period of 1982-1997. It is observed that urban land use growth in Beijing went beyond the control of urban planning, in terms of the extraordinary high growth rate and undesired spatial pattern. The rate of urban expansion after 1982, which was predominated by growth of industrial land, was extraordinary high compared to its historical period. While its growth centers have been actively shifting toward the northern part, rather than toward the southern and eastern parts as designated by the latest General Plan (1991-2010) of Beijing, its spatial pattern of urban land use growth in general was in distinct concentric sprawl, which seriously violated the General Plan of Beijing.     

Socio-spatial dynamics in the use of wild natural resources: Evidence from six rapidly growing medium-sized cities in Africa

Increasing urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa transforms spatial configurations in and around towns and cities. At the same time wild natural resources play an important role in African livelihoods. Yet, little is known about the impact of urbanisation on the socio-spatial dynamics of the use of wild natural resources. Here we examined the importance of these resources for livelihoods, differences in their use between different locations along the urban-rural continuum, and the respective temporal dynamics. A total of 1158 households were interviewed in six medium-sized cities distributed across five African countries using a standardised questionnaire supplemented by expert interviews and spatial analyses employing Geographic Information Systems. Overall, even though periurban and rural households were more likely to use wild natural resources than those in the urban areas, the use of these resources was generally high along the entire urban-rural continuum. Despite the increasing urban pressure on these resources, they remain an integral part for most households, not only for those lacking access to productive resources, but also for those with a higher standard of living. This trend was found across all study towns, despite the marked differences in their respective socio-spatial as well as environmental settings.     

全球化与中国时尚消费城市的兴起

在当前中国经济转型和产业升级的背景下,许多城市开始步入后工业化阶段,消费在城市化进程中扮演的角色日益重要。以进入中国的国际时尚品牌为切入点,重点探讨全球化在城市消费领域的影响。根据本项研究的概念界定,35个时尚消费城市大都为省会城市、直辖市和经济发达的沿海城市。其中,上海和北京是中国等级最高的时尚消费城市,无论是发展规模还是水平都遥遥领先。大部分时尚消费城市则是区域性中心城市,但也有一些沿海经济发达城市,虽然其城市中心性并不强（如苏州、温州、无锡等）,但在时尚消费城市体系中占据了重要的地位。整体而言,中国时尚消费城市的发展受到多方面因素的影响,其中市场因素和开放度起着最为重要的作用。另外,产业氛围也是时尚消费城市形成和发展的重要基础。     

Urban transformations,migration and residential mobility patterns in African secondary cities

Abstract

Urban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts have focused disproportionately on the challenges of big cities, while small and medium-sized urban settlements are growing most rapidly and house the majority of urban residents. Small towns have received some attention, but very few studies have focused on secondary cities. This paper offers a study of urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in Arusha, a rapidly growing secondary city of Tanzania. Arusha functions as a major attraction for migrants and in-migration is a central dynamic shaping transformation processes in central areas characterized by high population turnovers, vibrant rental markets and widespread landlordism. There is also a considerable degree of intra-urban residential mobility within and between central areas. Intra-urban residential mobility is the most important dynamic shaping transformation processes in peripheral areas characterized by long-term urban residents moving from central parts of the city as part of a process of establishing themselves as homeowners. Overall, the paper provides crucial insights on how migration and residential mobility patterns influence processes of urban growth and transformation in the context of large secondary city, and thereby contributes to fill a significant knowledge gap on secondary cities in Africa.     

Monitoring land changes in an urban area using satellite imagery,GIS and landscape metrics

Monitoring land changes is an important activity in landscape planning and resource management. In this study, we analyze urban land changes in Atlanta metropolitan area through the combined use of satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GIS), and landscape metrics. The study site is a fast-growing large metropolis in the United States, which contains a mosaic of complex landscape types. Our method consisted of two major components: remote sensing-based land classification and GIS-based land change analysis. Specifically, we adopted a stratified image classification strategy combined with a GIS-based spatial reclassification procedure to map land classes from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes acquired in two different years. Then, we analyzed the spatial variation and expansion of urban land changes across the entire metropolitan area through post classification change detection and a variety of GIS-based operations. We further examined the size, pattern, and nature of land changes using landscape metrics to examine the size, pattern, and nature of land changes. This study has demonstrated the usefulness of integrating remote sensing with GIS and landscape metrics in land change analysis that allows the characterization of spatial patterns and helps reveal the underlying processes of urban land changes. Our results indicate a transition of urbanization patterns in the study site with a limited outward expansion despite the dominant suburbanization process.     

基于矢量网格的城市土地利用邻里模式研究

城市土地利用的空间分布特征一直是城市地理和城市规划领域关注的重点问题,对城市土地利用空间模式的研究有助于理解城市系统的运行状态。在分析现有城市空间结构和城市土地利用模式的基础上,从两个方面对现有基于富集因子的分析方法提出改进,一是采用矢量网格以减少分析的误差,二是采用斜网格和曼哈顿距离来对空间临近关系进行界定。采用这一方法对深圳市2015年6类城市土地利用数据进行分析,得到邻里尺度上各类用地之间富集度随距离变化的3种模式。模式I中,同类用地间的富集度在短距离内较大,且其值随着距离的增加而减小并趋于0,表明同类用地间在较短距离内相互吸引,而吸引力随着距离增加而减弱。在不同类型用地间的模式II和模式III中,富集度在较短距离内为负值,但是在模式II中,富集度随着距离的增加而逐渐增加并趋于0,表明不同用地间短距离内相互排斥,且排斥作用随着距离增加而减弱;而在模式III中,富集度则随着距离增加而快速上升到正值,然后逐渐下降并趋于0,表明不同类型用地在较短距离内相互排斥,但随着距离增加很快变为相互吸引,最后吸引力随着距离增加慢慢减弱。结果表明,相对于基于栅格网的分析方法,基于矢量斜网格的分析方法能够显著降低分析误差。     

Urban hypotheses and spatiotemporal characterization of urban growth in the Treasure Valley of Idaho,USA

Spatiotemporal patterns of urban growth can help identify impacts of urbanization, assess conceptual models of that growth, help predict future change, and inform associated urban management policies. Using multi-temporal spatial data (1938-2014), we categorized the newly urbanized area in Treasure Valley, Idaho into four urban growth forms and six urban land use classes. A time series analysis of new development revealed the existence of decadal-scale variability of urbanization at various levels of urban land use. Alternating dominance of dispersion and compaction processes were observed at the urban patch level. A similar periodicity was observed between edge-expansion and infill in terms of growth forms, and between residential and commercial development at the land use level. Our observations also indicate that recent urban densification is occurring in the Treasure Valley, similar to some other metropolitan regions in the United States.     

中国城市舒适物评价指标体系构建与实证

随着城市经济向新知识经济转型,舒适物被认为是影响高端人才移入和城市经济增长的最重要因素。在西方研究基础上,基于中国国情,探索性地构建了中国舒适物系统的综合指标体系,其中包括自然、文化、商业、交通、卫生和社会等6个一级指标以及34个二级指标。结合中国26个主要人口聚居城市的舒适物指标数据,对不同城市的舒适物综合指数水平进行测评;同时对测评结果的差异进行了解释分析。研究发现：① 城市舒适物综合水平呈现出比较大的差距,北上广深等大城市明显高于中西部城市;进一步聚类分析表明,中国大城市的舒适物水平既存在差异,也存在舒适物发展上的共同特征;② 与西方城市人口普遍重视自然舒适物相反,商业舒适物和交通便利程度是影响中国城市舒适物总体水平的最重要因素,卫生服务设施、文化舒适物、商业舒适物与城市吸引力和宜居程度总体评价的相关性最高,这说明中国目前的经济增长模式仍以物质消费为主,而人才流动主要看重舒适物中的文化和消费设施发达程度、卫生医疗水平和交通便利程度,对自然舒适物和社会舒适物等“软”环境的重视不如西方国家;③ 中国城市舒适物结构呈现出比较复杂的状态,表现为发展不均衡的结构类型。城市舒适物评价指标体系构建紧扣舒适物概念和内涵,具有操作性和延伸性,一方面根据评价结果可以判断中国大城市舒适物水平的优劣与结构特征,另一方面评价结果可用于进一步分析其与城市经济、人才、企业等变量的关系,从而完善中国转型期城市发展和增长理论。     

长三角地区城市土地与能源消费CO2排放的时空耦合分析

探究城市土地与碳排放的时空耦合关系,是协调城市土地与生态环境亟待解决的重要问题。基于重心模型、总体耦合态势模型和空间耦合协调模型,使用建成区面积、能源消费和DMSP/OLS夜间灯光等数据,分析了1995—2013年长三角地区城市土地与能源消费碳排放的时空耦合特征,并考虑空间因素的影响,构建空间滞后面板Tobit模型分析其驱动因素。结果表明：① 1995—2013年,建成区面积与碳排放量总体上均呈增加趋势。建成区面积由1251 km ²,增加至4394 km ²,碳排放量由30389.49万t,增加至90405.22万t。城市土地与碳排放间呈显著的正相关;② 城市土地与碳排放空间差异明显,上海、南京、杭州、苏州和无锡的城市建成区面积相对较大,碳排放相对较高;③ 长三角地区城市土地与碳排放耦合关系总体上呈减弱-增强-波动的态势。协调关系处于不断演化过程中,低协调阶段的城市数量明显减小,高协调阶段的城市数量明显增加,且呈集聚分布特点。南京、无锡、苏州、杭州和宁波处于高协调阶段;④ 空间滞后面板Tobit模型结果表明：城镇化对城市土地与碳排放耦合协调度具有驱动和制动的双重作用。同时,人口密度、经济水平、产业结构和空间因素对其也具有重要影响。