北京城市边缘区城市化过程与空间扩展——以大兴区为例

城市边缘区空间扩展研究是探讨城市未来空间结构和形态演变的基础。本文基于北京大兴区1994、2001和2006年3期TM遥感影像资料提取城镇用地信息,通过对城市扩展强度、城市扩展梯度、城市边缘区空间扩展模式等建设用地的总体扩张行为进行研究,分析研究区十多年来城市化进程中城镇建设用地扩展的时间过程和空间格局特征,对明确未来城市边缘区土地利用发展方向,提高土地利用效率和城乡建设效益提供基本依据。结果显示,大兴区城市土地利用扩展强度不断增强;中心城区以及中心区面积的不断扩张,导致建设用地在高指数区间集中的趋势明显,农村地区小城镇建设的高速发展使得低指数区间的建设用地面积大幅度增加;根据城市化扩展梯度,大兴区分为城市化高速扩展带、城市化快速扩展带和城市化低速扩展带;紧邻中心区的城市化高速扩展带,以集中连片式扩展为主,该模式在边缘区空间扩展中居于主导地位。城市化快速发展带土地利用以轴向扩展模式为主,轴向扩展稳定地影响着大兴区城市化进程。独立发展模式随着城市经济的快速发展其影响将明显增强,逐渐成为城市边缘区空间扩展的主要形式。     

The changing patterns of cropland conversion to built-up land in China from 1987 to 2010

Over the past few decades, built-up land in China has increasingly expanded with rapid urbanization, industrialization and rural settlements construction. The expansions encroached upon a large amount of cropland, placing great challenges on national food security. Although the impacts of urban expansion on cropland have been intensively illustrated, few attentions have been paid to differentiating the effects of growing urban areas, rural settlements, and industrial/transportation land. To fill this gap and offer comprehensive implications on framing policies for cropland protection, this study investigates and compares the spatio- temporal patterns of cropland conversion to urban areas, rural settlements, and industrial/ transportation land from 1987 to 2010, based on land use maps interpreted from remote sensing imagery. Five indicators were developed to analyze the impacts of built-up land expansion on cropland in China. We find that 42,822 km² of cropland were converted into built-up land in China, accounting for 43.8% of total cropland loss during 1987–2010. Urban growth showed a greater impact on cropland loss than the expansion of rural settlements and the expansion of industrial/transportation land after 2000. The contribution of rural settlement expansion decreased; however, rural settlement saw the highest percentage of traditional cropland loss which is generally in high quality. The contribution of industrial/transportation land expansion increased dramatically and was mainly distributed in major food production regions. These changes were closely related to the economic restructuring, urban-rural transformation and government policies in China. Future cropland conservation should focus on not only finding a reasonable urbanization mode, but also solving the “hollowing village” problem and balancing the industrial transformations.     

基于城乡人口变动视角的中国城镇化地域类型时空演变

城镇化是城镇和乡村人口变动共同作用的结果。本文从城乡人口变动的视角提出了城镇化地域类型的划分方法,基于历次全国人口普查数据,考察了中国城镇化地域类型的时空演变及其影响因素。研究发现中国的城镇化于1990年后进入快速阶段且当前仍在加速,但城镇化的实现路径存在较强的时空动态性：① 随着人口自然增长减缓和乡城迁移扩张,全国城镇化地域类型由城乡扩张型转变为城镇吸引型,乡村人口减少对城镇化的贡献持续增强;② 城镇吸引型是各地最主要的城镇化地域类型,但2010年以来大量地区因乡村人口加速外流而转变为乡村流失型,城乡扩张型地域的空间范围大幅收缩至西藏、上海等地,而城乡收缩型地域在东北地区的非省会城市大范围扩张;③ 经济性因素仍是当前中国城镇化的核心驱动因素,经济增长带动乡村人口外迁,工业化长期有利于城乡协调共进,而公共服务等社会性因素的作用仍然有限;④ 新型城镇化和乡村振兴的政策效应还有待发掘,西部城市群、中小城市的吸引力以及乡村地区的人口发展等问题仍需更多的研究关注。本文最后对中国城镇化的趋势性、动力机制和未来研究重点展开了讨论。     

中国半城市化地区乡村聚落空间格局演化机制探索——以西安市南郊大学城康杜村为例

半城市化地区因其在社会、经济、景观等方面的过渡性、多样性和动态性,从而得到地理学、城乡规划学、生态学及社会学等多个学科学者的关注。本文重点研究城市化近域推进过程中半城市化地区城乡聚落的消长规律,探讨保留村落的空间格局演化特征及其动力机制。在综述半城市化地区和乡村聚落研究进展的基础上,以西安市南郊大学城康杜村为例,综合运用遥感影像解译、野外调查和统计分析等方法,对其近15年来的聚落空间格局及其演化机制进行研究。结果表明：康杜村在2001-2015年间共经历了4次建房高峰和2次显著的就业变迁,绝大多数原住民的房屋租赁始于2006年;原住民的就业变迁时间与主要的城市化时间节点高度一致;就业变迁与建房高峰之间呈现出“刺激—反馈”的系统演化特征。城市化近域推进的外部驱动和村庄原居民的自我调适是半城市化地区乡村聚落空间格局演化的主要动力。     

长春市城市建设用地演进的空间识别及影响机制研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市建设用地扩张成为人地关系及可持续发展面临的重要问题,社会各界对城市化与建设用地扩张的关注也越来越多。以长春市中心城区为研究对象,利用1800~1995年统计资料,1995年、2000年、2005年和2010年的遥感影像图及规划统计数据,运用GIS技术提取城市建设用地规模、形态、增长幅度、平均中心等信息,建立一种在空间上有效识别城市建设用地扩张的简便方法,对研究区1995~2010年不同阶段的城市建设用扩展进行空间识别,计算城市建设用地扩张速度、强度、形态紧凑度、分维指数等空间特征量,归纳长春市1995年以来,随城市化发展,城市建设用地空间扩张现象和特征。并结合经济社会统计相关数据及区域分析方法,分析城市建设用地扩张与其各类驱动要素之间的关系。结果表明,长春市建设用地空间扩张与形态演化既具有一般规律又具备特殊性,表现出建设用地总量增加、产业拉动性强、扩张速度快、强度高、空间形态不规则、城市中心迁移方向与建设用地扩张基本一致等特征。这些现象和特征形成的主要影响因素为快速城市化背景下开放式交通系统的高密度开发。     

Crossing-over between land cover and land use: Exploring spatially varying relationships in two large US metropolitan areas

Difficulties in identifying actual uses of land space from remote sensing-based land cover products often result in lost opportunities to enhance the capacity of applied research on human settlements. In an attempt to address these difficulties, this study investigates how land cover and land use are interrelated with each other and what determines the relationship patterns by analyzing detailed land use and land cover data for two large US metropolitan areas – the five-county Los Angeles and six-county Chicago regions – where a broad spectrum of human settlements, ranging from urban cores to less-urbanized edges, coexist. The analysis shows that the land cover-land use relationship substantially varies not only across regions but across neighborhoods within each region. Through multivariate regression, it is also found that the intraregional variation is highly associated with the neighborhood's stage of urbanization, median housing age, and other development characteristics, suggesting that the relationship pattern can largely be shaped by the history and evolution of urban design/development.     

资源枯竭型城市空间扩展进程研究——以淮北市为例

城市空间扩展是衡量新型城镇化背景下城市化进程的重要指标之一,对于研究资源枯竭型城市的可持续发展也有重要的意义。以遥感影像为基础,结合ArcGIS和Matlab软件实现建成区范围的自动提取;选取城市化强度、重心和紧凑度等指标,分析资源枯竭型城市空间扩展的时空特征;结合研究区实际情况和部分统计数据探讨了城市空间扩展驱动机制。结果表明：1992-2016年,淮北市建成区面积由13.64 km²增加到130.19 km²,净增8.54倍。城市化强度水平处于中等程度,城市扩展强度处于较高的水平,城市土地利用集约程度不高;重心总体呈现出东偏的姿态,建成区用地紧凑度逐渐下降。经济及人口、政府决策、交通水平和采煤塌陷区分别是研究区城市空间扩展的驱动机制、引导机制、内生机制和限制机制。     

河南省县域就地城镇化时空演变与影响机理研究

中国的就地城镇化被视为城乡界限淡化条件下人类聚落系统发生重大改变的证据之一。已有文献大多局限在城乡二元分析框架内,本文基于城乡界限淡化的背景建立县域就地城镇化模型,对河南省108个县市2006—2016年就地城镇化水平的整体格局、空间聚类和热点区域演化进行分析。研究结果显示：① 河南省大多数县市就地城镇化水平有了明显提升,但大部分县市仍处低水平发展阶段,就地城镇化水平相对差异呈扩大趋势。② 河南省就地城镇化空间演化特征明显,“L”形豫北-豫东板块就地城镇化先行区凸显,豫西整体城镇化水平虽低但发展后劲足,连片发展态势明显。③ 河南省县域就地城镇化全局自相关性十分显著,空间聚集倾向和空间近邻效应日益显现,但仅出现了小范围的高聚类区和低聚类区。④ 河南省县域就地城镇化的热点区、冷点区分布格局变化较大,但次冷区和次热区基本保持稳定状态。⑤ 基于极大似然估计的实证检验结果表明,基础设施建设水平、城镇就业规模、人口规模和财政支出水平等是影响河南省县域就地城镇化水平的重要因素。基于上述研究结论,本文提出应从加快推进户籍制度和就业创业制度改革、完善农业土地流转和征地补偿制度、加快城乡结合部新型农村社区建设等方面提升就地城镇化建设质量和水平。     

发达地区城乡聚落形态的信息提取与分形研究--以无锡市为例

利用１９７０年地形图、１９８４、１９９１、１９９８年的遥感影像,通过对无锡市地区遥感影你的光谱特征分析,采用仿归一化植被指数法提取无锡市城乡聚落空间信息。在此基础上,根据分形理论计算无锡地区城乡聚落空间形态的分数维,从分数维的变化,分析无锡城乡聚落空间形态的特征。结果表明,无锡地区城乡聚落空间形态具有分形现象,并且城区和集镇的分数维变化不一致,反映了城乡聚落空间形态在不同的阶段,其复杂程度、稳定性     

现代城市化的产业结构演进初探——中外发展研究对比

城市化是人类社会活动及生产要素从农村地区向城市地区转移的过程。其结果,现代城市最终成为了人类社会的生活、生产、消费和污染集聚之地。因此,人口和经济的集聚状态成为衡量现代城市化的两项基本指标。包括中国在内的12个国家实证分析表明,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,经济城市化的发展水平往往快于人口城市化的发展水平。更为重要的是,第二产业发展在国家人口城市化进程中的作用存在着由强变弱的趋势;与此同时,第三产业发展对人口城市化发育的影响则要强烈得多。相比之下,中国人口与经济城市化差异过大,导致这种情况出现的一个主要原因是城市产业结构发育的长期失衡。     

中国人口与土地城镇化时空耦合特征及驱动机制

城镇化是现代化的必然趋势,城镇人口与土地利用的合理匹配成为新型城镇化的重要前提。本文以中国636个建制市为研究对象,构建了人口城镇化与土地城镇化耦合发展关系指数,据此划分其耦合类型。借助Kernel Density工具,分析了中国城镇化发展的宏观格局、人口与土地城镇化耦合变化态势,诠释了这些耦合特征形成的原因及其内在驱动机制。结果表明：① 2006-2014年中国城市建设用地年均增长率是城镇常住人口年均增长率的1.65倍,土地城镇化远快于人口城镇化;② 市域人口与土地城镇化发展的空间依赖性较强,人口向城市集聚的密度重心呈现逐渐西移的趋势;③ 城市建成区快速扩展,城市人均建设用地面积普遍超标,其中42%的城市现状人均用地是标准值的5倍以上;④ 人口与土地城镇化耦合失调类型的城市空间分布相对集中,且“同增失调”现象较为普遍,主要城市群外围地区的失调问题较中心地区更为严重;⑤ 人口与土地城镇化耦合发展程度受到经济发展水平、城市性质、人口规模、政府决策行为、地理区位条件和地区内部差距等要素的综合影响,不同要素的作用机理和效应存在明显差异。新时期城镇人口与土地利用管理应当注重新常态、新趋势的系统诊断和动能转化的综合分析,为新型城镇化、城乡融合发展与乡村振兴决策提供科学依据。     

中国人口迁移,流动人口与城市化——现实,理论与对策

中国改革前的城乡不平等关系已演变成城市中拥有本地户口的居民与没有本地户口的流动人口的不平等关系。目前的城市化可以说是不完全和排斥性的城市化。要达到完全的城市化,必须关注三个重要方面,包括常规的城乡迁移、城市对流动人口的融合与包容以及城市边缘区的城乡一体化。流动人口地位低下的情况,政府和企业对此负有部分责任。讨论在户口制度背景下城市化的基本理论和城市流动人口融合的理论,认为应使用系统方法去研究城市化和城乡一体化的课题,该方法可应用于不同尺度的人与自然共生系统的规划、发展、建设和扩展,同时以香港的马鞍山新市镇作为例子来展示如何规划和发展一个可持续社区,以满足现代城市居民的期望。     

石家庄城市土地利用增长研究

在城市用地增长管理中,单一考虑土地利用面积数量的变化,忽略用地强度的增长,在一定程度上影响了 对城市土地利用变化过程的客观认识和准确把握。本文以高分辨率遥感影像作为基础数据源获取城市土地利用类 型和强度信息,通过构建城市土地利用变化指数,从地类变更和集约度变化两个方面,对1994~2002 年石家庄市城 市建成区土地利用变化进行综合分析。研究结果发现,从面积扩展和强度增加两个方面综合分析城市土地利用可 以补偿单一指标认识城市土地利用增长的不足,集约度增长指数较好地综合了两个方面土地利用变化;研究期间 耕地仍是城市用地增长的重要来源,城市土地集约利用也成为满足城市发展用地需求的重要途径;城市用地扩展 并辅以集约程度的提高,城市土地利用空间组织整体上呈集约化圈层式向外扩散,城市土地利用趋向合理;城市土 地利用变化存在较强的空间差异性,中心区更多向空间立体维度发展,其他区则以内部填充、外延扩展和城市更新 等方式实现城市用地增长;在类型上,土地利用变化表现出空间区位差异性,中心区继续强化城市中心职能,以商 业金融业用地等“强”城市属性地类变化为主。     

东莞市城市热环境时空变化及其驱动机制

东莞市处于快速城市化进程中,基于19902005年Landsat TM/ETM＋反演地表温度,对地表温度数据进行归一化处理,分析东莞市热环境格局的时空变化特征,并引入建筑密度和交通干道对区域热环境格局的形成机制进行分析。研究表明：东莞市在近15年间城市热环境格局发生重大变化,随着城市建设用地的扩张,热岛由起初的分散点状...     

基于遥感的城市热岛效应研究

热红外遥感和气候学的交叉融合为城市热岛效应提供了新的研究方法。从城市热岛的空间分布与土地利用类型、植被覆盖关系、人为热关系以及城市热岛效应演变4方面分析热红外遥感在城市热岛研究中的应用现状;探讨目前存在的两个主要问题:城市地物真实温度难以获取,遥感和气候模型结合不密切;提出遥感和气候模型结合以及多平台、多尺度、多角度遥感的综合应用等是城市热岛效应遥感研究的发展趋势。     

厦门岛城市空间扩张特征及其影响因素

Most of the world’s cities are concentrated in coastal areas. As a special geographical component of the coastal system, island urban spatial expansion is the outcome of interactions between city development and the physical environment. This paper takes Xiamen Island, located in Southeastern China, as an example to analyze island urban spatial expansion and its determinants by combining an analysis of the literature on urban development policies, urban overall plans, population growth and industrial development, with geographical information analysis using historical maps and remote sensing photographs. Firstly, we reviewed the history of the Xiamen City development during the last 100 years, which can be divided into four periods: the embryonic modern city and early development from 1908 to 1949; administrative boundary expansion and infrastructure development from 1950 to 1979; special economic zone construction and rapid urbanization from 1980 to 2003; and Bay City construction since 2003. The dynamic changes to the coastline, island shape, built-up area, transportation, administrative division, and major land use type conversion which occurred during approximately the past 100 years were analyzed and the characteristics of the island urban spatial expansion were concluded: early expansion from a central point, followed by expansion along a section of coastline, and expansion from the coastline inland. Secondly, we discussed the potential determinants of island urban spatial expansion including administrative division adjustment, urban master planning revision, industrial development, topographical factors, coastal area reclamation, transportation expansion, and population growth. Finally, the effects of each potential determinant on island urban spatial expansion were concluded. Island urban spatial expansion is the result of a synthesis of natural and socio-economic factors which are not independent but interacting. Built-up area expansion is the major driver of island land cover and land use changes. By this paper, we hope to provide a scientific reference contributing to the rational understanding of island and coastal sustainable urbanization in China, and the world beyond.     

城市地表温度对土地利用/覆被变化响应的遥感研究——以乌鲁木齐为例

 快速的城市化对城市环境产生显著的影响,基于遥感定量研究地表温度对土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的响应,来评估快速城市化对环境的影响,是一种快速、有效的途径。以干旱区典型绿洲型城市——乌鲁木齐为例,将遥感与地理信息系统相结合,利用1990年和2009年两期陆地卫星影像为基础数据进行土地利用/覆被分类,并基于单窗算法定量反演同期的地表温度,从而对快速城市化进程中的土地利用/覆被类型动态变化的空间特征及地表温度对快速城市化的响应情况进行了定量研究。结果显示,在近20 a间,乌鲁木齐城市迅速扩张,土地利用/覆被类型变化显著,城市建设用地增长率高达44.73%;同时城市的快速发展使地表温度提高了近6 ℃。研究表明,温度变化格局,尤其是增温区的空间分布与城市扩张的空间格局基本一致,说明地表温度对城市的土地利用/覆被变化产生了显著的响应。     

Forty years of urban expansion in Beijing: What is the relative importance of physical,socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors?

Urban expansion is one of the major causes of many ecological and environmental problems in urban areas and the surrounding regions. Understanding the process of urban expansion and its driving factors is crucial for urban growth planning and management to mitigate the adverse impacts of such growth. Previous studies have primarily been conducted from a static point of view by examining the process of urban expansion for only one or two time periods. Few studies have investigated the temporal dynamics of the effects of the driving factors in urban expansion. Using Beijing as a case study, this research aims to fill this gap. Urban expansion from 1972 to 2010 was detected from multi-temporal remote sensing images for four time periods. The effects of physical, socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors on urban expansion and their temporal dynamics were investigated using binary logistic regression. In addition, the relative importance of the three types of driving factors was examined using variance partitioning. The results showed that Beijing has undergone rapid and magnificent urban expansion in the past forty years. Physical, socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors have simultaneously affected this expansion. Socioeconomic factors were the most important driving force, except during the period of 1972–1984. In addition, the effects of these driving factors on urban expansion varied with time. The magnitude of the unique effects of physical factors and neighborhood factors declined while that of socioeconomic factors increased along with the urbanization process. The findings of this study can help us better understand the process of urban expansion and thus have important implications for urban planning and management in Beijing and similar cities.     

北京城市湿地时空演变及驱动力定量分析(英文)

The decision tree and the threshold methods have been adopted to delineate boundaries and features of water bodies from LANDSAT images. After a spatial overlay analysis and using a remote sensing technique and the wetland inventory data in Beijing, the water bodies were visually classified into different types of urban wetlands, and data on the urban wetlands of Beijing in 1986, 1991, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2007 were obtained. Thirteen driving factors that affect wetland change were selected, and gray correlation analysis was employed to calculate the correlation between each driving factor and the total area of urban wetlands. Then, six major driving factors were selected based on the correlation coefficient, and the contribution rates of these six driving factors to the area change of various urban wetlands were calculated based on canonical correlation analysis. After that, this research analyzed the relationship and mechanism between the main driving factors and various types of wetlands. Five conclusions can be drawn. (1) The total area of surface water bodies in Beijing increased from 1986 to 1996, and gradually decreased from 1996 to 2007. (2) The areas of the river wetlands, water storage areas and pool and culture areas gradually decreased, and its variation tendency is consistent with that of the total area of wetlands. The area of the mining water areas and wastewater treatment plants slightly increased. (3) The six factors of driving forces are the annual rainfall, the evaporation, the quantity of inflow water, the volume of groundwater available, the urbanization rate and the daily average discharge of wastewater are the main factors affecting changes in the wetland areas, and they correlate well with the total area of wetlands. (4) The hydrologic indicators of water resources such as the quantity of inflow water and the volume of groundwater are the most important and direct driving forces that affect the change of the wetland area. These factors have a combined contribution rate of 43.94%. (5) Climate factors such as rainfall and evaporation are external factors that affect the changes in wetland area, and they have a contribution rate of 36.54%. (6) Human activities such as the urbanization rate and the daily average quantity of waste-water are major artificial driving factors. They have an influence rate of 19.52%.     

中国县域城镇化格局演化与优化路径

县域城镇化的有序发展和优化布局,对于推进城乡要素平等交换、产业结构优化调整、资源与市场优化配置、促进城乡融合发展与乡村振兴具有重要战略意义。研究表明：① 2000—2020年中国县域城镇化快速发展且区域差异显著,东部沿海地区、中部城郊地区和北方边境地区的县域城镇化率相对较高,而西南地区、中部农区、西藏及新疆大部分地区的县域城镇化率偏低;2020年沿“胡焕庸线”东侧的东北地区、冀北及晋陕豫地区、川东及云贵地区成为县域城镇化率高值区,珠三角地区、长三角地区、京津冀地区、成渝地区、长江中下游地区、内蒙古边境地区,以及江浙闽东南沿海一带城镇化率超过50%的县域达716个,占比38.3%。② 县域城镇化是人口、经济、社会、文化等要素综合作用的结果,经济发展水平、自然环境条件、基础设施建设、地理区位条件、公共资源供给、专业创业集群与宏观政策等影响县域城镇化的方向、范围和深度。预测到2035年中国城镇化率为76.04%,县域城镇化率为64.38%。未来要重视强化县域人口、经济、社会和空间组织结构的调整优化。③ 县域城镇化发展可分为大城市周边县域要素集聚型城镇化、专业功能县域产业集聚带动型城镇化、农产品主产区县域农业现代化引领型城镇化、重点生态功能区县域生态保育型城镇化、人口流失县域异地转移集中型城镇化等5种类型。④ 县域城镇化以县城和重点镇作为要素集聚的重要空间载体,形成居业协同与产城融合的多级体系。通过构建产业全价值链、主导产业关联集群、公共服务融合配置体系等创新路径,将推动城乡要素平等交换与公共资源均衡配置、城乡产业融合与等值化发展,促进城乡融合网络化、城乡治理体系化与资源利用集约化,为优化县域人地关系和城镇化空间体系提供持久动力。