Integration of multi-source remote sensing data for land cover change detection

The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to integrate multi-source remote sensing data into a homogeneous time series of land cover maps in order to carry out change detection. We developed a method to increase the comparability between land cover maps coming from panchromatic aerial photographs and SPOT XS (multi-spectral) data by equalizing their levels of thematic content and spatial details. The methodology was based on the hypotheses that: (1) map generalization can improve the integration of data for change detection purpose, and (2) the spatial structure of a land cover map, as measured by a set of landscape metrics, is an indicator of the level of generalization of that map. Firstly, the methodology for data integration was developed by using land cover maps generated from near-synchronous data. Results revealed that, by controlling successively the parameters that influence the level of map generalization, the percentage of agreement between the near-synchronous land cover maps can be increased from 42% to 93%. The computation of five landscape metrics for a set of generalized land cover maps and for the target map allowed us to optimize the level of generalization by measuring the similarity in landscape pattern of the maps. The optimum level of generalization of the land cover map obtained from the aerial photographs for comparison with a land cover map derived from SPOT XS data was found at a resolution of 41m for two generalization levels of the thematic content. The spatial structure of a land cover map, as measured by a set of landscape metrics, is thus a good indicator of the level of generalization of this map. Secondly, the method was applied by integrating a land cover map obtained from aerial photographs of 1954 with a land cover map obtained from a SPOT XS image of 1992.     

黄河流域生态环境综合评价及其演变

在定性分析黄河流域自然生态环境特点的基础上，针对黄河流域不同的地理特征与生态环境特征，从气候环境、水文环境、土地覆盖、土壤侵蚀、土地利用和地形地貌等方面选择评价指标，在遥感与地理信息系统技术支持下，首先通过一系列的模型计算与遥感影像解译，分别生成黄河流域1980年代末期与1990年代末期数值型的生态环境背景因子，而后应用主成分分析法对生态环境质量进行了综合评价，得出了不同空间尺度下的反映黄河流域1980年代末期与1990年代末期生态环境质量的分级图，并对黄河流域近10年间的生态环境演变进行了分析。     

20世纪90年代无定河流域土地利用的时空变化

本文基于ArcGIS平台,以LandsatTM影像解译得到的三期土地利用数据为基础,结合统计分析工作,对无定河流域20世纪90年代土地利用数量、类型及其变化进行了分析。分析得出,前后2个5年间,无定河流域耕地、林地和未利用土地都是先减少而后稍有增加,草地则是先增加后稍有减少。在10年尺度上土地利用总的动态特征是,耕地与未利用土地面积减少,林地、草地面积增加。前5年无定河流域综合土地利用动态度为0.85%,未利用土地和草地的年变化率较大,耕地与水域年变化率较低。后5年无定河流域综合土地利用动态度为0.3%,林地与未利用土地年变化率较大,耕地与水域变化率较小。最后引入单一土地利用类型相对变化率反映出无定河流域土地利用变化存在明显的区域差异。     

Common features and different trajectories of land cover changes in six Western Mediterranean urban regions

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) dynamics have been particularly strong in the Mediterranean region, due to its historical development and to agro-pedoclimatic conditions favorable to human settlement. This area has undergone in the 1950s and the 1980s intense urbanization processes that has followed different trajectories. Urban expansion commonly occurs at the expense of agricultural land, leading to the fragmentation of natural areas and conflicts over access to land resources. These dynamics mainly concern the fringe between urban and agricultural land, e.g. the peri-urban areas usually included within functional urban regions. Here, to identify common features of LULCC in Western Mediterranean urban regions, we investigated two main features: direct changes due to urbanization and indirect changes affecting non-artificial land uses. We compared LULCC dynamics in 6 case studies from the north and south of the Western Mediterranean region: the urban regions of Montpellier and Avignon (France), Pisa (Italy), Madrid (Spain), Meknes (Morocco), and Constantine (Algeria), using a 30-year multitemporal spatial analysis (1980–2010). Two series of Landsat TM images were acquired for each case study and land cover data were analyzed both for dynamics and for land patterns, using landscape and class metrics. We found no significant north-south differences in LULCC dynamics between the investigated Western Mediterranean urban regions. Differences are more pronounced between small–medium cities and large metropolitan areas in type of urban diffusion, which is more sprawled in small–medium cities and more compact in large metropolitan areas. Rather, differences occur in LULCC not directly affected by urbanization, since in Northern Mediterranean urban regions afforestation and abandonment of agricultural areas are prevalent and closer to the urban areas, whereas transformation of natural areas into agricultural ones occurs mainly in Southern Mediterranean urban regions at a similar distance from urban areas than it happens for afforested or abandoned areas. In attempting for the first time to assess LULCC in these Mediterranean urban regions, we provide a preliminary comprehensive analysis that can contribute to the active LULCC research in the Mediterranean basin and that can be easily applied to other Mediterranean urban regions.     

洞庭湖流域植被动态变化的小波多分辨率分析

将离散小波多分辨率分析（MRA）应用于归一化植被指数（NDVI）时间序列研究,分解NDVI原数据序列成不同时间尺度的子序列,从而进行植被动态变化分析。针对洞庭湖流域的NDVI时间序列进行多尺度分解,挖掘这些数据中潜在的植被季节性和年际变化,对其进行评估,并结合土地覆盖变化与降水趋势变化分析引起该变化的可能原因。结果表明：小波多分辨率分析能提取洞庭湖流域植被动态的相关信息,如NDVI的年际成分均值、最低值、植被年内变化的振幅、NDVI最大值出现的月份和土地覆盖变化的趋势及幅度,这些信息有效刻画了流域植被动态变化特征。此外,将土地覆盖变化分析结果与降水数据相结合进行分析,发现流域植被覆盖的变化与降水变化有明显的关联性,其中西部地区和西北部地区植被动态变化对降水响应最为明显。但是有些地区降水没有明显减少趋势,而植被覆盖却存在减少趋势,则可能与该地地势较高、城镇化建设等其他因素相关。     

近30年来三江源地区土地覆被与宏观生态变化特征

利用1970年代中后期MSS图像和1980年代末、2004年以及2008年三期TM图像并结合野外调查,获得三江源地区四期土地覆被空间数据集,提出了土地覆被转类指数和土地覆被状况指数,以表征该区域生态变化的趋势。通过计算土地覆被转类途径和幅度、土地覆被转类指数和土地覆被状况指数,分析青海三江源地区1970年代中后期以来土地覆被时空变化特征及其反映的宏观生态状况变化。结果表明:三江源地区近30年平均土地覆被状况指数为38.20,土地覆被状况为4级,其中黄河流域最好,其次为澜沧江流域,长江流域最差;三江源地区土地覆被转类,在1970s~1990s和1990s~2004年两个时段,均主要以高生态级别向低生态级别转移为主,2004~2008年时段,主要以低生态级别向高生态级别转移为主;由土地覆被状况指数变化率和土地覆被转类指数,可以反映出近30年来三江源地区土地覆被和宏观生态状况,总体上经历了变差(1970s~1990s时段土地覆被状况指数变化率Zc为-0.63,土地覆被转类指数LCCI为-0.58)—显著变差(1990s~2004时段Zc为-0.94,LCCI为-1.76)—略有好转(2004~2008时段Zc为0.06,LCCI为0.33)的变化过程。这一变化过程前、中期主要受到气候变化和草地载畜压力共同驱动的影响,后期则叠加了生态建设工程的驱动作用。     

1998—2012年黄河流域植被覆盖变化时空分析

利用黄河流域1998—2012年SPOT-NDVI数据及同期119个气象站的降水数据,计算每个像元的NDVI变化趋势,并结合植被降水利用效率来分析近15年来黄河流域植被覆盖的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1） 多年平均的植被指数有明显的空间差异性,随着纬度的增加,NDVI平均值呈降低趋势;（2） 从时间序列来看,黄河流域的植被覆盖呈逐年增加趋势,其中黄河上游NDVI值增长最为缓慢,中游保持稳定增长,下游增长最快;（3） 近15年来黄河流域植被覆盖的改善区域面积大于退化区域,植被恢复明显。最后,结合NDVI变化趋势和植被降水利用效率对上述结果进行了验证。     

2003—2017年植被变化对全球陆面蒸散发的影响

蒸散发是陆面水循环的关键环节和过程,是研究水循环对人类活动和气候变化响应的关键要素。过去十几年,全球下垫面的植被变化剧烈,但如何影响全球陆面蒸散发仍未得到清晰的揭示。本文采用500 m分辨率MODIS数据驱动PML-V2模型,定量解析了2003—2017年植被变化对全球陆面蒸散发的影响。结果显示：在全球尺度上,植被变绿使得全球蒸散发呈现显著的增加趋势,使陆地水循环加快;区域尺度上,植被变化对蒸散发的影响则存在明显的地带性和非地带性特征,如在北美洲中北部、欧洲、中国东部、非洲南部和澳大利亚东北部等地区,蒸散发总量的增加主要是由植被蒸腾增加而引起的。分析不同植被功能类型区的贡献显示,下垫面变化对灌木和耕地影响尤为明显,并在2012年以后呈现增强趋势;这2个植被类型区的全球年总蒸散发累积增加量为0.41×10³ km³ a^-1,约为黄河流域多年平均径流量的8倍。该研究结果有助于进一步加强关于下垫面变化对陆地水循环的影响及其可能带来的局部气候变化的认识。     

近40a黄河流域国土空间格局变化特征与形成机理

科学认知黄河流域国土空间格局变化过程与影响因素,是构建可持续国土空间开发保护格局,实现黄河流域高质量发展的迫切需要.本文采用国土空间转移矩阵、标准差椭圆和地理探测器方法,研究1980-2018年黄河流域国土空间格局变化特征与形成机理.研究表明:①近40a黄河流域国土空间具有明显的水平地域差异和垂直梯度分异特征,生产空间...     

大凌河流域土地利用/覆被变化及其对气候变化的响应研究

基于Landsat遥感影像提取大凌河流域1986~2014年7期土地利用/覆被变化信息,并结合1986~2014年流域气候变化情况,发现大凌河流域土地利用变化对流域气候变化具有负面影响。研究表明：① 近30 a大凌河流域土地利用/覆被变化情况表现为：建设用地和农林用地的大幅度扩张,面积分别增加了322.30 km²和1 504.94 km²,并伴随着水域和旱地及其他未利用地面积的显著减少,面积分别减少了102.42 km²和1 724.61 km²;② 大凌河流域近30 a来土地利用变化导致流域平均年降水量、平均相对湿度及平均风速小幅度下降,分别减少了14.94 mm、0.2%和0.04 m/s,平均气温缓慢上升,增长了0.1℃;③ 退耕还林还草及成立凌河保护区等工作能提高流域植被覆盖面积、使流域水域面积得以回升,从而可以缓解城市热岛效应带来的温度升高,提高流域生态环境质量。     

远程耦合视角下的土地利用/覆被变化解释

传统的土地利用覆被/变化驱动力研究在很大程度上并未充分考虑远距离相互作用的影响,对全球化世界中由远距离相互作用驱动的土地利用/覆被变化日益缺乏解释力。鉴于此,本文旨在将远程耦合（Telecoupling）理论框架引入到土地利用/覆被变化的动力机制研究中来。在概述土地利用/覆被变化驱动力研究的基础上,从驱动力背景的变化出发,切入远程耦合框架的介绍,并基于此给出远距离相互作用驱动土地利用/覆被变化的经验证据;认为远程连接、全球化和城市化是远距离相互作用驱动土地利用/覆被变化的3种主要形式;进而提出建立“时—空—事”三位一体的土地利用/覆被变化解析路径、土地利用/覆被变化的近远程驱动力分解和基于网络的跨系统综合研究是土地利用覆被/变化驱动力研究中应用远程耦合框架的重点内容。     

Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

The Koshi River Basin is in the middle of the Himalayas, a tributary of the Ganges River and a very important cross-border watershed. Across the basin there are large changes in altitude, habitat complexity, ecosystem integrity, land cover diversity and regional difference and this area is sensitive to global climate change. Based on Landsat TM images, vegetation mapping, field investigations and 3S technology, we compiled high-precision land cover data for the Koshi River Basin and analyzed current land cover characteristics. We found that from source to downstream, land cover in the Koshi River Basin in 2010 was composed of water body (glacier), bare land, sparse vegetation, grassland, wetland, shrubland, forest, cropland, water body (river or lake) and built-up areas. Among them, grassland, forest, bare land and cropland are the main types, accounting for 25.83%, 21.19%, 19.31% and 15.09% of the basin’s area respectively. The composition and structure of the Koshi River Basin land cover types are different between southern and northern slopes. The north slope is dominated by grassland, bare land and glacier; forest, bare land and glacier are mainly found on northern slopes. Northern slopes contain nearly seven times more grassland than southern slopes; while 97.13% of forest is located on southern slopes. Grassland area on northern slope is 6.67 times than on southern slope. The vertical distribution of major land cover types has obvious zonal characteristics. Land cover types from low to high altitudes are cropland, forest, Shrubland and mixed cropland, grassland, sparse vegetation, bare land and water bodies. These results provide a scientific basis for the study of land use and cover change in a critical region and will inform ecosystem protection, sustainability and management in this and other alpine transboundary basins.     

Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization

This study evaluates land use/cover changes and urban expansion in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh, between 1975 and 2003 using satellite images and socio-economic data. Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use/cover changes were quantified using three Landsat images, a supervised classification algorithm and the post-classification change detection technique in GIS. Accuracy of the Landsat-derived land use/cover maps ranged from 85 to 90%. The analysis revealed that substantial growth of built-up areas in Greater Dhaka over the study period resulted significant decrease in the area of water bodies, cultivated land, vegetation and wetlands. Urban land expansion has been largely driven by elevation, population growth and economic development. Rapid urban expansion through infilling of low-lying areas and clearing of vegetation resulted in a wide range of environmental impacts, including habitat quality. As reliable and current data are lacking for Bangladesh, the land use maps produced in this study will contribute to both the development of sustainable urban land use planning decisions and also for forecasting possible future changes in growth patterns.     

1990-2010年中国土地覆被变化引起反照率改变的辐射强迫

土地覆被变化通过改变地表反照率而影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响。本文利用高时空分辨率遥感数据分析1990-2010 年中国土地覆被变化改变地表反照率的时空驱动机制,并计算全国50 个生态区地表反照率变化导致的年际尺度辐射强迫,揭示土地覆被变化在生态区尺度上影响气候变化的生物地球物理机制。结果表明:1990-2010 年全国土地覆被变化以耕地开垦、草地沙化、城市化等人类土地利用活动导致的土地覆被变化最为明显,全国草地与林地面积分别减少了0.60%和0.11%;建设用地和耕地面积分别增加了0.60%和0.19%。全国土地覆被变化通过改变地表反照率引起的平均辐射强迫为0.062 W/m²,表现为增温的气候效应,但在生态区尺度辐射强迫空间差异很大。京津唐城镇与农城郊农业生态区主要土地覆被变化为耕地转为建设用地,引起地表反照率降低了0.00456,产生0.863 W/m²的辐射强迫,表现为增温的气候效应;而三江平原温带湿润农业与湿地生态区主要的土地覆被变化为林草地转为耕地,引起地表反照率升高了0.00152,产生-0.184 W/m²的辐射强迫,表现为降温的气候效应。     

北京地区土地利用/覆盖变化研究

本文利用1975、1984、1991和1997的LandsatTM/MSS数据,对北京地区改革开放以来22年的土地利用/覆盖变化进行了研究。结果表明从1975～1997年,北京地区发生了快速城市化背景下的大规模土地利用/覆盖变化,表现出城镇用地通过大量占用平原区耕地扩展,非城镇用地间结构变化明显的基本特征。同时土地利用/覆盖变化区域差异明显,近郊区和远郊区的土地利用/覆盖变化强度发生了逆转,远郊区土地利用/覆盖变化强度在90年代已经超过近郊区,而且该区高密度城镇用地的重心也向西北方向发生了一定程度的移动,显示出同期北京城镇用地向西北方向扩展的趋势     

Hydrological implications of land use and land cover change: Spatial analytical approach at regional scale in the closed basin of the Cuitzeo Lake,Michoacan, Mexico

A spatially distributed water balance model was used to assess the influence of regional land use and land cover change in a poorly gauged basin for the years 1975 and 2000. To carry out this study in the Cuitzeo Lake basin in Michoacan, Mexico, remote sensing and geographic information system tools were integrated in the water balance model. In addition, a transition matrix analysis was used to determine the dynamic change of categories of related hydrologic processes. The analysis of the water balance components, based on landforms and transition matrix, indicated a tendency of improvement in the regional hydrologic conditions in the basin. As a consequence of urban land use growth, however, plains and footslopes of the basin showed an increase of runoff values. In addition, in both years, the topographic lower sections of the basin exhibited a high demand for water from the increased urban land use, along with degradation of Cuitzeo Lake, particularly by pollution and reduction of water supply. The approach used here is suitable for understanding the change in quantity and spatial distribution of water available in poorly gauged basins.     

Apartheid spatial engineering and land use change in Mankweng, South Africa: 1963–2001

Land use change studies permeate the geographic literature. While these studies have helped researchers understand the dynamics and importance of such changes, they have less often taken a deeper historical approach in combination with their traditional strengths of geographic information analysis. In this study, we explore historical land use changes in one of South Africa's former bantustans, Lebowa, from 1963 to 2001. We argue that changes in land use arise from both current socioeconomic dynamics but also from historical precedent established by the apartheid regime. Our methods couple historical aerial photography to recent household surveys to elucidate the national, regional and local influences over land use change. We conducted extensive field research in the study site between 2003 and 2006. Our findings show a high degree of urbanization, a loss of grassland and agricultural land and a dramatic pattern of increasing spatial concentration near growth points. We outline three recommendations for policymakers planning post-apartheid rural spaces and conclude with future research needs.     

土地覆被对黄河中游流域泥沙产生的影响

本在黄河中游地区选择了近60个水测站流域，流域面积从500～2500km^2，分别代表6种不同自然地理类型。运用遥感方法和专题地图，结合野外实地调查，在流域泥沙及植被、地面物质等数据采集的基础上，利用数理统计方法，建立了流域产沙量与植被、地面物质之间的定量关系。结果表明，植被和地面物质对流域产沙量有着十分重要的影响。流域产沙量与植被之间呈现相当好的非线性负相关关系，而与地面物质呈明显的线性正相关关系。流域产沙量随植被变化存在着二个临界值，一是当流域植被覆盖度等于30％时，另一是当植被覆盖度等于70％时。这一现象以往只是在试验小区或试验流域见到，而本的研究表明，类似的现象在天然河流流域也存在。多元回归表明，在影响流域产沙量诸因素中，植被的影响是最重要的，其次是地面物质。     

Land use/land cover change detection and prediction in the north-western coastal desert of Egypt using Markov-CA

Detecting land-use change has become of concern to environmentalists, conservationists and land use planners due to its impact on natural ecosystems. We studied land use/land cover (LULC) changes in part of the northwestern desert of Egypt and used the Markov-CA integrated approach to predict future changes. We mapped the LULC distribution of the desert landscape for 1988, 1999, and 2011. Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 data and ancillary data were classified using the random forests approach. The technique produced LULC maps with an overall accuracy of more than 90%. Analysis of LULC classes from the three dates revealed that the study area was subjected to three different stages of modification, each dominated by different land uses. The use of a spatially explicit land use change modeling approach, such as Markov-CA approach, provides ways for projecting different future scenarios. Markov-CA was used to predict land use change in 2011 and project changes in 2023 by extrapolating current trends. The technique was successful in predicting LULC distribution in 2011 and the results were comparable to the actual LULC for 2011. The projected LULC for 2023 revealed more urbanization of the landscape with potential expansion in the croplands westward and northward, an increase in quarries, and growth in residential centers. The outcomes can help management activities directed toward protection of wildlife in the area. The study can also be used as a guide to other studies aiming at projecting changes in arid areas experiencing similar land use changes.     

中国西部典型地区土地利用变化对比分析

作者选择中国西部长城沿线农牧交错带的陕西省榆林市榆阳区、西北干旱区河西走廊的甘肃省酒泉市肃州区和西南四川盆地丘陵区的四川省德阳市中江县为3个典型研究区域,对20世纪80年代以来的农村社会经济统计资料、土地概查、土地详查、遥感图像判读以及136个典型农户调查进行分析发现:土地利用的变化既受自然的地球生物物理驱动力的制约,又受社会、经济、技术和历史等因素的影响,具有很强的综合性和地域性。西部地区具有悠久的土地开发历史,其土地覆盖类型多种多样。由于其特殊的自然地理特征和社会、经济、政治等驱动因素的复杂多变,本区的土地覆盖发生了很大的变化,这些变化同农业、林业、牧业等与土地资源利用有关的产业发展以及城市化和土地退化等可持续发展问题密切相关。影响西部地区土地利用变化的驱动因素主要是人口增长与城镇化、固定资产投入与工矿交通产业发展、经济结构调整、科技发展和政策管理等人文因素。