Spatial and environmental patterns of off-road vehicle recreation in a semi-arid woodland

Outdoor recreation is a widely recognized cultural ecosystem service. Ensuring that appropriate, high quality recreation opportunities are available requires, among other factors, knowledge of the environmental preferences of recreation users and spatial indicators of where those environmental features exist on the landscape and offer the potential to meet recreation goals. Diverse types of outdoor recreation exist, and different forms of recreation may be associated with different environmental features. The focus of this study is off-road vehicle (ORV) recreation. We demonstrate how readily available spatial environmental datasets, including high resolution image data provided within GoogleEarth, can be used to develop a cost-effective, objective indicator of ORV recreation across a landscape, which can inform management to provide desired recreation opportunities while protecting ecologically sensitive areas.ORV recreational tracks were delineated from GoogleEarth imagery throughout our study area in the Great Western Woodlands of Western Australia. In this region, ORV use is a popular recreation activity and a growing concern of conservation organizations, but is not yet actively managed. Most recreational ORV tracks in the study area are informal and user-created. Mapped ORV recreation tracks were used to model and map the environmental associations of ORV recreation. The pattern of existing tracks indicated associations between recreation and noteworthy environmental amenities in the study area such as the shores of salt lakes and rock outcrops with high ecological and cultural value. However, one of the most important determinants of ORV track presence was accessibility, especially proximity to a road. Access infrastructure, such as proximity to roads, is often used to proxy demand and use in expert-based spatial assessments of ecosystem services. The results of our empirical model underscore the importance of incorporating patterns of both supply (i.e., desired natural amenities) and demand (i.e., access) into ecosystem service assessments. In addition, when integrated with maps of environmental sensitivity and more detailed information about human use, the predictive map of areas providing potential recreation experiences can be used for comprehensive spatial planning of sustainable ORV recreation. One possibility suggested by our results is that careful planning and management of access routes may be an effective means to achieve sustainable ORV recreation.     

Factors of spatial distribution of recreation areas in peri-urban Beijing

Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing, this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas, by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires, online survey, documentation and field investigations (2007). In order to achieve sound information, relevant data from different management departments, owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected. A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established, and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied. The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors, e.g. tourism attractions and environmental conditions, policy and spatial governance, consumption demand and preference, land price and availability. Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas. Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility. Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas. Meanwhile, recreational business clusters have appeared in suburbs influenced by mass recreation market growth. Controlled by the land price, commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity. Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more human- oriented. A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis, which can guide urban planning and designing, land-use planning and recreation resource development.     

Factors of spatial distribution of recreation areas in peri-urban Beijing

Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing, this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas, by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires, online survey, documentation and field investigations (2007). In order to achieve sound information, relevant data from different management departments, owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected. A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established, and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied. The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors, e.g. tourism attractions and environmental conditions, policy and spatial governance, consumption demand and preference, land price and availability. Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas. Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility. Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas. Meanwhile, recreational business clusters have appeared in suburbs influenced by mass recreation market growth. Controlled by the land price, commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity. Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more human-oriented. A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis, which can guide urban planning and designing, land-use planning and recreation resource development.     

基于生态足迹的西安城市生态游憩空间优化研究

城市生态游憩空间是进行城市生态游憩活动的重要基础,生态游憩空间的合理配置是生态休闲城市建设的重要内容。基于生态足迹理论模型,构建生态压力指数标准,并结合空间叠加分析法分析了西安市市区生态游憩空间的分布现状以及生态足迹、生态承载力、生态盈亏和生态压力情况。结果表明：西安市市区的人均生态赤字达到了1.4136 hm²/人,生态压力指数为13.2,生态环境状况极不安全;并且区域内生态游憩空间布局和当地的生态环境状况相矛盾。针对西安市生态游憩空间目前存在的问题,对生态游憩空间布局进行优化调整,构建西安市生态游憩廊道系统,对西安市未来城市生态文明建设、城市优质生活环境的塑造和生态安全格局的构建具有重要意义。     

城市生态游憩空间休闲价值对比分析——以常熟市为例

生态游憩空间建设是城市建设的重要内容,提升休闲价值是城市生态游憩空间建设的重要任务。在常熟市具有突出城市生态游憩服务功能的林地、草地、水域区选择可比性观测廊道,在对游客自发性休闲游憩行为进行动态观测的基础上对各生态游憩空间的休闲价值进行动态对比。结果表明：① 全年水域的休闲价值最显著,其次依次是草地、林地。② 全年各生态游憩空间休闲价值的时间分布不均衡,且有一定互补性。③ 林地对于老年人的休闲价值最突出,而中年人更偏好水域休闲,青年及少儿更偏好草地休闲。④ 在城市生态游憩空间建设中可根据各年龄段人群分布确定生态游憩空间配置方案;根据各生态游憩空间休闲价值差异及其时间变化配置相应休憩设施,并对生态游憩空间实施动态管理;根据影响因素提升各生态游憩空间休闲价值等。     

The production of meaning in outdoor recreation: A study of Norwegian practice

Outdoor recreation policy and management have largely been occupied by questions related to use patterns: who participates in which activities, where and when? However, it is commonly held that ideas and practices mutually influence each other. In outdoor recreation, it could be expected that the observable use patterns are influenced by the meaning recreationists ascribe to their activities. In this study 14 narratives of outdoor recreation practices are analyzed, in order to broaden the traditional understanding of the meaning of outdoor recreation.     

基于结构方程模型的城市公园居民游憩满意度

城市公园是承载居民日常游憩的主要空间,度量居民在城市公园的游憩满意度对于改善公园的游憩品质具有重要意义。结合城市公园的游憩特征和影响因素,文章构建了用于测度居民游憩满意度(RRSI)的结构方程模型;并以北京城市公园为例,在量表设计和问卷调查基础上,对居民游憩满意度进行了研究。研究结果表明,在影响居民游憩满意度的三大潜变量中,可达程度对居民游憩满意度影响最大,其次分别是感知质量和感知价值。深入分析发现,可达程度中的“公共交通”、“与居住区距离”,感知质量中的“景观品质”、“休憩设施”、“公园治安”、“文娱活动”、“标识系统”,感知价值中的“门票及消费”等观测变量对潜变量的作用更明显,是影响居民游憩满意度的主要因子。在研究结果的基础上,文章提出了改善城市公园游憩品质可资借鉴的政策建议。     

基于POI的城市休闲空间格局分析——以乌鲁木齐市为例

基于百度POI数据,运用Ripley’s K函数、最近邻层次聚类、空间自相关等方法,对乌鲁木齐市公共休闲设施空间布局进行研究,总结城市休闲空间的格局特征,进而探讨休闲空间的影响因素。结果表明：（1）乌鲁木齐休闲设施空间分布表现出明显的向心集聚性。（2）各类休闲设施热点区分布表现出不同的集聚倾向,娱乐类、购物类、健身类三类休闲设施热点区主要布局在主城区以内重要交通枢纽和商业中心附近,餐饮类休闲设施热点区表现出明显的人口导向特征,旅游类休闲设施热点区均分布在热门旅游景区附近,文化类休闲设施热点区分布于科教文化基地或多民族混居区。（3）乌鲁木齐市休闲空间格局为“圈层+扇形+组团”模式,核心为面状综合型休闲中心,外围为扇形的休闲设施稀少区、组团式多功能休闲区和组团式餐饮休闲区,最外围是休闲设施极少的郊区和组团式旅游休闲区。（4）乌鲁木齐休闲空间与人口空间分布存在较强的空间正相关关系。     

环城游憩汀(ReLAM):一种值得探询的新型空间要素

环城游憩带(ReBAM)发展到高级阶段将出现空间聚散形态。城市居民游憩需求的规模扩张和结构变动要求ReBAM在供给面形成响应。在不少城市,ReBAM已具备一定的整体开发水平,但内部节点(旅游地)发展不均。在此情况下,优化需求-供给的结构性匹配成为ReBAM发展的内在趋势。环城游憩汀(ReLAM)是指依据游憩需求导向,向特定时空内其他游憩节点引送游憩流的现实或潜在功能较强的优势节点。ReLAM以改善ReBAM节点关联为导引,扩展游憩时空行为,促进节点整合互惠,提升居民游憩品质和ReBAM利用水平。ReLAM形成的根本原因是游憩需求增强和时空条件滞后之间的矛盾,分为主观因素驱动、客观因素驱动和混合驱动3种基本类型。游憩需求状态、垂引节点吸引力、时空结构对ReLAM的形成及其功能具有关键影响,游憩市场规模发挥调节作用。ReLAM是兼具集聚和辐射功能的新型空间要素,对非均衡发展的游憩区域具有优先指导价值。     

城市游憩场点系统结构分形及优化——以苏州市区为例

以苏州市区为例,采用Zipf分维数、空间关联维数以及交通长度－半径维数三个指标,分别对城市游憩场点系统的等级结构、空间结构及交通网络通达性进行分维刻画。研究发现:首先,苏州游憩场点系统及其交通道路支持系统都具有较好的分形特性;其次,各分维指标能够准确地刻画城市游憩场点系统及交通道路支持系统的结构分异,可以为游憩场点系统的结构优化提供标准依据并指明方向;其三,苏州游憩场点系统的等级结构和空间结构均呈现出一种核心松散、外围紧致的结构递变趋势,自组织能力的离心化现象比较突出;最后,从分形几何和系统论的角度揭示、证实了游憩场点系统和旅游景点系统在结构分形及自组织演化上存在着显著差异。     

Combining conventional and volunteered geographic information to identify and model forest recreational resources

It is now common for researchers in natural resource management and economics to develop spatial models of recreation demand for the purposes of valuation and planning. Such an approach has significant advantages but requires access to relatively detailed spatial data. In the absence of official data concerning resources, researchers may benefit from employing increasingly available volunteered geographic information (VGI) as a central source of data or to complement more traditional data sources. This paper describes the development of a map of forest recreational resources in Ireland by combining conventional forest cover data and VGI of recreational trails. As an extension the new map is combined with household survey data to explore respondent's ability to identify local recreational forests and models the impact of the characteristics of the closest forest on their annual visitation. The results suggest that VGI can be a useful resource to researchers in both the identification and characterisation of recreational resources. In addition, this paper finds that the distance to and characteristics of the nearest recreational forest has a significant impact on total annual visitation by members of the public.     

Motivation for mountain biking in Norway: Change and stability in late-modern outdoor recreation

The paper presents empirical data on motivation for mountain biking in Norway. In the study a mountain biker was defined as a person who had cycled on rough trails or in difficult terrain more than ten times during the previous year. The research sought to establish the degree to which the motivation for the ‘modern’ activity of mountain biking differs from the motivation for more ‘traditional’ outdoor recreational activities. In 2002 two surveys were conducted among bikers to take into account two different ways of practising mountain biking. A factor analysis was undertaken with 27 items from the Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scales to establish the relative importance of various kinds of motivation. Participants rated the importance of the factors on a scale from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (very important). ‘Physical exercise’ scored a mean value of 4.46, ‘contemplation’ 3.91, ‘nature & place’ 3.52, ‘speed & excitement’ 3.43, ‘managing challenges’ 3.35, ‘social relations’ 2.49, and ‘equipment & appreciation’ 2.02. The paper concludes that a theoretical perspective which focuses on both change and stability in cultural development in the late-modern period is necessary for a nuanced understanding of the complexities of Norwegian outdoor recreation today.     

Human dimensions of land use and land cover change related to civil unrest in the Imatong Mountains of South Sudan

Civil unrest disrupts not only the lives of people in the impacted area, but also the environment in ways not well understood. While armed conflict generally has a negative impact on the immediate environment, the absence of people due to war can be beneficial to local ecosystems and wildlife. Lack of access to a warzone during conflict, however, makes it difficult to gather primary data on the effects of conflict in real time. Satellite imagery has been used successfully to document changes on the landscape during and after war, but additional information is needed to explain the underlying drivers of these observed changes in land use and land cover. To understand how human decisions and actions during war and peace impact land use and subsistence practices, we combined results from key informant interviews with observations made from remotely-sensed satellite imagery and compared expected results with findings in seven major thematic areas. In the high biodiversity region of the Imatong Mountains in South Sudan, we discovered that while some people fled the area during the various conflicts, many others escaped to higher ground to live off the resources available from the forest. Earlier studies indicated that the impact on forest cover during and after the war were minimal in the Imatong Mountains, and extensive in the nearby Dongotana Hills. Discussions with local inhabitants confirmed these findings and provided further insights for how migration and land use patterns impacted forest cover and wildlife in this volatile region.     

Identifying Environmental and Natural Resource Management Conflict Potential Using Participatory Mapping

Methods have been proposed for identifying land use conflict potential using participatory mapping data and models. In a case study from Finland, we extend conflict mapping research by evaluating the capacity for participatory mapping to identify conflict for land uses that include mining, tourism development, commercial forestry, recreation, and nature protection. We evaluated two conflict models using reference sites where conflict was expected and assessed whether conflict potential was influenced by participant social group (resident, visitor, holiday home owner). The conflict models correctly identified the locations of current and proposed mining projects and major tourism locations (ski areas) in the region, while conflict for commercial forestry and reindeer herding was spatially distributed. Preferences for land use by social group were more similar than different across the study region. Identification of conflict potential using participatory mapping can provide a useful planning diagnostic but would benefit from additional research for validation.     

城市园林游憩活动评价及"期望差异-体验水平"管理模式——以无锡为例

游憩活动设计和管理对城市园林实践具有重要意义。评价是设计决策和管理实践的依据,基于"工具设计－测量评价－管理战略决策"这一评价流程,从游憩活动使用者角度出发,通过文献分析构建游憩活动评价指标体系,并以无锡园林作为研究对象,选择其中四个典型城市园林进行游客抽样调查,通过对调查所得数据的统计分析,综合评价无锡市园林游憩活动的现状,并提炼影响游客游憩体验的重要因素。还尝试性地提出了园林游憩活动的"期望差异—体验水平"管理模式,基于调查数据来计算9类游憩活动的期望差异等级表和体验水平等级表,以确定其在"期望差异—体验水平"横向评价矩阵("ED-EL"矩阵)中所处位置,在此基础上对无锡市四个园林的游憩活动发展提出建议。     

Recreational Access to Privately Owned Rural Land: A Case Study in Canterbury Hill Country, New Zealand

There is public concern that private ownership restricts public access to land for such uses as recreation and amenity value. There is little systematically collected information about the extent of unfavourable attitudes to public access in New Zealand. This case study analyses the responses of 94 farmers/foresters to a request to operate a series of large‐scale sporting events that traversed privately owned rural land. Issues of concern to landowners included visitor health and safety, disturbance to farm or forest management, and spread of disease. Despite these concerns 90 percent of the landowners who were approached allowed access to their land for recreation. An approach for handling possible landowner requests to charge for access for large‐scale events is suggested.     

Conservation And Conflicts In The Sundarban Biosphere Reserve,India

The Sundarban Biosphere Reserve in West Bengal, India, is part of the largest mangrove forest ecosystem in the world. The reserve is a world heritage site and the last refuge for the endangered Bengal tiger at a crucial time when global climate change threatens their existence. The mangrove ecosystem and wildlife conservation have become the priority for the state government of West Bengal. However, in becoming so, the state government imposes restrictions on catching fish in the core and buffer areas of the biosphere reserve, which intensify fishermen's everyday resource‐access struggles in the mangrove forest. This paper examines the conflict between local fishermen and conservation needs, broadening the understanding of human‐environment relationships in the Sundarbans region of India.     

婺源县森林景观游憩价值的经济评价

文章在简要分析森林游憩价值经济评价方法的基础上，采用旅行费用法（TCM）对婺源县森林景观游憩价值进行了经济评价。采用整群随机抽样的方法对研究区的游客进行半访谈式问卷调查，根据调查资料，将婺源县游客来源划分为15个出发区，建立了游林率-旅行费用回归模型。结果表明，旅行费用与游林率呈极显著的负相关，文化程度与游林率呈显著的正相关；在此基础上制定了游憩需求曲线，计算得出研究区2002年森林景观游憩经济价值为1．02亿元。     

基于人口特征的城市生态游憩空间配置——以常熟市为例

生态游憩空间配置是休闲城市建设的重要内容,对城市生态文明建设、城市优质生活环境营造具有重要意义。本文以国家休闲城市综合标准试点市——常熟市为研究对象,以人口特征为切入点,对该市不同功能区内各年龄段人口数量、可进行生态游憩的时间、生态游憩意愿、对不同生态游憩空间的偏好,以及全市不同功能区人口对生态游憩空间的配置需求进行了调查研究。人口特征影响城市生态游憩空间的配置需求,全市不同功能区的人口特征有显著差异,因此对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求不同。在人口量、人口平均生态游憩可能性、人口生态游憩空间类型偏好等因素的影响下,商业活动区内人口对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求指数均最高,其次为生活居住区、商务办公区、工业生产区;全市不同功能区内人口对草地游憩空间的配置需求指数均最高,其次为水域和林地。可根据城市不同功能区人口数量、类型、分布特征,以及对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求来指导城市规划建设中生态游憩空间的配置实践。     

游憩环境、游憩体验对游客满意度和行为意向的影响——以海南东寨港红树林旅游区为例

以往对于旅游地的研究多关注"游憩体验-游客满意度-游客行为意向"的因果关系,却忽视了旅游地的游憩环境因素与其它变量间的关联机制,对于环境服务功能显著的生态旅游地尤为如此.以海南省东寨港红树林旅游区为案例地,从游客感知的视角,探讨游憩环境、游憩体验、游客满意度及其行为意向等多维变量之间的逻辑关系;建立了以游憩环境和游憩体...