乌兰布和沙漠梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)夜间液流特征及其环境驱动机制北大核心CSCD

树木夜间液流(Qn)指夜晚通过根、茎、叶等器官的液流量,对于研究树体内水分的运移、存储以及叶片蒸腾等具有重要的生理生态学意义。本研究于2020年6-10月,应用Granier热扩散探针法测定了乌兰布和沙漠梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)人工灌丛枝条的液流,同步监测了大气温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)、降水量(P)、风速(WS)和土壤水分等环境因子,分析了梭梭夜间液流特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:(1)梭梭灌丛枝条液流密度呈现出明显的昼夜变化规律;白天梭梭液流密度(SFD)呈现出“单峰型”或“双峰型”曲线,值为0.03-0.18 g·cm^(-2)·min^(-1);夜间SFD的变幅较小,为0.04-0.08 g·cm^(-2)·min^(-1)。(2)在6、7、8、9、10月,梭梭灌丛Qn分别为0.57±0.38、0.51±0.37、0.50±0.34、0.55±0.32、0.37±0.18 kg·d^(-1),分别占日液流通量的23.29%、24.07%、26.76%、31.26%、30.27%,说明Qn是估计梭梭灌丛日蒸腾耗水量的重要组成部分。(3)Qn与T、WS和饱和水汽压差(VPD)正相关(P<0.05),而与RH负相关(P<0.05),其中VPD与Qn的相关性最大。(4)在日尺度上,Qn与相对土壤含水量(REW)正相关(P<0.05),说明Qn随着土壤水分有效性的提高而增大。     

干旱区枸杞蒸腾耗水变化特征及其影响因子响应分析北大核心CSCD

以宁夏干旱区滴灌枸杞为研究对象,利用包裹式茎流计及自动气象站获取枸杞2015年4~11月树干液流数据及试验区气象参数系列,分析不同时间尺度枸杞蒸腾耗水变化特征及其与气象要素、枸杞生理生长指标间的相关关系与响应特征,为明晰枸杞耗水规律及其需水诊断提供支撑。结果表明:枸杞树干液流量随基径增大而增加,呈线性正比关系;盛花期平均液流速率最大(42.72~133.79 m L·h^(-1)),其次是盛果期和营养生长期,也是枸杞的关键需水期;6~8月累计树干液流较大,分别占全生育期总耗水量20.25%,19.23%和18.64%,4月份及11月份最小。枸杞日液流量(S)与太阳辐射(R_s)、日均气温(T_a)呈线性相关,与水汽压差(VPD)呈二次多项式相关,且符合回归方程S=0.005R_s+0.066T_a+0.318VPD-0.533(R^2=0.695)。树干液流与基径(r)满足方程S=1.137 7r-2.105 2(R^2=0.821 067)与冠幅(A)满足S=0.905 3A+0.541 6(R^2=0.680 4);并与光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Er)呈显著正相关关系,通过P=0.05的显著性检验。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘丘间地梭梭群落蒸散特征

根据2016年古尔班通古特沙漠南缘丘间地梭梭生育期定点观测的土壤水分、气象要素等资料,基于水量平衡原理估算了梭梭生育期蒸散量,分析了蒸散变化规律。结果表明：（1）在梭梭生长季,降雨量为206.7 mm,降雨分布不均,梭梭萌发期,降雨量最多;梭梭生长旺盛期,月降雨量逐月减少;梭梭枯落期,降雨量最少。（2）在梭梭生长季,梭梭群落0~400 cm土壤贮水量变化整体呈下降趋势,梭梭萌发期是土壤贮水量盈余期,生长旺盛期和枯落期为土壤贮水量亏损期;梭梭群落发挥土壤水库效应,依靠生长季前土壤蓄水来弥补梭梭群落生长季需水缺额。（3）在梭梭生长季,蒸散量变化特征为多峰曲线,峰值主要出现在降雨集中期,最低值出现在土壤贮水量亏损期。（4）在梭梭生长季,梭梭群落累积蒸散量增幅始终高于累积降雨量增幅,累积蒸散量大于累积降雨量。     

立地条件和积雪厚度对古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭造林的影响

为了辨认立地条件和积雪厚度对梭梭苗木成活的影响,于2009年4月,在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘选取了沙丘阴坡、沙丘阳坡、丘间平地作为研究样地,在原有自然降雪的基础上,通过补水模拟不同年份的积雪厚度,进行了梭梭春季免灌造林研究,选择适宜实施梭梭免灌造林的立地环境和积雪条件。研究结果表明,不同立地条件之间梭梭免灌造林成活率差异显著,沙丘阴坡、丘间平地和沙丘阳坡梭梭免灌造林成活率分别为53.66%、14.42%和4.73%,这与3种立地条件的土壤水分状况吻合,说明水分是影响梭梭免灌造林的关键因子;在不同的立地条件下,积雪厚度对梭梭免灌造林成活率的影响程度不同,在年积雪厚度达到17 cm时,沙丘阴坡梭梭免灌造林成活率能达到54.95%,而在丘间平地与沙丘阳坡梭梭免灌造林成活率却很小,由于3种立地条件各种环境因子的差异,造成了不同立地条件下同一积雪厚度对梭梭免灌造林成活率存在差异。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地两种灌木有效根系密度分布规律的研究

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地通过分层分段挖掘法对滴灌条件下多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosis-sima)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)幼苗根区有效根长密度和有效根重密度空间分布进行了研究。结果表明:梭梭幼苗平均有效根系密度为多枝柽柳幼苗的3倍左右。在垂直方向上,两种灌木的有效根系密度的变化因树种而异,多枝柽柳幼苗随土层深度的增加呈指数递减,而梭梭幼苗随土层深度的增加呈单峰型曲线。在水平方向上,两种灌木幼苗有效根系密度均随距离植株基径距离的增加呈指数递减。非线性参数拟合分析表明:采用RD=eA BX CZ函数模型能较好地反映滴灌条件下多枝柽柳幼苗的有效根系密度的空间分布。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭茎干液流变化及其对环境因子的响应

利用TDP热扩散式茎流计,结合气象观测系统,对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原生梭梭的树干液流及环境因子进行连续监测,分析了梭梭树干液流对环境要素的响应,基于潜在蒸散发和蒸腾需求指数对梭梭茎干液流进行了模拟。结果表明：（1）梭梭树干液流在晴天的日变化呈单峰曲线,液流速率上升阶段时间短于下降阶段时间,与气象因素的日变化规律不一致。不同季节梭梭树干液流速率日变化规律存在差异,夏季液流与春季、秋季相比,启动早,停止晚,峰值更大且发生更早。（2）环境要素间存在着不同程度的相关性,主成分分析表明：前三个主成分共能解释85%的环境信息,其中以空气湿度、空气温度、水汽压亏缺、潜在蒸散发、净辐射为主的第一主成分能解释47%环境信息变化,以土壤温度、水汽压为主的第二主成分能解释20%环境信息变化,以土壤含水量、风速为主的第三主成分能解释17.6%的环境信息变化。（3）在春季和夏季基于潜在蒸散发的S型模型模拟梭梭液流速率的精度更高,在秋季基于蒸腾需求指数模拟的梭梭液流速率的精度更高。（4）梭梭树干液流速率与大气水分亏缺、净辐射、潜在蒸散发之间存在非对称响应,且不同季节间的响应规律存在差异,在春季和秋季,液流速率与水汽压亏缺呈顺时针状,与净辐射、潜在蒸散发呈逆时针状;在夏季,液流速率与水汽压亏缺呈顺时针状,与净辐射、潜在蒸散发呈斜8字顺时针状。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区风沙流输沙特征研究

利用多种积沙仪,通过野外实时输沙观测,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中的地表风沙流特征进行了分析,结论如下:(1)100 cm高度范围内,总输沙量的63.1%分布在20 cm高度内,72.4%分布在30 cm高度内,随高度的增加,输沙量呈负指数函数下降;由此可见,该地区的风沙活动主要集中在近地面20～30 cm高度范围内;(2...     

Water use measurement by non-irrigated Tamarix ramosissima in arid regions of Northwest China

Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. is a typical hardy desert plant growing in arid regions of Northwest China. Sap flow in stems ofT. ramosissima plants were measured continuously to determine the diurnal and ...     

不同坡向梭梭幼苗的生长状况和适应特征

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘一年生梭梭移栽苗为研究对象,对梭梭幼苗的地上部分生长状况、蒸腾速率日变化趋势以及根系形态进行了调查,探讨不同坡向梭梭幼苗的生长和适应特征。结果表明,平地、阴坡和阳坡表层0~30 cm土壤含水量无显著差异,40~100 cm土壤含水量阳坡<阴坡<平地。梭梭幼苗同化枝生长速率和含水量均表现为阳坡<阴坡<平地,其生长速率和含水量可能与根层土壤含水量高低有关。不同坡向梭梭幼苗蒸腾速率日变化均呈“单峰型”,12:00-16:00阳坡梭梭幼苗蒸腾速率显著高于阴坡与平地。 阳坡梭梭幼苗主根不发达,侧根较多但较短;平地和阴坡梭梭幼苗根系主根发达,以单根为主。这反映出根系对相应生境下土壤水分的适应特征。     

沙漠腹地人工绿地地表能量交换特征

运用涡度相关法开路系统对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工灌溉绿地生长季地表能量交换特征以及与环境因子的关系进行测定分析。结果表明：在典型晴天条件下,无论是沙漠区还是沙漠腹地灌溉绿地,白天感热通量在净辐射通量的分配中所占的份额最大,潜热交换仅占很小的比例,人工绿地感热通量和潜热通量的峰值为230.54 W/m²和88.5 W/m²,沙漠区为220 W/m²和17.55 W/m²,沙漠腹地人工灌溉造林后潜热交换明显增加。沙漠腹地造林后,绿地波文比日变幅和日均波文比均减小,绿地日均波文比为沙漠区的15%,人工绿地的营建促使了局地气候的改变。绿地地表能量交换受气象因子和下垫面条件的影响和制约,按相关系数的高低,环境因子对感热、潜热通量的影响依次为：Rn>△Ta>△TS>v>TS,沙漠区人工造林后地表能量交换与多个环境因子有着密切的关系。这些研究结果将加深我们对沙漠地区人工灌溉造林地近地层能量交换的认识。     

Analysis of atmospheric boundary ozone profiles in winter in hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

In order to reveal the variation characteristics of ozone (O₃) concentration in the atmosphere boundary layer over a desert in winter, an observation experiment was carried out in the Tazhong area by means of a tethered balloon during January 18–25, 2008. The vertical distribution of O₃ concentration and its correlation with temperature and humidity were analyzed based on experimental observation data and related data. Results show that: (1) The concentration of O₃ mainly ranges from 10 to 50 μg/L, with a maximum of 56.1 μg/L, minimum of 2.6 μg/L, and a daily average concentration of 34.4 μg/L. (2) O₃ profiles can be divided into three types: peak, uniform, and growth, where uniform accounts for the majority. (3) Temperature and moisture are influential on O₃ concentrations in atmospheric boundary layer. Temperature inversion and water vapor increase in an atmospheric boundary layer leads to a decrease of O₃. (4) O₃ concentration has an obvious daily change in Tazhong. It is lower at night, begins to increase after sunrise, and reaches a maximum at noon. The maximum appears at 17:00 BJT (Beijing Time), and the minimum appears at 08:00 BJT.     

The variation characteristics and effect factors of surface ozone concentration in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland

Based on automatic continuous surface ozone concentration observation data from June 10, 2010 to March 20, 2012 in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland, combined with corresponding meteorological data, the temporal, seasonal and daily variation characteristics of surface ozone concentrations under different weather conditions were analyzed. At the same time, the main fac- tors affecting ozone variation are discussed. Results show that： （1） Daily variation of ozone concentration was characterized by one obvious peak, with gentle changes during the night and dramatic changes during the day. The lowest concentration was at 09：00 and the highest was at 18：00. Compared to urban areas, there was a slight time delay. （2） Ozone concentration variation had a weekend effect phenomenon. Weekly variation of ozone concentration decreased from Monday to Wednesday with the lowest in Wednesday, and increased after Thursday with the highest in Sunday. （3） The highest monthly average concentration was 89.6 I.tg/m3 in June 2010, and the lowest was 32.0 ~g/m3 in January 2012. Ozone concentration reduced month by month from June to December in 2010. （4） Ozone concentration in spring and summer was higher than in autumn and winter. The variation trend agreed with those in other large and medium-sized cities. （5） Under four different types of weather, daily ozone concentration var- ied most dramatically in sunny days, followed by slight variation in rain days, and varied gently in cloudy days. Ozone concentra- tion varied inconspicuously before a sandstorm appearance, and dropped rapidly at the onset of a sandstorm. （6） Daily variation of radiation was also characterized by a single peak, and the variation was significantly earlier than ozone concentration variation. Sun radiation intensity had a direct influence on the photochemical reaction speed, leading to variation of ozone concentration. （7） Daily average ozone concentration in dust weather was higher than in slight rain and clear days. The variation of near surface ozone concentration could also be affected by meteorological factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction and sunshine hours. Thus, numerous factors working together led to ozone pollution.