The Permeable City: Toronto's Spatial Shift at the Turn of the Millennium

This article presents an analysis of the relationship between urban governance restructuring, and global, national, and local action through a case study of the Toronto city‐region. The Toronto city‐region recently underwent a massive reorganization of its governance structures, functions, and jurisdictional boundaries. This restructuring raises questions about why these changes occurred at this particular juncture in the region's history. Why did the city that had always been known in the academic and political discourse as the “city that works” stop “working”? What global and national forces might have accounted for such a radical restructuring? And what did local action contribute? These questions are explored in both historical and contemporary contexts by drawing on insights from regulation theory, urban regime theory, and an analysis of Canada's changing fiscal federalism. This approach informs the role that institutions — regardless of their origin or territorial scope — play in sustaining a local accumulation system, and how this “local” accumulation grounds a national regulatory mode and regime of accumulation. The approach also explores the relationship between regime and regulation theories in the context of policy formation and institution building. The study concludes that the current policy set is incapable of resolving the region's crisis tendencies. Notwithstanding external forces, the current policy set is not inevitable. Globalization does not predetermine all spatial‐economic outcomes.     

An Arrow-Cycle Interpretation of the Redevelopment of Stockholm's Central Business District

Danish Journal of Geography 95: 83–91, 1995.

The core of Stockholm's central business district, Lower Norrmalm, underwent a process of total renewal during the post-war period. This study asks if this renewal process may be interpreted as a manifestation of a logic of cyclicity inherent to the economies of regions and nations. First, time series over construction activity are presented for three geographic levels: Stockholm, the inner city and Lower Norrmalm. Then the observed booms and slumps are analyzed in the following contexts: construction activity on the national scale, transportation and urbanization, and finally, economic and spatial restructuring. Developments on Lower Norrmalm during this period seem to have been part of a regional and national building cycle, and were moulded by adaptation to transportation needs and rapid economic restructuring. But the local effects of these forces would have been very different were it not for the mediating and actively orchestrating roles assumed by local institutions.     

Smell this: Singapore's curry day and visceral citizenship

In August 2011, many Singaporean citizens grabbed their cooking pots and used the city‐state's national obsession with food to express growing dissatisfaction with immigration and integration trends. The ‘cook and share a pot of curry’ event—a local response to Chinese newcomers complaining about the smell of their Indian Singaporean neighbours’ food—is significant for its use of smell to catalyse a collective citizen reaction and for its reliance on contemporary social media. By analysing this event, we intend to (1) conceptualize the role of smell and viscera in framing citizenship; (2) understand how smells shed light on the city‐state's contemporary ethnic politics and sense of national identity; and (3) reframe the significance of curry day as an expression of visceral citizenship that complements how the state frames Singaporean citizenry. We maintain that curry day sheds light on a specific dimension of Singaporean citizenship, as it uses smell, viscera and embodied activism to mobilize against rationalistic state‐defined distinctions between local and international concerns, economic objectives and social cohesion, inter‐racial harmony and national identity.     

The Kyoto Research Park and Innovation in Japanese Cities

Kyoto is well known as a historical city in Japan long associated with culture, shrines, temples, and craft industries, and more recently with high technology and innovation. It is also the only Japanese city to boast a privately operated research park in its central district. Thanks to local businesses initiatives, the Kyoto Research Park (KRP) is home to a new generation of high-tech ventures, with nearly half of its 240 tenant companies coming from the new media and information technology sectors. In this article, I trace the history of the KRP and set it against recent programs of the national government to enhance Japan's regional and local innovation systems. The distinctive entrepreneurial milieu in Kyoto is also assessed, together with the programs of the Kyoto city government, local universities, and high-tech enterprises. Information was collected through field research conducted in 2005. The effectiveness of the Kyoto Research Park is judged through it ability to form linkages with sources of innovation at the local, national, and international levels, hence the results illustrate the utility of the "local buzz/global pipeline" approach to knowledge creation and innovation within regional clusters. However, in the case of the KRP, this approach has to be placed within broader policy changes in Japan, leading to new approaches to local economic development.     

Location patterns of urban industry in Shanghai and implications for sustainability

China’s economy has undergone rapid transition and industrial restructuring. The term “urban industry” describes a particular type of industry within Chinese cities experiencing restructuring. Given the high percentage of industrial firms that have either closed or relocated from city centres to the urban fringe and beyond, emergent global cities such as Shanghai, are implementing strategies for local economic and urban development, which involve urban industrial upgrading numerous firms in the city centre and urban fringe. This study aims to analyze the location patterns of seven urban industrial sectors within the Shanghai urban region using 2008 micro-geography data. To avoid Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) issue, four distance-based measures including nearest neighbourhood analysis, Kernel density estimation, K-function and co-location quotient have been extensively applied to analyze and compare the concentration and co-location between the seven sectors. The results reveal disparate patterns varying with distance and interesting co-location as well. The results are as follows: the city centre and the urban fringe have the highest intensity of urban industrial firms, but the zones with 20–30 km from the city centre is a watershed for most categories; the degree of concentration varies with distance, weaker at shorter distance, increasing up to the maximum distance of 30 km and then decreasing until 50 km; for all urban industries, there are three types of patterns, mixture of clustered, random and dispersed distribution at a varied range of distances. Consequently, this paper argues that the location pattern of urban industry reflects the stage-specific industrial restructuring and spatial transformation, conditioned by sustainability objectives.     

Neoliberalism, climate governance and the scalar politics of EU emissions trading

The neoliberalisation of international climate policy through devices such as emissions trading has led to a significant restructuring of governance competencies between supranational, national and non-state actors. This article explores the implications of this restructuring for the scalar politics of climate governance by examining the European Union emissions trading scheme, the world's largest multi-state carbon-trading scheme. Analysis shows that although the member states were prepared to accede to a common legal framework for emissions trading, its implementation has been characterised by intense sovereignty disputes over emissions allowances. The article concludes by reflecting on the scalar politics of international climate governance in an unevenly regulated and competitive world.     

满洲里口岸—城市关系演变的多尺度因素影响分析

沿边口岸是“一带一路”倡议中各主权国家之间经济合作的关键节点。本文以中俄边界往来最密切的口岸城市满洲里为例,首先,通过构建改进动态集中指数（MDCI）,将满洲里口岸—城市关系划分为低水平平衡发展阶段（1979—1987年）、口岸发展稍快于城市发展阶段（1988—1997年）、口岸发展大幅快于城市发展阶段（1998—2005年）、城市发展稍快于口岸发展阶段（2006—2015年）和口岸与城市关系新突变点（2016—2017年）。其次,应用向量自回归模型（VAR）,分析了国家、区域、地方和个体4个尺度对满洲里口岸—城市关系影响的程度,研究表明：在全时段上,表现为国家尺度>个体尺度>地方尺度>区域尺度的关系;低水平平衡发展阶段,表现为国家尺度影响较大,区域尺度、地方尺度和个体尺度影响较小;口岸发展稍快于城市发展阶段,以国家尺度影响为主,其中,俄罗斯影响稍大于中国,其他尺度影响均较小;口岸发展大幅快于城市发展阶段,国家、区域及个体尺度均起到了重要作用,且作用大小相对均衡;城市发展稍快于口岸发展阶段,国家尺度、区域尺度、地方尺度作用较明显,个体尺度影响弱化,其中,区域尺度影响最大,之后表现为国家尺度（俄罗斯）>地方尺度>国家尺度（中国）>个体尺度的关系。口岸与城市关系新突变点,个体尺度与国家尺度影响较大,区域尺度与地方尺度影响较小。最后,综合运用VAR模型、深度访谈等定量和定性分析方法,从国家、区域、地方及个体尺度因素对口岸—城市关系演变的影响机理进行了全时段和分阶段的分析。本研究可为满洲里促进口岸—城市关系的良性发展提供多尺度视角的新思路,也可为中国广大边境地区探讨口岸—城市关系的发展提供借鉴。     

On The Waterfront: Globalization and Urbanization in Singapore

Although many cities aspire to "global-city status," few have been as explicit as Singapore in its quest to create urban landscapes to project its global aspirations. This paper presents the case of the Singapore River development zone as a "hyper-symbol" of Singapore's global urbanism. By creating a world-class riverfront not unlike the acclaimed waterfronts of London, Sydney, or San Francisco, Singapore's urban planners hope to project the city as a venue worthy of world-class tourism and leisure activities, an important node in international circuits of capital, and a vibrant city for both foreign visitors and local residents. Our paper, however, also argues that local forces and influences play a significant role in the waterfront's development. The Singapore River landscape is the negotiated outcome of both globalism and localism—a dialectical landscape formed by dominant global influences on the one hand, and emerging local processes on the other. Fieldwork comprising a questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, and on-site observations provide evidence of such global-local interactions. The paper contends that the challenges at the river are symptomatic of the broader Singapore experience as the city-state grapples with issues of national identity, local empowerment, and community rights in the midst of a global convergence of tourists, capital, people, and cultures.     

Entrepreneurial city and the restructuring of urban space in Shanghai Expo

ABSTRACT

This study examines the restructuring of urban space brought about by Shanghai Expo. The focus is on how the municipal government strategically makes use of this mega-event program to proactively implement two entrepreneurial spatial policies, namely economic restructuring and population decentralization. Specifically, it critically investigates the omnipotent government’s policies in terms of industrial relocation and residential resettlement leading up to the Shanghai Expo. Shanghai’s entrepreneurial city building, at the metropolitan level, has long been associated with the optimization of spatial structure. The empirical findings reveal that the negotiations involved in relocating enterprises were tougher when they took place within the state system, as compared to those between the government and foreign or private sectors. At the same time, social groups remained excluded from decision-making processes for resettlement, and there was a downscaling of governance, which contributed to improved efficiency of the resettlement work. The Shanghai municipal government was key to the restructuring and entrepreneurial city building, engaging, on the one hand, in negotiations on spatial relocation with central state-owned enterprises (SOEs) at the level of the central government and mobilizing, on the other hand, lower-tier government authorities to deliver the resettlement plan. This paper argues that the development of the entrepreneurial city in Shanghai depends essentially on the way local government implemented the policy and that an integrated approach is significant to attaining the goals and objectives.     

兰州城市建筑文化风格与特色的历史演变及其成因分析

兰州城市建筑风格同中国其它城市建筑的发展趋势类似，主要体现了当代国际建筑发展趋势的影响。通过调查和统计发现兰州现状建筑风格与特色的形成受自然环境、社会文化、经济、科学技术等各方面因素的影响。这些影响因素是兰州发展地方特色的建筑风格，体现地域建筑文化，创造独特建筑风格和良好城市形象基础和条件。因此，吸纳现代国际建筑风格的精华、保护和修缮历史建筑，要求政府部门放弃好大喜功、形式主义、官僚主义的行为，规划和管理者在城市规划和控制上更加稳健和富有远见。     

基于国际比较视角的北京“四个中心”建设体检评估探索

在梳理国内外城市规划评估体检实践与研究进展、总结北京城市体检评估机制的基础上,构建北京“四个中心”建设体检评估的框架,基于国际比较视角遴选指标定性定量分析相结合进行体检评估。体检评估结果表明：① 北京的全国政治中心服务保障能力显著提升,展现出大国首都形象;② 北京的全国文化中心地位进一步增强,但公共文化服务供给能力与世界知名城市存在差距,缺少具有国际影响力的文化品牌;③ 虽然国际交往环境及配套服务水平不断提升,但北京的国际组织规模影响力与大国首都地位不匹配,对国际游客的吸引力不强;④ 尽管北京已初步建成具有全球影响力的科技创新中心,创新对高质量发展支撑能力待增强。未来,北京应当坚持以首都发展为统领,大力加强“四个中心”功能建设、提高“四个服务”水平,提升在全球城市体系中的地位,扩大北京作为大国首都在世界的影响力。北京城市体检应重视城市定位体检、加强各参与方的交流合作、拓宽体检评价的国际视野、动态调整体检评价指标、探索高频时空数据分析技术的应用。     

中国地区银行业金融系统的区域差异

随着中国国金融服务业不断深入改革以及对外资金融机构的逐渐开放,金融服务业的空间格局更为复杂。以银行业为例,区域内服务地域范围不同的银行金融机构的组合已经引起人们的重视,这种组合就构成了地区金融系统(地区银行系统)。地区金融系统内的银行金 融机构可以划分为包括国有商业银行、政策性银行、全国性股份制商业银行、外资银行等的外来型银行金融机构,以及包括城市商业银行(城市信用社) 、农村信用社(农村合作银行) 等的本地型银行金融机构。研究表明：地区金融系统存在着萌芽期、发展期以及成熟期三个发展阶段,不同阶段具有明显的特点。地区金融系统受到地区经济发展水平、产业结构、地方政策以及地区金融素养等因素影响。采用定性和定量相结合的方法,利用中国30 个省市 (自治区) 的数据,分析了中国各地区金融系统的区域差异。在各地区金融系统中,外来型银行金融机构表现为：国有银行的分支机构处于相对主导的地位;外资银行集中于重要结点; 全国性股份制商业银行区域性集中趋势明显;对于本地型银行金融机构则具有城市商业银行分布不均;农村信用社填充国有银行撤出地区空白,但实际发挥的作用有限等特点。     

Regulation, Land Development and the Contested Countryside

This paper attempts to reorientate locality specific studies of counterurbanisation within the wider processes of global and national socio-economic change. It draws on concepts of Regulation Theory and begins with an explanation of the global and national influences associated with rural restructuring. These influences, together with the emergence of a reconstituted rurality, are traced through to the local level using Bridgetown in the south-west of Western Australia as a vehicle for conceptual analysis.     

中国电子信息制造业时空格局演化及影响因素

为探究后经济危机时期中国电子信息制造业的时空变化及其影响因素,基于基尼系数、空间相关性分析、负二项回归模型等方法,采用天眼查企业数据库以及相关城市统计年鉴数据,对2009－2018年中国电子信息制造业时空格局演化及影响因素进行分析,结果表明：1）中国电子信息制造业稳步发展,由出口导向转为内需拉动。2）企业主要集中在珠三角、长三角地区,长江中游城市群蓄势待发,中部及川渝地区的城市发展迅猛而东北地区陷入发展困境,企业空间分布存在显著的空间正相关关系。3）深圳、东莞等城市一直为产业重要集聚区,城市两级分化严重。3）总体上,企业更倾向于选址在产业协同集聚程度高、创新能力强、劳动力成本较高而经济后发城市;在城市群尺度,不同因素对不同城市群存在异质性,反映产业发展水平、特点存在很大差异,长三角企业偏好创新能力高、产业市场化水平高且交通基础设施完善的城市,珠三角企业偏好劳动力成本高的城市,京津冀城市偏好劳动力成本高且交通基础设施完善的城市,成渝地区企业偏好产业市场化水平高且创新能力弱的后发城市,长江中游城市偏好劳动力成本高的后发城市。     

世界城市体系的形成与中国国际城市化

近１０年来,伴随“全球化”的发展,世界城市体系正在形成。本文从全球发展、空间经济组织、全球文化与民族文化、信息传输多个角度阐述了世界城市体系的形成;指出我国面临着如何实现城镇体系顺利接轨的重要抉择;加速中国的国际城市化发展,是实现接轨的重要途径;并提出了中国国际城市化的概念以及加速中国国际城市化的主要途径。     

Partnerships for protected area conservation in Rwanda

This paper seeks to contribute to Rwanda's ongoing restructuring of protected area management. The early part of the paper draws on experiences elsewhere in Africa, as well as key contexts in Rwanda, to assert that conservation of national parks may best be served by flexible and inclusive partnerships that seek to integrate conservation activities across different agents and scales. This assertion is then explored more critically through empirical research that investigates the views of potential conservation partners. The findings suggest that attempts to develop partnerships that are built around national parks will face difficulties. Whilst there is a general willingness to be further involved in park management, this is complicated by cleavages in beliefs about how wider participation might be implemented. In particular, it is only international conservation NGOs that currently seem to be comfortable with the national park approach to conservation management: only they see themselves as having the expertise to be decision-making partners and only they would want their role in a partnership to be formalized.     

Globalization and Emerging Office and Commercial Landscapes in Shanghai

Office and commercial infrastructure in urban China largely disappeared during the period of central planning between 1949 and 1978. The role of downtown areas in China's cities, however, has been reinvented as a result of China's global integration. In Shanghai, comprehensive planning efforts were made for the renovation of the CBD and the restructuring of the inner city. This article examines the emergence of office and commercial landscapes by linking planning implementation to broad market transition. It argues that the emergence of office and commercial centers in Shanghai can be viewed as the result of market forces as well as discretionary implementation of city comprehensive plans by local governments in the inner city—in response to global integration on the one hand and investor interests on the other.     

Moscow, the global city? The position of the Russian capital within the European system of metropolitan areas

During the 1990s, the city of Moscow was subject to an extraordinary transformation in its political, economic and social structures, which had consequences for the position of Moscow within the national and international hierarchy of cities. This article is concerned with the trends that can be discerned regarding the position of Moscow on the national and European scales. Without a doubt, the development of Moscow is characterized by an increasing separation from the national urban system and a growing international orientation. The Russian capital has no competitors on the national level: measured against the relevant economic indicators it is a long way ahead of the remaining Russian cities, which are primarily integrated into national and regional economic flows, and participate in the global economy only to a limited degree. Moscow, in contrast, is increasingly striving to integrate itself into transnational and international economic structures. Although the concept of Moscow as a global city is often instrumentalized in municipal politics, the ability of the Russian capital to act as a global centre is in fact limited. At present Moscow's most important function, from a Central European perspective, is to act as a bridging link between Central and Western Europe and Russia. There is a danger that the spatial disparities between Moscow on the one hand, and the remaining Russian cities and regions on the other, will continue to grow.     

无锡城市制造业企业区位调整与苏南模式重组

苏南地域广阔,区域和城市发展路径多样。较多研究关注全球化背景下国家和省级开发区发展带来的苏南模式创新,但是城市化对苏南模式重组影响同样值得关注。基于企业数据的空间分析以及企业访谈和问卷调查资料,从制造业企业进入和退出的角度,考察无锡市南长区在从乡镇企业典型发育地区(郊区)转变为城区过程中的产业升级和空间格局调整过程。研究表明:南长区制造业经历了产权重组、结构重组和空间重组三个过程,呈现出中小高新技术企业为主、空间上高度集中等城市化特征。政府表现出明显的"企业化"倾向,与传统苏南模式中直接介入企业经营不同,地方政府通过规划调控以及开发区建设、税收等金融刺激政策和措施影响企业区位行为,从而推动城市产业结构的转型升级和空间再集聚。     

Environmental Governance and Shifts in Canadian Biofuel Production and Innovation

Canada's adoption of international climate commitments, national emissions standards, and incentive programs drove expansion of biofuel production using available first-generation technologies in feedstock-rich regions. Market saturation and the emergence of second-generation technologies shifted government support away from first-generation technologies, placing pressure on regional production clusters. This article analyzes how Canadian biofuel firms restructured their value-chain activities in response to those technological and policy changes. The ability to access technologies and navigate multiscalar policy contexts shapes restructuring. Geographic patterns of cellulosic innovation are identified, and the role of firms and policy in regional industrial reorganization is discussed.