中国大陆科学钻主孔现今地应力状态

用钻孔崩落法确定了中国大陆科学钻探主钻孔5 047 m深度以上的现今地应力状态.由钻孔声波成像测井资料发现, 科学钻主钻孔在1 200 m深度以下出现了钻孔崩落现象.我们从1 216~5 047 m的深度范围内采集了143个钻孔成像测井图象资料, 对钻孔崩落椭圆长轴方位进行了统计, 结果表明崩落椭圆长轴平均方位为319.5°±3.5°, 最大水平主应力方位平均为49.5°±3.5°.利用崩落形状要素(崩落深度和崩落宽度) 以及岩石的内聚力和内摩擦角, 估算了1 269 m至5 047 m范围内52个深度上的最大和最小水平主应力的大小.结果表明, 在浅处1 216 m深度, 最大水平主应力为42 MPa, 最小水平主应力为30.3 MPa; 在深处5 000 mm深度, 最大水平主应力为160.5 MPa, 最小水平主应力为120 MPa; 地应力随深度近于线性增加.据岩石密度测井资料计算了各个深度上静负载应力.3个主应力的大小和方向反映出科学钻主孔位置的应力场处于走滑应力状态, 与临近地区地震震源机制解和其他方法得到的应力场一致.利用声发射法对岩心试件进行了声发射测量, 得到了最大水平主应力幅值, 并与崩落法测量结果进行了对比, 两者十分一致.      

贵州东南部榕江加里东褶皱带内的现今地应力分布特征及构造分析

贵州东南部位于盖层极不发育的榕江加里东褶皱带内,为查明该区域内的地应力状态,在贵州省黔南州境内进行了7个钻孔的水压致裂地应力测量工作,同时结合贵州西部已有研究结果和贵州西北部1个钻孔的地应力测量资料,对贵州东南部与西部和西北部的地应力分布差异进行了对比研究,最后结合断层的活动性质以及Byerlee准则探讨了测孔区域断层的稳定性,结果表明:水平主应力在研究区占主导地位,最大水平主应力方向表现为北西向;根据安德森断层理论,三向主应力的相对大小有利于逆断层和走滑断层的活动,这与研究区发育的活动断层性质相对应;最大和最小水平主应力的线性拟合结果表明,研究区水平主应力的梯度大于黔西煤层地区、广西盆地东北部和全国的地应力梯度值,最大水平主应力的值在相近深度上大于黔西、黔西北地区和广西盆地东北部;三都断裂带附近存在较高的构造应力,μ_m值（最大剪应力与平均主应力的比值）较高,表明断层处于摩擦极限平衡状态;而三江-融安断裂两侧的构造作用存在较为明显的差异,西侧的构造作用强于东侧;虽然部分钻孔内的μ_m值都处于高值,但区域应力方向与断层多以较大角度相交,因此断层是稳定的,这与研究区的地震活动性相吻合。      

桃子垭深埋特长隧道地应力预测及复核

深埋特长隧道工程的高地应力问题越来越受到重视,如何准确高效地确定工程区地应力状态,是目前关注的重点和难点。针对深埋特长隧道地应力状态的确定问题,我们提出了基于多源数据的初始原地应力方向综合确定和应力量值预测及复核的综合解决方案。通过勘察阶段有限钻孔的地应力测试,并结合区域多源地应力资料,可以综合确定地应力方向并利用修正的Sheorey模型预测隧道轴线地应力;针对预测结果,在隧道开挖施工过程中,进一步利用有限钻孔的水压致裂地应力测试检验预测结果并复核隧道应力状况。结果表明,桃子垭隧道水平最大主应力方向为N15°W～N40°W,实测三向应力关系为S_H≥S_v>S_h;钻孔附近的应力预测值在区域实测应力量值变化范围内,隧道埋深最大处的水平最大、最小应力值分别达24 MPa和16 MPa;隧道施工过程中的4个钻孔应力量值复核结果显示,除了局部受到岩性变化、断裂破碎带等影响出现偏差,本文预测结果与实测应力量值基本一致。笔者发展的原地应力综合预测及复核方法,一方面可以快速有效地预测深埋特长隧道等线状工程的原地应力状态,有效降低初始...     

潞安矿区井下地应力测量及分布规律研究

在山西潞安矿区的13个煤矿采用小孔径水压致裂地应力测量装置,完成了60个测点的原岩应力测量工作。实测数据表明：潞安矿区55%的测点最大水平主应力大于垂直主应力,由于受埋藏深度与地质构造影响,矿区内各矿地应力值差别较大,但地应力大小总体上属于中等地应力值;潞安矿区最大水平主应力方向从南到北变化较大,构造应力场呈现出多变的形态。在实测数据的基础上,绘制了潞安矿区地应力分布图;分析了地应力随埋藏深度的变化规律、平均水平主应力与垂直主应力的比值与埋藏深度的关系。煤矿井下地应力测量为井田开拓、巷道布置与支护设计等工程实践提供了可靠的基础参数,提高了工程设计的科学性、合理性与可靠性。     

Recent intraplate stress field in the eastern Duero Basin (N Spain)

Palaeostresses inferred from brittle mesostructures in the eastern Duero Basin show a recent stress field characterized by an extensional regime, with local strike-slip and compressional stress states. Orientations of the maximum horizontal stress ( S_Hmax ) show a relative scattering with two main modes: NNE to NE–SW and NW–SE. These orientations suggest the existence of two stress sources responsible for the dominant directions of the maximum horizontal stress in northeastern Iberia. Extensional structures within a broad-scale compressional stress field can be related to both the decrease in relative stress magnitudes from active margins to intraplate regions and rifting proccesses ocurring in eastern Iberia. Stress states with NW–SE-trending S_Hmax are compatible with the dominant pattern established for western Europe. NE–SW orientations of S_Hmax suggest the occurrence of tectonic forces coming from the Pyrenean zone. Geological and geophysical data indicate the existence of both orientations from the upper Miocene to the present-day in NE Iberia.     

川甘陕交汇地区现今地应力环境与地震危险性

川甘陕交汇地区新构造活动强烈、地震频发,具有复杂多样的构造变形模式和构造强烈活动特征,为一潜在地震危险性研究的关键构造部位。为了查明川甘陕交汇关键构造部位地壳浅表层现今地应力环境和潜在地震危险性,在甘肃省水市甘谷县及四川省广元市三堆镇实施机械岩心钻探工程和水压致裂地应力测量。地应力测量结果表明,甘谷钻孔3个主应力关系为SHShSv,甘谷地区现今水平主应力起主导作用,且具有较高地应力值,钻孔附近最大水平主压应力方位平均为N41°E,易于钻孔附近北西西向西秦岭北缘断裂产生左旋走滑兼逆冲活动;三堆钻孔3个主应力关系为SHShSv,该地区现今水平主应力起主导作用,钻孔附近最大水平主压应力方位平均为N85°W,利于钻孔附近北东向青川断裂产生右旋走滑兼逆冲活动。利用库仑摩擦滑动准则对断裂活动进行分析,结果表明天水和广元地区的地应力大小均已经达到了使地壳浅部断层产生滑动失稳的临界条件,需加强地应力实时监测和分析。该研究成果为川甘陕交汇关键构造部位的断裂活动性分析和地质环境安全评价提供科学依据。     

利用定向岩心进行AE法原地应力测量

在北京市房山区迎风坡花岗闪长岩300m深钻孔中,采用以水泥端帽法为主的岩心定向技术,并在钻进和取心过程中采取特殊措施,在钻孔中距地表25m~301m整个深度段内取得了直径86mm的定向岩心。对深度294m的定向岩心进行了声发射Kaiser效应试验。岩石试件为圆柱形,直径30mm,高度75mm.在垂直方向,利用声发射Kaiser效应估计的垂直主应力为7.7MPa;在294m岩体静岩压力为7.9MPa;两者基本相同。在水平面内,对4个方向的试件进行声发射Kaiser效应试验,得到相应的各个方向的压应力,由此估算的水平最大和最小主应力分别为21.2MPa和12.1MPa.水平面内最大主应力的方向基本为SN方向。将声发射Kaiser效应测量结果与水压致裂法的测量结果进行对比,二者具有很好的一致性。      

Stress orientation and tectonic regime in the northwestern Valencia Trough from borehole data

The orientation of the maximum horizontal stress S_H is obtained from the analysis of borehole breakouts, covering a depth range from 300 to 3415 m (below sea level) in twelve offshore exploration wells in the northwestern Valencia Trough. The orientation of S_H is roughly coincident with the strike of major extensional structures. From N to S it changes counterclockwise from a NE–SW orientation to a N–S orientation. Estimates of the tectonic regimes indicate that the area is characterised predominantly by normal-faulting with a strike-slip component. Both the stress orientations and the tectonic regimes are consistent with neotectonic studies in the nearby Catalan Coastal Ranges. An established method of estimating the tectonic regime by Moos and Zoback (1990) was modified by the inclusion of a nontrivial cohesion, but this changes the results insignificantly.     

Regional stress field as determined from electromagnetic radiation in a tunnel

The paper presents the results of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) measurements in the Feuerberg tunnel in southwest Germany. EMR is associated with small scale fracturing processes. The measured numbers of EMR impulses are shown to be proportional to shear stresses. From the correlation of EMR and shear stresses along the long axis of the tunnel, orientations and magnitudes of the horizontal principal stresses are determined. The major horizontal principal stress is 3.6±0.3 MPa and has an azimuth of 143±6°. The minor principal horizontal stress is 2.1±0.3 MPa. Zones in the tunnel are located where low shear stresses occur because vertical overburden and horizontal stresses are equal. In these zones also minimum radiation was detected. A possible stress accumulation close to a fault is suggested by higher EMR values in a part of the tunnel. Orientations and magnitudes of the horizontal principal stresses, which are derived from the measurements of EMR, correlate well with conventional stress measurements. It is suggested that the cross-section measuring method described in the study is used to determine regional stress fields as well as to investigate endangered zones with high stresses in underground facilities, which may be critical with regard to stability.     

淮南矿区深部地应力场特征研究

利用水压致裂法和套孔应力解除法对淮南矿区-500～-1 000 m深度范围内的12个矿井进行了地应力测量,取得了19个有效测点的数据。数据分析表明：（1）淮南矿区深部地应力场以水平应力为主,构造应力占绝对优势,属于典型的构造应力场类型;（2）地应力量级属高应力水平;（3）垂直主应力、最大及最小水平主应力随深度的增加均呈增大趋势;（4）侧压系数 随深度增大而减小,地应力场有从大地动应力场型向准静水压力场型过渡的趋势;（5）侧压比 的回归曲线分布于Hoek-Brown内外包线带内,且变化趋势与Hoek-Brown曲线相似,但与Hoek-Brown曲线相比,回归曲线 值偏小;（6）最大水平主应力与最小水平主应力的比值范围为1.12～2.02,其中68.42%的测点分布在1.67～2.02之间;（7）最大水平主应力方位为NEE－EW向。最后探讨了淮南矿区地应力与地质构造的关系,分析认为,矿区最大主应力方向与构造运动密切相关,矿区现今构造应力场最大主应力方位与实测最大水平主应力方位大致吻合。     

库车坳陷脆性构造序列及其对构造古应力的指示

在对野外脆性构造(主要是节理和断层) 大量观测的基础上, 根据它们与应力的关系, 讨论了库车坳陷白垩纪末期以来的古构造应力时空变化.结果表明, 在库车坳陷脆性构造中, 早期隆升作用形成的主要发育在中生界的NEE-SWW向系统节理被晚期同构造期的在中生界与上第三系均发育的NNW-SSE向和NW-SE向节理切割并改造, 这是对区域上构造应力场在进入新近纪时从弱伸展变化到强烈挤压这一过程的响应.基于断层滑动分析的古应力反演结果显示, 此时盆山边界处以近N-S向伸展应力状态占主导, 而坳陷内部则表现为近N-S向和NW-SE向挤压应力状态.说明在进入新近纪后, 最大主应力(σ₁) 方向从垂向变成水平, 应力场发生了转变.此后的天山快速垂向隆升是库车坳陷北缘和内部应力状态存在差异的原因.      

Crustal Stress in the northern North Sea as inferred from borehole breakouts and earthquake focal mechanisms

The regional stress field in the northern North Sea (offshore western Norway) has been studied through the acquisition and analysis of directions of maximum horizontal compression (_H) as extracted from borehole breakouts and from earthquake focal mechanism solutions.
The results indicate that the regional stress field is dominated by NW-SE compression, with good consistency between shallow borehole breakouts (2–5 km depth) and deeper earthquakes (10–25 km depth). The broad spatial consistency in stress direction indicates that the main stress field is related to factors of primarily plate tectonic origin, and the results are in good agreement with the western Europe trend found in earlier investigations.
The Tampen Spur region in the northern North Sea has been subjected to particularly complex deformation, with two dominating fault directions trending NW-SE and NE-SW. From Tampen Spur in the west to the Sogn graben in the east an anomalous stress field is indicated, with NE-SW oriented maximum horizontal compressions. This anomaly is clearly seen both in the borehole breakout data and in the earthquake data. Possible sources for this anomaly are discussed, and include postglacial uplift and/or lateral variations in the physical properties of the crust.     

In situ stresses and natural fractures in the Northern Perth Basin,Australia

Present-day stress orientations in the Northern Perth Basin have been inferred from borehole breakouts and drilling-induced tensile fractures observed on image logs from eight wells. Stress indicators from these wells give an east – west maximum horizontal stress orientation, consistent with stress-field modelling of the Indo-Australian Plate. Previous interpretations using dipmeter logs indicated anomalous north-directed maximum horizontal stress orientations. However, higher-quality image logs indicate a consistent maximum horizontal stress orientation, perpendicular to dominant north – south and northwest – southeast fault trends in the basin. Vertical stress was calculated from density logs at 21.5 MPa at 1 km depth. Minimum horizontal stress values, estimated from leak-off tests, range from 7.4 MPa at 0.4 km to 21.0 MPa at 0.8 km depth: the greatest values are in excess of the vertical stress. The maximum horizontal stress magnitude was constrained using the relationship between the minimum and maximum horizontal stresses; it ranges from 8.7 MPa at 0.4 km to 21.3 MPa at 1 km depth. These stress magnitudes and evidence of neotectonic reverse faulting indicate a transitional reverse fault to strike-slip fault-stress regime. Two natural fracture sets were interpreted from image logs: (i) a north- to northwest-striking set; and (ii) an east-striking set. The first set is parallel to adjacent north- to northwest-striking faults in the Northern Perth Basin. Several east-striking faults are evident in seismic data, and wells adjacent to east-striking faults exhibit the second east-striking set. Hence, natural fractures are subparallel to seismically resolved faults. Fractures optimally oriented to be critically stressed in the present-day stress regime were probably the cause of fluid losses during drilling. Pre-existing north- to northwest -striking faults that dip moderately have potential for reactivation within the present-day stress regime. Faults that strike north to northwest and have subvertical dips will not reactivate. The east-striking faults and fractures are not critically stressed for reactivation in the Northern Perth Basin.     

In situ stress field of eastern Australia

New in situ data based on hydraulic fracturing and overcoring have been compiled for eastern Australia, increasing from 23 to 110 the number of in situ stress analyses available for the area between and including the Bowen and Sydney Basins. The Bowen Basin displays a consistent north‐northeast maximum horizontal stress (σ_H) orientation over some 500 km. Stress orientations in the Sydney Basin are more variable than in the Bowen Basin, with areas of the Sydney Basin exhibiting north‐northeast, northeast, east‐west and bimodal σ_H orientations. Most new data indicate that the overburden stress (σ_V) is the minimum principal stress in both the Bowen and Sydney Basins. The Sydney Basin is relatively seismically active, whereas the Bowen Basin is relatively aseismic. Despite the fact that in situ stress measurements sample the stress field at shallower depth than the seismogenic zone, there is a correlation between the stress measurements and seismicity in the two areas. Mohr‐Coulomb analysis of the propensity for failure in the Sydney Basin suggests 41% of the new in situ stress data are indicative of failure, as opposed to 13% in the Bowen Basin. The multiple pre‐existing structural grains in the Sydney Basin further emphasise the difference between propensity for failure in the two areas. Previous modelling of intraplate stresses due to plate boundary forces has been less successful at predicting stress orientations in eastern than in western and central Australia. Nonetheless, stress orientation in the Bowen Basin is consistent with that predicted by modelling of stresses due to plate boundary forces. Variable stress orientations in the Sydney Basin suggest that more local sources of stress, such as those associated with the continental margin and with local structure, significantly influence stress orientation. The effect of local sources of stress may be relatively pronounced because stresses due to plate boundary forces result in low horizontal stress anisotropy in the Sydney Basin.     

基于原位地应力测试及流变模型的深部泥页岩储层地应力状态研究

深部泥页岩储层地应力状态的准确确定是页岩气等非常规能源高效开发的关键。综合基于原位地应力测试获得水平最小主应力,建立基于流变模型的地应力剖面,应用成像测井技术确定水平最大主应力方向等,是准确确定泥页岩储层地应力的有效方法。将该研究思路应用于陕西汉中SZ1井,利用水压致裂原地应力测试方法获得储层水平最小主应力值范围为32~41 MPa;利用偶极声波测井数据获得岩石力学参数,结合地壳应变率和储层埋藏史,建立了SZ1井地应力剖面,结果表明牛蹄塘组1950~2025 m深度范围内水平主应力差介于10~15 MPa,水平最小主应力值范围为28~41 MPa,水平最大主应力值范围为47~49 MPa,预测得到的水平最小主应力值与实测结果具有较好的一致性。原地应力实测及流变模型预测结果揭示SZ1井地应力为正断型(S_v＞S_H＞S_h)或正断型与走滑型相结合的应力状态(S_v≈S_H＞S_h)。水平主应力差随伽玛值的升高而变小,表明地应力剖面与地层岩性具有较好的对应关系。基于成像测井揭示的钻孔诱导张裂隙分布特征,SZ1井水平最大主应力方向约为N74°W,与区域构造应力场方向基本一致。相关结论为准确认识SZ1井目标层地应力状态,以及后期水平井布设及压裂控制等提供了重要依据。      

In Situ Stress Measurements in the Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau, China

Tectonic activities are frequent in the Lhasa terrane because of the ongoing collision between the India and Eurasia plates. Knowledge of the stress state is critical to evaluate the crustal stability and the design of underground excavations. Because of the limitations imposed by natural conditions,little research has been performed on the present crustal in situ stress in the Tibetan Plateau,and further study is imperative. In this study,hydraulic fracturing measurements were conducted in Nyching County(LZX) and Lang County(LX),Lhasa terrane to characterize the shallow crustal stress state. The results indicate that the stress state in the LZX borehole is markedly different from that in the LX borehole,in both magnitude and orientation. At the same measurement depths,the magnitudes of horizontal principal stresses in the LX borehole are 1.5–3.0 times larger than those in the LZX borehole. The stress regime in the LX borehole favors reverse faulting characterized by SHShSv,where SH,Sh,and Sv are maximum horizontal,minimum horizontal,and vertical principal stresses,respectively. The SH and Sh values are approximately three and two times greater than Sv. Fracture impression results reveal that SH in the LX borehole are predominantly N–S,while in the LZX borehole the maximum horizontal principal stress is mainly in the NNE-direction. The heterogeneity of the regional stress state might be a result of the population and distribution of local structures and seismic activities. The stress state in the LX borehole has exceeded the critical state of failure equilibrium,and there is an optimally orientated pre-existing fault near the borehole. It can be concluded that the optimally orientated fault is likely to be active when the stress has built up sufficiently to destroy the frictional equilibrium; it is suggested that research focus should be placed on this in future. The stress states in boreholes LZX and LX indicate uniformity of the regional stress field and diversity of the local stress fields resulting from the interactions among regional dynamic forces,tectonic stress field,and geological structures.     

Recent stress field and neotectonics in the Eastern Jura Mountains,Switzerland

The regional stress field and its local variation were determined for the northern part of central Switzerland (Fig. 1) by using overcoring techniques (doorstopper, triaxial strain cell) and observations of breakouts in deep boreholes. The results are compared with fault plane solutions of earthquakes and with the orientation of horizontal stylolites.In the northern part of central Switzerland the NW-SE-orientation of the maximum horizontal stress (S_H) which is characteristic for Central Europe was observed only in the crystalline basement. In the Folded Jura and south of it in one well the greatest principal horizontal stress above the Triassic decollement horizon is oriented approximately in a N-S to NNE-SSW direction.This direction persists into the western Tabular Jura and the southernmost Rhine Graben. Only in the eastern part of the Tabular Jura the greatest principal horizontal stress shows a NNW-SSE to NW-SE orientation. Comparison of the near surface stress field as determined by in situ stress measurements and borehole breakouts with the directions of horizontal stylolites generated during the evolution of the Folded Jura, indicates that the orientation of the recent stress field near the earth's surface is the same as that which prevailed during the Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene.The central part of northern Switzerland is therefore the first area in Central Europe where it is possible to demonstrate that the near surface stress field is decoupled from that in the crystalline basement. The difference in the orientation of the greatest principal horizontal stress is about 50°.     

准南逆冲褶皱带超压与逆冲断层持续活动

天山北缘准南地区的褶皱带为自新生代以来一直持续活动的逆冲构造带,由于逆冲断层的持续活动,形成了现今断层和相关褶皱。钻井资料显示,准南逆冲褶皱带内的超压层主要发育在古近纪安集海河组泥岩和紫泥泉子组泥岩之中,而该泥岩同时又成为逆冲断层发育的主滑脱面。通过多年来对准南地区地面地质调查、二维地震和三维地震资料的解释以及钻井证实,我们统计出准南逆冲褶皱带现存的逆冲断层倾角分别集中在两个区间: 30±5°和50±5°区间。应力分析表明,在持续挤压应力作用下,超压层(泥岩、页岩和煤系地层)中和超压层之下地层中发育的早期逆冲断层与晚期最大主压应力之间的夹角处在30±5°之间时,作用在断层面上的最大主应力与最小主应力比达到最小值,因此该断层最容易再次活动,形成最大的流体压力,因而断层周围的流体就会沿着最大主应力方向发生流动,断层本身就会成为流体运移的主要通道; 而早期逆冲断层与晚期最大主压应力之间的夹角处在50±5°之间时,作用在断层面上的最大主应力与最小主应力比较大,断层重新活动所需要的流体压力较高,导致断层作为流体运移的通道因被挤压而闭合。应力分析和钻井实测应力均指出,准南逆冲褶皱带发育的超压为挤压构造应力形成的超压。这些研究表明,准南逆冲褶皱带的逆冲断层持续活动,导致早期发育的断层在晚期应力作用下,断层倾角聚集在两个优势区间,油气沿最大主压应力方向运移,聚集油气则沿断层滑动面发育形成构造超压,导致该区域油气长期处于运移与聚集的动平衡状态。     

In Situ Stresses in Borehole Blanche-1/South Australia Derived from Breakouts,Core Discing and Hydraulic Fracturing to 2 km Depth

The development of Hot-Dry Rock (HDR) geothermal energy in Australia with drillings to some kilometres depth yields an impetus for deep stress logging. For the Olympic Dam HDR-project, borehole Blanche-1 was drilled to almost 2 km depth and provided the possibility to estimate the in situ stresses within the granitic borehole section by the analysis of borehole breakouts and core discing, as well as by hydraulic fracturing combined with acoustic borehole televiewer logging for fracture orientation determination. Although the stress magnitudes derived by the different methods deviate significantly, they clearly indicate for the depth range between 800 and 1,740 m a compressional stress regime of S _v ≤ S _h < S _H and a consistent East–West orientation of maximum horizontal compression in agreement with existing stress data for Australia. The minor horizontal stress S _h derived from the hydraulic fracturing closure pressure values is about equal to the overburden stress and may be regarded as most reliable.