分量式钻孔应变观测耦合系数的计算

根据双衬套钻孔应变观测力学模型,推导出平面应力作用下各分量应变观测中两个耦合系数(A、B)的计算公式,为进一步确定地壳应变场最大、最小主应变的数值及方向提供了必需的前提条件,对当前国内外开展的利用钻孔应变进行地震、火山和板块边界的观测研究具有一定积极意义.研究结果表明,A、B与用双环模型和复变函数法解算出的c(面应变响应因子)、d(剪应变响应因子)之间分别存在2倍的关系(c=2A,d=2B),并且二者绘制的曲线完全一致,c、d的物理含义分别是地壳岩石面应变与剪应变观测的井孔耦合系数.     

我国钻孔应变观测的回顾与展望

1977年召开的第一届“全国地应力观测工作会议”上，我们曾就发展方向的问题达成共识：钻孔应变与应力观测的关系紧密；研制新型应变仪；应变观测由实孔法取代空孔法；对井下仪器的力学原理开展调研。经过25年对地应力观测技术的研究和钻孔设备的研制实践，证明了这些共识的正确性。在我们步入新世纪的今天，有必要再对影响今后发展的基本问题做出思考，以利于制订出更加科学的战略决策。 1 钻孔应变前兆观测的任务 通过对地层内部应变状态的精细观测，掌握地震应变前兆的（长）中期—短期—临震以及震后调整的时空分布与发展变化的规律，…     

高台地震台钻孔应变观测资料的分析

对高台地震台2008—2012年的YRY-4分量钻孔应变观测资料进行处理与分析,结果显示:高台台YRY-4分量钻孔应变仪运行良好,产出的观测数据连续、稳定、可靠;各个分量应变潮汐因子及相位变化相对稳定,相对误差较小,符合地壳形变观测技术规范要求;各个分量应变观测数据具有明显的周期特性和同向漂移变化。     

Investigation of electrical anisotropy in the deep borehole KTB

Information about electrical anisotropy in and around the deep borehole of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) has been acquired using three different methods: (1) Under surface temperature and pressure conditions, the azimuthal dependence of resistivity has been measured in horizontal planes perpendicular to the axes of drill cores. (2) Simulated in-situ conditions (high temperature and pressure) have been applied to mini cores drilled at different orientations to structural features such as foliation. The resistivity was then measured in the direction of the mini cores' long axes. (3) Under quasi-in-situ (downhole) conditions, the azimuthal dependence of resistivity has been measured in horizontal planes using the Azimuthal Resistivity Imager (ARI), a down hole logging tool.These investigations have shown that electrical anisotropy is strongly related to structural features. The anisotropy of gneisses is the highest due to the strong foliation (averaged anisotropy factor 2.8). Lamprophyres are most isotropic (factor 1.2). Most rocks from KTB are amphibolites with intermediate anisotropies (factor 1.3). The anisotropies measured under surface temperature and pressure conditions and quasi-in-situ conditions on amphibolites are approximately the same, whereas anisotropies under simulated in-situ conditions are partially higher.Furthermore, the anisotropies measured on the cm to m scale using the various methods outlined above shall be compared with large scale anisotropies of the km scale measured around KTB using Magneto Tellurics.     

深孔钻井地震前兆综合观测的研究与实践

广州市地震办公室于2002年4月完成了深孔钻井地震前兆综合观测研究课题，并建成了增城前兆综合观测试验系统，实现了利用单井进行多学科地震前兆的数字化综合观测。本文说明了该课题的来源，分析了研究过程中的一些关键问题，简要介绍了增城试验系统的结构及功能，并对实践过程的一些创新及不足进行了总结。     

Inversion of coseismic stress-triggered fault slips using borehole strainmeter observations

Coseismic stress-triggering is becoming a new hot spot of research. Coseismic strain steps recorded by borehole strainmeters are particularly valuable in studying coseismic stress-triggered fault slips. Based on the theory of dis location, one can invert the triggered fault slips with such data if he/she has a well understanding about the local faults. Genetic algorithm can be applied to significantly raise the efficiency of searching a best solution among all possibilities in this kind of inversion. A testifying check of the program and analyses of each parameter＇s influence may further enhance the reliability of inversion results. Taking complexity of geological structure into account, the inversion results should be regarded as the predominant property or a comprehensive effect of triggered local faults＇ activities. As an attempt, we inverted the assumingly active faults＇ slips triggered by the Ms=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake over Beijing area.     

地下实验室与深地环境下的地球物理观测

地下实验室具有良好的低本底环境条件,为许多前沿学科研究提供了重要的实验场所,已经成为一个国家关键性的科学研究平台.目前国际上很多国家利用山体中的隧道空腔或地下矿井建立起众多的地下实验室,其中大多数进行天体物理和粒子物理实验与研究,部分同时进行着地球科学、岩体力学、地下生物等学科的相关实验.本文在介绍国际上一些重要地下实验室的基础上,着重对其在地球物理方面的观测与实验研究成果进行介绍;针对深部地下实验室所具有的"超静"与"超净"环境,阐述深部地下环境多种物理场观测所能达到的测量指标;针对深部地下实验室可实现的超高精度观测,讨论深地地球物理观测对目前仪器科学、装备与观测技术提出的挑战,及其将应对解决的诸多地球物理领域关键基础性科学问题.     

Optimized arrays for 2D cross‐borehole electrical tomography surveys

The use of optimized arrays generated using the ‘Compare R’ method for cross‐borehole resistivity measurements is examined in this paper. We compare the performances of two array optimization algorithms, one that maximizes the model resolution and another that minimizes the point spread value. Although both algorithms give similar results, the model resolution maximization algorithm is several times faster. A study of the point spread function plots for a cross‐borehole survey shows that the model resolution within the central zone surrounded by the borehole electrodes is much higher than near the bottom end of the boreholes. Tests with synthetic and experimental data show that the optimized arrays generated by the ‘Compare R’ method have significantly better resolution than a ‘standard’ measurement sequence used in previous surveys. The resolution of the optimized arrays is less if arrays with both current (or both potential) electrodes in the same borehole are excluded. However, they are still better than the ‘standard’ arrays.     

上海深井地震综合观测地磁资料分析

运用崇明长江农场台和浦东张江台新建地震综合深井地磁三分量资料,宋用小波变化方法,研究地磁场井下观测方式、数据质量和噪声特性.结果表明:①深井地磁观测资料日变形态明显,与地面观测资料一致性较好;②深井地磁观测能滤除大部分空间变化磁场产生的扰动;③深井观测的背景噪声幅度小,扰动频段集中.     

冀东地区深孔地应力测量及其意义

为获得矿山深部开采和设计所需要的地应力基础资料,中国地质科学院地质力学研究所于2012—2013年在冀东地区滦县—乐亭大断裂附近开展了3个钻孔水压致裂的应力测量工作,钻孔孔深为500—1 000 m.地应力测量结果初步揭示了研究区地壳浅表层现今地应力的分布规律.实测结果表明:现今研究区域应力场优势方向为NW70°;3个测点的最大剪切应力与平均应力的比值um范围为0.24—0.48,平均值分别为0.30,0.40和0.30,均未达到地壳应力摩擦极限状态(um=0.6)的水平,而唐山大地震后不久研究区浅层获得的um则较大,个别点大于0.6,平均值为0.44,表明唐山大地震后研究区应力积累程度较低,应力释放较为充分;依据断层摩擦准则及拜尔利定律可知,研究区发生较大地震活动的危险性较低.      

利用斜井钻孔破裂观测值约束深井和深矿中的全应力张量——在两个复杂实例中的应用

经过15年时间我们发展出一套技术,即利用钻孔井壁的非致命性破裂,包括压性破裂、钻探诱发的张性破裂以及与切穿井孔断层的滑动有关的应力扰动观测值,来确定任意向井和钻孔中的全应力张量。这些技术已延伸应用到石油工业中,也应用到矿山开采的钻孔岩芯取样中,以取得开采区周围应力集中影响的区域内外的应力状态。条件允许时,可用水压致裂法估计最小主应力值,但不能估计最大水平主应力值。作者在文中先回顾了这套方法的概念,然后对两个复杂实例进行了研究。第1个实例涉及到圣安德烈斯断层深部观测站（San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth,SAFOD）计划第1阶段钻探应力状态的确定,SAFOD计划是一个钻穿加州中部圣安德烈斯断层的科学钻井计划。第2个实例涉及到确定南非一个极深矿周围的地壳应力状态。这些研究表明,在相当大的深度范围内,斜井钻孔破裂观测值与应力大小和方向是一致的。     

地电阻率井下观测装置抗干扰能力实验研究

开展地电阻率深井观测系统对地面已知干扰源的抗干扰能力测试,对测试结果进行量化研究,分析地表电磁干扰对地电深井观测的影响程度,期望为将来地电深井方法的研究提供帮助.     

Trial results of YRY-2 shallow borehole strainmeter at eight observation sites in North China

The analysis results of observations data indicate that this shallow-borehole (21 m – 52 m) strainmeter can record accurate crustal movements. Its records of earthquake and solid tide can be analysed. To use long period frequency data, null drift must be considered. To extend its application, the technique of installation and anti-lightning stroke should be improved. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 224–231, 1993. This project is supported by the Earth-quake Monitoring Department of the State Seismological Bureau.     

Seismic interferometry experiment in a shallow cased borehole using a seismic vibrator source‡

We present the results of a seismic interferometry experiment in a shallow cased borehole. The experiment is an initial study for subsequent borehole seismic surveys in an instrumented well site, where we plan to test other surface/borehole seismic techniques. The purpose of this application is to improve the knowledge of the reflectivity sequence and to verify the potential of the seismic interferometry approach to retrieve high‐frequency signals in the single well geometry, overcoming the loss and attenuation effects introduced by the overburden. We used a walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) geometry with a seismic vibrator to generate polarized vertical and horizontal components along a surface seismic line and an array of 3C geophones cemented outside the casing. The recorded traces are processed to obtain virtual sources in the borehole and to simulate single‐well gathers with a variable source‐receiver offset in the vertical array. We compare the results obtained by processing the field data with synthetic signals calculated by numerical simulation and analyse the signal bandwidth and amplitude versus offset to evaluate near‐field effects in the virtual signals. The application provides direct and reflected signals with improved bandwidth after vibrator signal deconvolution. Clear reflections are detected in the virtual seismic sections in agreement with the geology and other surface and borehole seismic data recorded with conventional seismic exploration techniques.     

Least-squares optimum-order regional geothermal gradient determination from deep borehole temperature data with application to the Western Desert of Egypt

Summary This paper discusses an approach to determining the least-squares optimum order of a polynomial fit to temperature-gradient data. The optimum is reached when two successive least-squares regional maps are sufficiently similar. This similarity is measured by the correlation factor between the polynomials.The approach was applied to the available deep bore-hole temperature data in the central part of the Northern Western Desert of Egypt. The fitting polynomial was found to be of the second degree. Assuming the thermal conductivity to be uniformly 2·2 Wm^–1K^–1 for the stratigraphic section in the Western Desert, the heat-flow density ranges between 35 and 70 mW/m².Presented at the International Meeting on Terrestrial Heat Flow and the Structure of Lithosphere, Bechyn Castle, Czech Republic, September 2 – 7, 1991.     

深井地震综合观测系统集成

深井地震综合观测中信息系统井下传感器采用数字输出方式,与地面仪器之间基于RS-422方式进行通信;基于Linux操作系统,编写与井下传感器通信控制软件及符合相关行业标准的对外服务软件,并进行相关实验,验证方案的现实可行性.     

庐枞盆地科学钻探地球物理测井及深部铀异常的发现

庐枞盆地砖桥科学钻探ZK01孔为深部探测技术与实验研究专项在庐枞盆地施工的钻探验证孔,全井段实施了连续取心和地球物理测井工作.测井工作分三次完成,测井总深度1994.02 m.测井项目包括视电阻率、极化率、磁化率、纵波速度、超声成像、自然伽马、密度、井斜、井径、井温、泥浆电阻率、井中三分量磁测等10多种方法,获得了钻孔剖面原位物性参数、钻孔几何形态及井壁超声图像.通过对地球物理测井和钻孔岩心编录等资料的研究,完成了岩性的人工识别与支持向量机判别,建立了钻孔测井解释岩性剖面;通过对矿化地层的测井响应分析,将电阻率和磁化率作为粗安岩矿化的识别标识;根据超声成像测井资料推断本地区深部地层最大水平主应力方向为南北走向.在ZK01孔1500~1900 m发现放射性异常,对铀当量大于万分之一的21处异常进行了定量解释,铀矿化段累积厚度93.02 m,为庐枞地区深部找铀矿提供了重大线索.     

大暴雨引起深、浅井水位的异常变化

1998年8月10日在吉林省白城市一场特大暴雨引起白城ZK6(深)井与ZK6-1(浅)井水位异常变化,从所记录到的结果表明: 这场降雨在某种意义上讲,即是一次比较成功的降雨荷载实验,也是一次浅井大面积注水实验。由此进一步说明了降雨对深、浅井水位的影响机理是绝然不同的。就浅井而言,是降雨渗透作用,而对深井而言,是降雨荷载作用。这对井水观测进一步排除降雨干扰有实际意义。     

P-wave tomography and relation between shallow and deep structures beneath the Songliao basin

We selected relative travel-time residuals from teleseismic waveform data using the waveform correction method and imaged the P wave velocity structure beneath Northeast China.In combination with other geophysical data,we discussed the relation between the shallow and deep structures of the area.The results show that there is a primary high-velocity zone with some high- and low-velocity distribution characters beneath the Songliao basin.The low-velocity anomalies may extend down to the upper mantle,and may be the result of material upwelling.The low-velocity anomaly beneath the southern part of the Songliao basin is connected to those beneath the Changbaishan and A'ershan volcanic areas.It may be an upwelling channel from the mantle beneath the Songliao basin and adjacent area.This finding indicates the Songliao basin was a result of asthenospheric upwelling caused by subduction of the Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate.     

Multiple-aquifer characterization from single borehole extensometer records

Measurement and analysis of aquifer-system compaction have been used to characterize aquifer and confining unit properties when other techniques such as flow modeling have been ineffective at adequately quantifying storage properties or matching historical water levels in environments experiencing land subsidence. In the southeastern coastal plain of Virginia, high-sensitivity borehole pipe extensometers were used to measure 24.2 mm of total compaction at Franklin from 1979 through 1995 (1.5 mm/year) and 50.2 mm of total compaction at Suffolk from 1982 through 1995 (3.7 mm/year). Analysis of the extensometer data reveals that the small rates of aquifer-system compaction appear to be correlated with withdrawals of water from confined aquifers. One-dimensional vertical compaction modeling indicates measured compaction is the result of nonrecoverable hydrodynamic consolidation of the fine-grained confining units and interbeds, as well as recoverable compaction and expansion of coarse-grained aquifer units. The calibrated modeling results indicate that nonrecoverable specific storage values decrease with depth and range from 1.5 x 10(-5)/m for aquifer units to 1.5 x 10(-4)/m for confining units and interbeds. The aquifer and Potomac system recoverable specific storage values were all estimated to be 4.5 x 10(-6)/m, while the confining units and interbeds had values of 6.0 x 10(-6)/m. The calibrated vertical hydraulic conductivity values of the confining units and interbeds ranged from 6.6 x 10(-4) m/year to 2.0 x 10(-3) m/year. These parameter values will be useful in future management and modeling of ground water in the Virginia Coastal Plain.