中尺度对称不稳定在远距离台风暴雨中的诊断应用

用中尺度对称不稳定“Ｓ”判据对９７１１号远距离台风暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明;台风远距离雨区存在明显的对称不稳定降水。低层Ｓ〈０的区域作对称不稳定区,与后期台风远距离不有比较好的对应,可以作为远距离台风暴雨落区的一个指标。     

陕西一次远距离台风暴雨天气分析

利用MICAPS实况观测、卫星云图TBB、地面自动观测站资料,对2010年7月22～25日陕西一次远距离台风暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:500 hPa贝加尔湖南部高压和西太平洋副热带高压稳定少动及甘南低涡加深东移是这次暴雨主要环流特征,700 hPa从台风东侧至陕西建立了温湿能通量的能量输送通道,台风东侧的温湿能沿大陆副热带高压外围偏南风向陕西输送,暴雨位于700 hPa温湿能等值线密集处;条件性对称不稳定与对流不稳定是此次暴雨发展与维持的重要机制,高层湿位涡大值区向下伸展,对暴雨起到加强作用。     

高低空急流与台风环流耦合下的中尺度暴雨系统

对9216号台风登陆后进入200 hPa西南风急流入口区右侧, 引起远距离台风中尺度暴雨系统突然发生发展的过程进行了分析.利用二维模式研究了高、低空急流与台风环流耦合和中尺度暴雨增幅的相互促进正反馈机制, 认为Wave-CISK过程和斜压基流的对称不稳定可能是低空急流发展和倒槽形成的更切合实际的动力机制.对流不稳定与斜压大气的结合有利于北传的重力惯性波不稳定发展.     

一次台风远距离暴雨中的干侵入分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2008年7月17—19日发生在山东地区的台风远距离暴雨过程进行了观测分析和模拟研究。结果表明:降水期间有来自中高层的干冷空气的侵入,主要有两种表现形式:对流层顶附近向下的干空气侵入和对流层低层由西北向南的干空气侵入。干侵入存在于300~600 hPa之间,高层略微落后于低层,不利于对流不稳定的发展。但干冷空气侵入使得等相当位温面倾斜,有利于条件性对称不稳定的发展。干侵入使原来不饱和湿空气出现饱和,有利于降水增幅,雨区始终位于500 hPa干区前沿。高层正位涡扰动沿相当位温密集带向低层输送,500 hPa位涡高值区与降水有较好的同位相关系,对降水的发展和移动有一定的指示意义。     

"1998年二度梅"暴雨与非线性亚临界对称不稳定的初步研究

对1998年7月20日00时8月1日12时这段梅雨暴雨过程进行诊断分析，并利用MM5V3中尺度模式作梅雨暴雨的数值试验，结果表明：(1)本次梅雨暴雨分为3大段过程，非线性亚临界对称不稳定可能是3段梅雨暴雨形成的重要机制；(2)扰动风场增长与降水增长关系密切，扰动风场的增长会超前于降水的增长，非线性亚临界对称不稳定的增强可能使降水增强；(3)非线性亚临界对称不稳定主要发生在高层200hPa，中层500hPa也有发生。非线性亚临界对称不稳定使线性对称稳定的大气变为不稳定。降水区和暴雨中心主要位于高层200hPa和中层500hPa扰动风场极大值南侧与低层850hPa扰动风场极大值北侧之间。(4)非线性亚临界对称不稳定扰动的P折时间和空间尺度，分别为5～8h和200～300km。     

非纬向高空急流与远距离台风中尺度暴雨的研究

首先对非纬向高空急流与远距离台风暴雨的相关统计进行了分析，得出：暴雨发生时，２００hPa高空一般为西南风急流（９０．２％），暴雨区位高空急流右后方，暴雨增幅时，２００hPa高空急流有一个增强转贤的趋势，用ＭＭ４模型对９７１１号台风８月１９日００时－２０日００时（ＧＭＴ）进行了数值模拟和诊断分析，认为，远距离台风暴雨与非纬向风有关，高层辐散场使低产生变风场辐合，从而导致台风倒槽的形成与暴雨加强，在暴雨增幅过程中，用中尺度系统分析发现在高空急流右后方３００hPa以下存在一支中尺度环流，该环流对暴雨的维持与加强有密切联系，它的生成与高空急流的非纬向性增强有关，在高空急流右后侧的次级环流与降水产生的潜热反馈，高空非纬向场（v场）的增强之间存在一种有利于远距离暴雨增幅的正反馈机制。     

非纬向高空急流与远距离台风中尺度暴雨的相关统计特征

本文对远距离台风暴雨的发生与非纬向高空急流进行统计分析。结果表明:远距离台风中尺度暴雨与非纬向高空急流密切相关,暴雨发生时,200hPa一般为西南急流,暴雨区位于急流右后方。暴雨增幅时,200hPa高空急流有增强转竖的趋势。     

一次远距离台风暴雨过程分析

应用常规观测资料、卫星、雷达产品,综合分析2008年山东最强的一次降水过程,研究西风带降水系统影响山东时,远距离台风对降水的增幅作用,并对主要降水时段进行中尺度数值模拟.结果表明:在西风带系统影响山东时,远在我国东南沿海的台风右侧的东南气流产生的风向、风速辐合与西风带辐合区合并,东南风所及范围比湿增大,水汽通量辐合使大气中的垂直液态水含量明显增大.西风带系统在垂直方向上后倾,使得低层影响系统受高空槽前的正涡度平流影响,是降水发生的环流背景.中尺度模拟结果显示:前期鲁西暴雨垂直方向对流基本稳定,但有强的对称不稳定支持上升运动发展,后期半岛地区的连续暴雨则是低层增温、增湿且对流和对称不稳定并存,从而产生强降水.     

台风外围偏东气流中的暴雨及其等熵位涡特征

0414号台风"云娜"在浙江登陆后迅速减弱为台风低压,48 h后台风低压北侧偏东气流区域出现了暴雨,当时暴雨区中低层850,700和500 hPa没有辐合系统,而且暴雨出现前较强冷空气影响该区域,已使这里的位势不稳定减小,因此动力抬升和位势不稳定条件均不利于暴雨的产生。为了探讨这种情况下暴雨形成的原因,应用常规报文和1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料,对此次暴雨产生的条件及其等熵位涡演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:中层台风低压倒槽的移速快于低层,在暴雨区形成了一支自下而上向西倾斜的上升气流,暴雨区上空恰好存在着对称不稳定,斜升气流引起了对称不稳定能量的释放,使倾斜对流发展,提供了产生暴雨所需的动力和不稳定条件。而台风外围较强的水汽输送为暴雨的产生提供了充沛的水汽条件。等熵位涡分析表明,大值位涡带与降水区有较好的对应关系。正位涡异常中心的出现对降水的发生发展具有指示意义。     

垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案的实现及数值试验

在Kuo-Anthes垂直对流参数化方案和Nordeng倾斜对流参数化方案基础上,提出了垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案,并引入MM5模式中.利用该方案对2008年1月28-29日发生在中国南方的一次暴雪过程和2005年"海棠"台风过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明,此次暴雪过程在垂直方向主要表现对流稳定状态,但在对流层低层始终存在条件件对称不稳定层,并且当条件性对称不稳定区向高层发展时,伴随着强上升运动作为触发机制,引发条件性对称不稳定能量的释放,产生更多的对流降水,使模拟的总降水量与实况更加一致.条件性对称不稳定的发展加强与降雪强度、辐合辐散和上升运动变化一致,条件性对称不稳定是造成暴雪发展加强的主要机制之一.通过对"海棠"台风72 h的模拟表明,条件性对称不稳定主要发生在台风的低层,且其水平分布呈螺旋状结构.条件性对称不稳定效应对台风路径影响较小,但对台风强度影响较大,在模式中考虑垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案后,与仅考虑垂直积云对流参数化方案相比,72 h模拟的平均台风中心最低气压降低了3 hPa,最大达8 hPa.在模式中考虑条件性对称不稳定的影响,可使模式台风中上层的暖心结构更加明显,上升运动和对流性降水增强,对流释放的更多凝结潜热使台风得到进一步加强.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.