福建漳浦前湖湾有孔虫群落及其沉积环境

对福建漳浦前湖湾潮间带两个钻孔岩心和表层沉积物中的有孔虫进行分析研究,有孔虫出现在钻孔最上部厚约2.46-2.96m的砂层中.根据群落优势种生态和非种特征判断,该段各样品有孔虫沉积环境均为近岸浅水环境,尽管其间海面有过3次上下波动变化.根据地层关系判断,其当为现代的产物.     

台湾岛以东A-24C及A-50C岩芯中的放射虫化石与沉积环境

根据对台湾岛以东海域A-24C,A-50C岩芯中放射虫化石的分析结果,并借助WP3岩芯有孔虫,δ^18O曲线分析,测试资料,对两岩芯地层作了对比与划分,结果显示：两岩芯的上部（A-24C为0～30cm,A-50C为0～35cm）属全新世沉积;下部（A-24C为30～234cm,A-50C为35～163cm）属晚期更新世沉积。 两岩芯中放射虫丰度、分异度的变化与黑潮主流线的摆动密度相关。末次冰期时的低海面导致黑潮主流线移至研究区（125℃E）以东,放射虫丰度,分异度出现低值,有的层位出现零值,而随着海面回升,黑潮逐渐移至现在的位置,放射虫的丰度,分异度出现高值,另外综合该区分析资料,推算两岩芯的平均沉积速率为A-24C岩芯全新世3cm,晚期更新世12.6cm,A-50C岩芯全新世2.9cm,晚更新世12.4cm,晚期更新世沉积速率均大于全新世。     

北海外沙泻湖全新世微体古生物群特征及其古地理意义

通过对北海外沙泻湖CK10 钻孔岩芯进行硅藻、有孔虫、孢粉的综合分析, 发现全新世地层中有8 个硅藻组合带,5 个孢粉组合带和5 个有孔虫组合。结合14C测年资料与沉积物特征, 认为该泻湖全新世地层可划分为早全新世、中全新世、晚全新世。植被演替为混有落叶阔叶林的亚热带常绿阔叶林→亚热带常绿林→亚热带、热带常绿阔叶林→混杂有中、北亚热带落叶阔叶林的南亚热带季风雨林→南亚热带常绿阔叶林。气候演变依次为热湿偏凉干→热湿→炎热潮湿→热湿偏凉→热湿。沉积相发展顺序为河漫滩相→河口沼泽相→河漫滩相→河口沼泽相→河口湾相→泻湖相→河口湾相→泻湖相。     

天津市潮滩活体和埋藏有孔虫群的分布及地质环境意义

对天津市潮滩8条垂直于海岸线剖面的57个表层沉积物样品进行了活体和死体有孔虫分析鉴定、粒度分析、含盐量测定,利用全站仪对剖面进行了水准测量,同时测定了海水盐度。研究了天津市潮滩有孔虫群的组成、数量及分异度等特征;通过聚类分析将天津市潮滩活体有孔虫群分为7个带,埋藏有孔虫群(活体+死体)分为5个带,但除了埋藏群Ⅰ、Ⅳ与活体有孔虫群Ⅰ、Ⅳ组合特征一致外,其他各带的组合特征及分带界线均不一致。通过分析活体有孔虫群分带与沉积物含盐量、海水盐度、潮位、沉积物组成等生态环境参数的关系,探讨了活体有孔虫群的主要控制因素;通过分析埋藏有孔虫群分带与潮位、沉积物粒径、现代沉积速率等沉积环境参数的关系,探讨了埋藏有孔虫群的搬运及沉积作用。指出了天津市海岸带活体有孔虫群和埋藏有孔虫群的关系、环境特征及地质意义,为该区高精度的古沉积环境划分提供了重要指标。     

北海外沙Xi湖全新世微体古生物群特征及其古地理意义

通过对北海外沙Ｘｉ湖ＣＫ１０钻孔岩芯进行硅藻、有孔虫,孢粉的综合分析,发现全新世地层中有８个硅藻组合带,５个孢粉组合带和５个有孔虫组合,结合＾１４Ｃ测年资料与沉积物特征,认为该Ｘｉ湖全新世地层可划分为早全新世,中全新世,晚全新世。植被演替为混有落叶阔叶林的亚热带常绿阔叶林－亚热带常绿林－亚热带,热带常绿阔叶林－混杂有中,北亚热带落叶阔叶林的南亚热带季风雨林－南亚热带常绿阔叶林。     

楚科奇海与白令海表层沉积中的钙质和硅质微体化石研究

通过对北冰洋楚科奇海和令海41个表层沉积样品中的有孔虫、介形类等钙质微体化石和硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针等硅质微体化石的定量分析，发现表层沉积中浮游有孔虫几乎缺失，这可能与该区表层生产力相对低、碳酸盐溶解作用较强有关，而底栖有孔虫和硅质微体化石的丰度分布则明显受表层沉积物类型、表层初级生物生产力和碳酸盐溶解作用所控制。其中，北冰洋楚科奇海陆架区有孔虫丰度和分异度低，含少量浅水介形类，放射虫在陆架浅水区缺失，但含有较多硅藻和海绵骨针等其它硅质微体化石，反映该区由于海冰、表层海水温度较冷而导致表歧初级生产力相对低。白令海陆坡区底栖有孔虫丰度比较科奇海高一个数量级，底栖有孔虫分异度也相对高，硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针等硅质微体化石的丰度与钙质化石一样，其丰度比楚科奇海明显高，反映表层初级生产力相对高。根据白令海陆坡区底栖有孔虫和硅质微体化石丰度、底栖有孔虫胶结质壳比值的水深变化，推测该区碳酸盐溶跃层和补偿深度（CCD）相对浅，分别位于水深2000m和3800m处。     

珠江口表层沉积物底栖有孔虫分布及环境指示

对珠江口134个站位的表层沉积物进行底栖有孔虫分析,共发现底栖有孔虫68属106种,其中玻璃质壳48属65种,瓷质壳17属21种,胶结壳3属20种.有孔虫丰度、种数和分异度都基本表现为由河口向外海迅速增加.对有孔虫属种数据使用因子分析,前3个因子解释了总方差的86.2％,根据有孔虫属种因子得分情况,将有孔虫划分为Amm...     

福建九龙江和东屿地区全新世微型硅藻的初步研究

利用透射电镜研究了九龙江口现代潮间带表层沉积物、九龙江地区中全新世剖面和东屿中-晚全新世剖面的微型硅藻(细胞大小为2～20μm)的组成和丰度.共计硅藻12属26种(包括变种).对每个种的生态分布作了描述,并提供了相应的壳面电镜照片.Thalassionema nitzschioides是九龙江口现代潮间带表层沉积物中的优势种;九龙江中全新世地层的优势种为Navicula climacospheniae,Thalassionema nitzschioides;东屿中-晚全新世地层中,Cyclotella striata,Thalassionema nitzschioides是优势种.微型硅藻在各个样品中所占比例都相对较高,最高可达86.7%,表明微型硅藻在沉积硅藻中占有重要的地位.     

冲绳海槽北部CS1孔岩石磁学特征及其早期成岩作用的影响

以2～4cm为间隔，对冲绳海槽北部的CSH1孔岩心（17．36m）进行了岩石磁学研究．根据岩心上部的两个特征火山灰层和浮游有孔虫组合分析建立了钻孔的时间框架，沉积物底部年龄可能为50ka．除了在三个火山灰层和近表层向下的快速降低外，整个钻孔磁学参数的变化甚小，未能反映出50ka来的气候变化．与大多数沉积物不同，该钻孔大多数层位的S值（S=-IRM-0.3T/SIRM，它代表了低矫顽力磁性矿物的含量）小于0.9，指示钻孔沉积物中存在相当比例的高矫顽力磁性矿物．代表性沉积物样品的磁化率-温度（K-T）曲线除了存在580℃磁铁矿的居里温度之外，还显示200-350℃的居里温度，指示样品中存在铁硫化物（胶黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿）．这与加热过程中有刺鼻的臭味、加热后的沉积物变黑对铁硫化物的指示相吻合．自生成因的铁硫化物的存在以及表层磁性参数的快速降低，都明确表明沉积物遭受了早期成岩作用．除了三个火山灰层以外钻孔的其他层位无特征磁学变化，表明沉积物后来受到的改造作用强烈，磁学参数所蕴含的原始气候信号被破坏．在这一系列氧化-还原过程中消耗了沉积物中的有机质和水溶液中的硫酸盐，造成了沉积物中铁、锰元素的重新溶解和沉淀等．     

上海地区全新世沉积分区及其特征

本文依据上海地区的钻孔资料和实验数据,并以沉积分异的观点,阐述上海地区在晚更新世末期古地貌的基底上,由海面波动引起沉积物在纵向和横向上的变化,从而导致在层序上互异的沉积体。并将全新世沉积划分为两个沉积大区的五个沉积区。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.