青海海北高寒草甸五种植被生物量及环境条件比较

分析了高寒草甸不同植被类型植物种类组成、生物量变化规律及其差异。研究表明不同植被类型的分布与土壤湿度和温度有很大的关系。藏篙草草甸、金露梅灌丛草甸、矮篙草草甸、正恢复的矮篙草草甸、小嵩草草甸这5种不同植被类型所对应的土壤湿度依次降低，而所对应的土壤温度依次升高；植物种类数量表现为矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞小篙草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸＞藏篙草草甸。地上生物量高低依次为小嵩草革甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸＞藏篙草草甸；地下生物量则表现出金露梅灌丛革甸＞矮嵩草甸＞小篙草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸的特征，而其在年内的周转值表现出金露梅灌丛草甸＞正承复的矮嵩草草甸＞小篙草草甸＞矮篙草草甸;土壤有机质的季节变化表现为0—40cn整层土壤有机质含量小嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸，0—10cm的表层土壤有机质金露梅灌丛草甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞小嵩草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸。     

三种高寒草甸植被分布及与湍流交换通量关系的比较

对海北定位站分布的金露梅灌丛草甸、矮嵩草草甸、藏嵩草沼泽化草甸3种高寒植被类型群落结构、感热(H)和潜热(LE)通量比较观测表明,3种植被类型年地上净初级生产力表现出矮嵩草草甸(318.600g/m2)>藏嵩草沼泽化草甸(258.341g/m2)>金露梅灌丛草甸(217.695g/m2)。植物种类组成有矮嵩草草甸(54种)>金露梅灌丛草甸(47种)>沼泽草甸(24种)。3种植被类型区近地表大气能量交换过程中,LE和H的月际变化明显,而且随植被类型的不同月际变化差异显著。3种不同植被类型在年内均表现出H LE>0,表明在青海海北高寒草甸地区,太阳辐射强烈,近地层湍流输送明显,地表为一热源。3类型高寒草甸植被的年地上净生产量基本与波文比(β)呈现正效应,与LE H呈现明显的反效应。植物种类组成基本与LE H有反效应,与β呈明显的正效应。     

念青唐古拉山西段高海拔陆-气系统水热特征

利用实测的念青唐古拉山脉南坡海拔4800 m和5333 m,以及北坡5400 m的土壤温、湿度和地表气温一年的数据,对该地区水热特征作了初步分析,结果表明：地、气温差冬季大夏季小,且相对邻近地区偏大。同时地温与气温有良好相关,但随深度增加,相关系数减小。土壤热力梯度的方向低海拔由下而上,高海拔则相反。土壤湿度高海拔略大于低海拔,干季和湿季分别受冻融过程和印度洋季风降水影响。高海拔冻结期比低海拔长3~4个月,其下层土壤湿度在冻融交替期表现一个剧烈的跃变现象。念青唐古拉山南、北坡海拔相近区域相同层位土壤温度差异在0~8℃之间。南坡土壤温度年平均高于北坡3~4℃。南坡冻结比北坡晚而融化比北坡早,上层土壤湿度南坡小于北坡,而下层土壤湿度南坡大于北坡,南北坡水热过程存在明显差异。     

伊犁山地不同海拔土壤有机碳的分布

以乌孙山北坡、科古琴山南坡为例,分析伊犁山地南北坡土壤有机碳的分布特征和影响因素。结果表明:①0-50 cm范围内,高寒草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,荒漠草原土壤有机碳含量最低。土壤有机碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,高寒草甸随土壤深度的增加土壤有机碳下降幅度最大;②伊犁山地土壤腐殖化程度高,氮矿化能力强。大部分海拔的土壤碳氮比随土壤深度的增加而减少。河谷南坡碳氮比降低速率要大于河谷北坡。③土壤有机碳与全氮、全磷以及土壤含水率表现出良好的正相关性;与pH值表现出较好的负相关性,特别是20-50 cm处。植被类型分布和人类活动影响对土壤有机碳垂直变化影响显著。     

祁海山海北寒冻雏形土不同地形部位的地温状况及诊断特性

同海拔高度、距离相近的寒冻雏形土不同地形部位分布区，虽然区域气候一致，但地温分布具有显著的差异。寒冻雏形土不同地形部位0cm-50cm层次地温均表现较低的水平，且南坡＞滩地＞北坡。冬季自表层到演化层地温升高明显，夏季自上而下略有降低。地温年较差滩地＞北坡＞南坡。年内地温在冷暖转换期的春秋季，土壤热量交换迅速，而在夏冬二季热量交换平稳。依土壤温度诊断特性来看，海北不同地形部位的寒冻雏形土均属寒性土壤的温度状况，其中北坡地温更低，属寒冷性土壤温度状况。     

高寒嵩草草甸的被动与主动退化分异特征及其发生机理

高寒嵩草草甸是广布于青藏高原的地带性植被之一,自1980年代以来,发生退化,形成大面积的"黑土型"次生裸地。目前的研究普遍认为,高寒嵩草草甸的退化是由于过度放牧引起的植被演替和啮齿类动物对草场的破坏所致。而本研究认为,随着持续的超载放牧,高寒嵩草草甸的退化过程可以分为异针茅 羊茅-矮嵩草群落、矮嵩草群落、小嵩草群落和杂类草-黑土型次生裸地的四个演替阶段;其经历了异针茅 羊茅-矮嵩草群落向矮嵩草群落植被的被动退化过程和由小嵩草群落向杂类草-黑土型次生裸地的主动退化过程;其发生的动力分别为放牧作用和嵩草特殊的生物学特性(高地下/地上比)引起的草毡表层极度加厚作用。草毡表层的极度加厚,造成土壤水分渗透速率的降低和土壤-牧草之间水分、营养供求的失调,是导致高寒矮嵩草最终退化的根本原因。同时提出高寒嵩草草甸在被动退化阶段,通过降低放牧强度,灭鼠、封育是可以逆转的,而一旦进入主动退化阶段,草皮的塌陷、斑驳,最终形成"黑土滩"型退化草地,这是不可避免的也是不可逆转的。     

小嵩草群落——高寒草甸地带性植被放牧压力下的偏途顶极群落

采用以空间代时间的方法,研究了高寒草甸小嵩草群落的发生、发育、演化,处于不同退化阶段小嵩草群落在自然与人工干预恢复过程中,植被、地表特征的变化,探索小嵩草群落在高寒草甸生态系统中的地位及其对系统稳定性的作用.结果表明,青藏高原上小嵩草群落的大面积发育是高原地带性植被禾草矮嵩草群落在长期超载放牧下退化演替的结果,它逆向演替经历了矮嵩草群落后退化为小嵩草群落;而对不同退化程度小嵩草群落采取封育措施后,小嵩草群落可以恢复为禾草矮嵩草群落(或者向着以禾草为优势种的群落演替);"黑土滩"上人工建植禾草草地经过11 a的发展,杂类草进入,矮嵩草斑块发展,向着顶极植被--禾草矮嵩草群落的方向发展.禾草矮嵩草群落是青藏高原的地带性植被,而小嵩草群落是地带性植被超载放牧下的偏途顶极群落.     

高寒植被类型及其植物生产力的监测

监测并分析了高寒草甸二种不同植被类型的生态环境条件、植物种类组成、生物量变化规律及其差异。研究表明：距离相近且海拔高度基本相同的矮蒿草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸二种群落内部,由于受地形部位影响,虽然降水基本相同,但地表受热及蒸发量不同,土壤湿度存在明显差异。受上述环境条件特别是受土壤温湿度条件的限制,二种群落内的植物种类不同,地下、地上生物量的变化也不同,一般在山地阴坡主要分布着以金露梅灌丛为优势种外,多以线叶蒿草、小蒿草、羊茅、及其它杂草类为伴生种的金露梅灌丛草甸植被类型,而主要分布于滩地的矮蒿草草甸多以垂穗披碱草等植物为伴生种的湿中性植被类型,属典型的高寒草甸植被类型。生物量监测结果的比较分析表明,群落的地上生物量为：矮蒿草草甸 > 金露梅灌丛草甸;地下生物量随植被类型的不同,其峰值与谷值出现时间不一致。年内地下净生产量为：金露梅灌丛草甸 > 矮蒿草草甸。地下生产量周转值为：矮蒿草草甸 > 金露梅灌丛草甸。     

青藏高原典型植被土壤溶解性氮与植物量相关性分析

研究区域位于中国生态网络海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站,选取青藏高原典型植被禾草-矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸,对其土壤速效无机氮(IN)/溶解性有机氮(DON)储量与植物量相关性进行分析,发现三种草地土壤IN储量同地上植物量具有正相关性,其中灌丛相关系数高于草甸;地带性植被(禾草-矮嵩草草甸)土壤IN储量同地上植物量之间的相关性高于其偏途演替阶段(小嵩草草甸);土壤溶解性有机氮的消耗同地上植物量的形成具有一定程度的正相关性,其中小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸达到中度相关水平,禾草-矮嵩草草甸为低度相关水平;地下根系现存量同IN/DON之间均没有明显的相关关系.说明土壤IN/DON对地上植物量的形成可能具有一定程度的贡献,如果这一论断成立,那么研究其对植物量形成的贡献形式及过程将成为亟待解决的问题.     

青海高寒草甸退化演替中的植被指数

随着气候变化和人为活动干扰,高寒草甸退化已成为青藏高原严重的生态环境问题,精准识别其退化程度并制定相应恢复策略,对实现高寒草甸可持续发展具有重要意义。目前,低空间分辨率MODIS数据为草地遥感监测的主要数据源,但难以满足景观破碎度或异质性较强地区的应用。本研究基于野外调查资料,利用多源遥感数据（MODIS、Landsat、Sentinel-2）研究不同空间分辨率归一化植被指数（NDVI）对高寒草甸退化演替的响应,为准确评估青藏高原高寒草甸退化程度提供依据。结果表明：（1）随着高寒草甸退化,植被群落优势种演化趋势为禾草—矮嵩草—小嵩草—杂草群落;植被高度和生物量先快速下降,然后缓慢下降或趋于稳定,植被覆盖度和NDVI的变化呈相反特征。（2）随着湿地草甸旱化,植被群落优势种从藏嵩草演变为矮嵩草或小嵩草,湿地旱化初期植被高度、生物量和覆盖度平均值略低于原生湿地,NDVI略大于原生湿地,差异不显著。（3）植被高度、覆盖度和生物量与Sentinel-2或Landsat的NDVI相关性均优于MODIS,说明Sentinel-2和Landsat的NDVI对高寒草甸退化演替过程更加敏感,采用该数据能更准确评估高寒草甸退化程度。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.     

Metals and models: Diagenic modelling in freshwater lacustrine sediments

This review aims to distill and synthesize the existing information on the use of models to describe and predict the distribution and movement of metals in lacustrine sediments. As such it examines the causes of metal diagenesis, the origin and form of the equations that govern these phenomena, and the predictability or measurability of the parameters that appear in the models. The paper concludes by highlighting some seminal results from modelling studies, including the determination of the factors controlling the formation of surficial Mn-Fe-enriched zone or layers, the substantial contribution possible from metal reduction to organic matter regeneration, the calculation of mixing-corrected metal input histories to lakes, and the prediction of growth rates and morphologies for both deep-sea and lacustrine ferromanganese nodules.     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions(SCAR)is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies;focus on the objects of glacier,snow,river,lake,sea ice,permafrost and seasonal frozen ground,and periglacial geomorphology,etc.;and think much of cold regions     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.